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Şeriat ve Devlet Hukuku Arasında Bir Arabulucu: Ahmed el-Hamlîşî'nin Hukuk Düşüncesi ve Reformlara Katkısı

Year 2023, , 809 - 825, 15.12.2023
https://doi.org/10.18505/cuid.1340204

Abstract

Fas Ahvâl-i Şahsiyye Kanunu üzerinde 2004 yılında yapılan reformlarla birlikte Fas Aile Kanunu (Müdevveneh), İslam dünyasındaki en eşitlikçi kanunlardan biri olarak kabul edilmektedir. Söz konusu reformlar, Fas'ta onlarca yıldır devam eden uzun soluklu kamuoyu tartışmalarının bir ürünü olarak ortaya çıkmıştır. Ahmed el-Hamlîşî 1980'lerin başından itibaren bu tartışmalara aktif olarak katılmış ve Ahvâl-i Şahsiyye Kanunu'nun yoruma açık insan yapımı bir kanun olduğunu ve revizyonunun ictihad yoluyla yapılması gerektiğini savunmuştur. Kral 6. Muhammed tahta çıktıktan kısa bir süre sonra, 2001 yılında, Fas Ahvâl-i Şahsiyye Kanunu'nda reform yapmak üzere Kraliyet Danışma Komisyonu'nu oluşturdu. Kral 6. Muhammed komisyonu, Şeriat'ın temel hedeflerini (makâsıdü'ş-Şeria) gözeterek ve aynı zamanda ictihad yoluyla zamanın ve toplumun ihtiyaçlarına cevap vererek Ahvâl-i Şahsiyye Kanunu’nda önemli değişiklikler yapmakla görevlendirdi. Bununla birlikte, komisyon üyelerini kamu yararını göz önünde bulundurmaya ve önerilen her türlü değişiklikte uzlaşma ve ılımlılık için çaba göstermeye teşvik etti. Komisyon üyeleri önerilen değişiklikler üzerinde yaklaşık iki buçuk yıl çalıştı ancak birçok konuda uzlaşmaya varamadı. Bu bağlamda, üyelerin komisyon içinde oluşan iki ana gruptan reformist ve gelenekçilerden birine, az ya da çok, meylettiği söylenebilir. Ahmed el-Hamlîşî, Kraliyet Danışma Komisyonu'nun üyelerinden biriydi. Komisyon üyeleri arasında reformist grubun değişiklik tekliflerini destekleyen ama aynı zamanda bunu gelenekçilerin benimsediği dili kullanarak yapan etkili ve önemli bir isim oldu. Nitekim, el-Hamlîşî İslam hukuku çerçevesi içinde kalan eleştirel ama ılımlı görüşleriyle aile hukukunun reformunu talep eden gruplar için bir referans noktası haline geldi. Bu çalışmada, Ahmed el-Hamlîşî’nin fıkhi temellendirme ve delillendirme açısından Fas 2004 aile hukuku reformlarının arkasındaki isim olduğu savunulmaktadır. Veri analizi yönteminin uygulandığı bu çalışmada, öncelikli olarak Hamlîşî'nin eserleri, çeşitli mecralardaki mülakatları ve konuşmaları kullanılmıştır. Hamlîşî’nin anlayışındaki farklılık ve benzerlikleri ortaya çıkarmak için literatüre başvurulmuş ve benzer görüşlerle karşılaştırmalar yapılmıştır. Fas Ahvâl-i Şahsiyye Kanunu’nun reformuna dair kısa bir arka plan açıklamasının ardından bu makale, Hamlîşî'nin metin ve bağlam arasındaki arabulucu rolünü, aile hukuku reformları tartışmasındaki yerini ve dolayısıyla Şeriat-devlet ilişkileri konusundaki duruşunu incelemektedir. Daha sonra, ictihad kapısının kapanması meselesi, müctehid olabilmenin şartları, müctehidin nitelikleri ve Kraliyet Danışma Komisyonu tarafından uygulandığı şekliyle kolektif ictihad türü (cemâʿî ictihad) hakkındaki görüşlerine atıfla Hamlîşî’nin ictihad anlayışına odaklanılmaktadır. Son olarak, Hamlîşî'nin akıl yürütme yöntemi ve ortaya koyduğu gerekçeler aile hukuku ile ilgili meseleler örnekliğinde gösterilmektedir.

References

  • Akhrisi, Su’ad. Min Mudawwanah al-Ahwal al-Shakhsiyya ila Mudawwanah al-Usra: Masār al-Taʻdilāt wa Matālib al-Harakah al-Nisaʼiyya. al-Rabāṭ: Dār al-Salām, 2005. Attia, Gamal Eldin. Towards Realization of the Higher Intents of Islamic Law: Maqāṣid al-Sharīʻah: A Functional Approach. London: International Institute of Islamic Thought, 2007.
  • Auda, Jasser. Maqasid al-Shariah as Philosophy of Islamic Law: A Systems Approach. London: International Institute of Islamic Thought, 2007.
  • Badereen, Nayel A. “The Moroccan Jurist al-Khamlishi: Can a Woman Become a Legislator (Mujtahid)?”. Mathal 5/1 (2016), 1-8.
  • Badereen, Nayel A. Identity and Authority: Changes in the Process of Debates over the Islamic Marriage Contract among Contemporary Muslim-Arab Intellectuals. Arizona: University of Arizona, The School of Middle Eastern and North African Studies, PhD Thesis, 2014.
  • Buskens, Léon. “Recent Debates on Family Law Reform in Morocco: Islamic Law as Politics in an Emerging Public Sphere”. Islamic Law and Society 10/1 (2003), 70-131.
  • Gerber, Haim. “Rigidity Versus Openness in Late Classical Islamic Law: The Case of the Seventeenth-Century Palestinian Muftī Khayr al-Dīn al-Ramlī”. Islamic Law and Society 5/2 (1998), 165-195.
  • Hallaq, Wael B. “Was the Gate of Ijtihād Closed?”. International Journal of Middle East Studies 16/1 (1984), 3-41
  • Hallaq, Wael B. “On the Origins of the Controversy about the Existence of Mujtahids and the Gate of Ijtihād”. Studia Islamica 63 (1986), 129-141.
  • Hallaq, Wael B. “Ifta’ and Ijtihād in Sunni Legal Theory: A Developmental Account”. Islamic Legal Interpretation: Muftis and Their Fatwas. ed. Muhammad Masud et al. 33-43. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1996.
  • Horr, Zhor. Islāh Qānūn al-Usra bi-l-Maghrib: Al-Masār wa-l-Manhajiyya. Dār al-Bayda': al-Najāh al-Jadīda, 2015.
  • Ibn Ashur, Muhammad al-Tahir. Treatise on Maqasid al-Sharia, trans. Mohamed el-Tahir el-Mesawi. London, Washington: The International Institute of Islamic Thought, 2006.
  • Ibrahim, Ahmed Fekry. “Rethinking the Taqlīd-Ijtihād Dichotomy: A Conceptual-Historical Approach”. Journal of the American Oriental Society 136/2 (2016), 285-303.
  • International Centre for Collective Ijtihad (ICCI). “Collective Ijtihad”. Accessed 18 November 2023. https://www.collectiveijtihad.org/
  • Jackson, Sherman A. “Taqlīd, Legal Scaffolding and the Scope of Legal Injunctions in Post-Formative Theory: Muṭlaq and ‘Ᾱmm in the Jurisprudence of Shihāb al-Dīn al-Qarāfī”. Islamic Law and Society 3/2 (1996), 165-192.
  • Kamali, Mohammad Hashim. Maqāṣid al-Sharīʻah, Ijtihad and Civilisational Renewal. London: International Institute of Islamic Thought, 2012.
  • Kausar, Sajila. “Collective Ijtihad: History and Current Perspective”. International Journal of Humanities&Social Sciences 3/5 (2017), 151-163.
  • Khamlīshī, Aḥmad. Usra wa-l-Tifl wa-l-Mar’a Usūl al-Fiqh wa al-Fikr al-Fiqhi. al-Rabāṭ: Dār Nashr al-Maʻrifah, 1998.
  • Khamlīshī, Aḥmad. al-Fikr al-Fiqhī wa Muntalaqāt Usūl al-Fiqh. al-Rabāṭ: Dār Nashr al-Maʻrifah, 2000.
  • Khamlīshī, Aḥmad. Khalal yajib al-wa’yu bih. al-Rabāṭ: Dār Nashr al-Maʻrifah, 2002.
  • Khamlīshī, Aḥmad. Limāzā Lā Narbid Bayna at-Tanzīr wa-l-Mumārasa. Dār al-Bayda': al-Najāh al-Jadīda, 2004.
  • Khamlīshī, Aḥmad. Jumūd al-Dirāsāt al-Fiqhiyya. al-Rabāṭ: Dār Nashr al-Maʻrifah, 2010.
  • Khamlīshī, Aḥmad. al-Ijtihād: Taṣawwurān wa-Mumārasa. al-Rabāṭ: Dār Nashr al-Maʻrifah, 2010.
  • Khamlīshī, Aḥmad. Min Mudawwanah al-Ahwal al-Shakhsiyya ‘ila Mudawwanah al-Usra I. al-Rabāṭ: Dār Nashr al-Maʻrifah, 2012.
  • Khamlīshī, Aḥmad. “The Relationship between Religion and the State: the Institution of ‘Commandment of the Faithful’ in Morocco”. Contemporary Arab Affairs 7/1 (2014), 54-81.
  • Khamlīshī, Aḥmad. Compatibility of Maqasid al-Sharia (Finalities and Purposes of the Islamic Law) with International Legislation on Refugees. trans. Fatima Laaouina. Rabat: Islamic Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, 2014.
  • Khamlīshī, Aḥmad. Afkār li Munaqasha I-II-III. al-Rabāṭ: Dār Nashr al-Maʻrifah, 2013, 2015, 2016.
  • Khamlīshī, Aḥmad. Limāzā Lam Yatahaqqaq al-Islāh al-Marghūb fīhi fī Fiqh al-Mu'āmalāt. al-Rabāṭ: Dār Nashr al-Maʻrifah, 2020.
  • Magress. “Hommage au Pr. Ahmed El Khamlichi: Un pionnier de la réforme de la pensée et de l'Ijtihad”. Accessed 21 November 2023. http://www.maghress.com/fr/albayane/7695
  • Morocco World News. “King Mohammed VI Appoints Members of Judiciary Supreme Council”. Accessed 21 November 2023. https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2017/04/213248/king-mohammed-vi-appoints-members-judiciary-supreme-council/
  • Morocco World News. “Public debates on Moroccan abortion and inheritance law”. Accessed 21 November 2023. https://www.moroccoworldnews.com
  • Opwis, Felicitas. “New Trends in Islamic Legal Theory: Maqāṣid al-Sharīʿa as a New Source of Law?”. Die Welt des Islams 57/1 (2017), 7-32.
  • Qaradạ̄wī, Yūsuf. Ijtihād fi Sharia al-Islami. Kuwait: Darul Qalam, 1996.
  • Rahma TV Channel. “Barnāmaj Aʿlāmu’l-Umma: Allāma Doctor Ahmad al-Khamlīshī”. YouTube. Accessed 21 November 2023. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Xk9pCXcnTx4
  • Raysūnī, Aḥmad. al-Ijtihād: al-Naṣṣ, al-Wāqiʻ, al-Maṣlaḥah. al-Qāhira: Dār al-Kalimah, 2013.
  • Raysūnī, Aḥmad. Muḥāḍarāt fī Maqāṣid al-Shariʻah. al-Qāhira: Dār al-Kalimah, 2010.
  • The constitution of Morocco of 2011. trans. William S. Hein & Co., 2012. Accessed 21 November 2023. https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Morocco_2011?lang=en
  • The Qur’an, trans. M. A. S. Abdel Haleem. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010.
  • Vogel, Frank. Islamic Law and Legal System: Studies of Saudi Arabia. Leiden: Brill, 2000.
  • Yavuz, Miyase. “Allah (God), al-Watan (the Nation), al-Malik (the King), and the Role of Ijtihād in the Family Law Reforms of Morocco”. Journal of the Middle East and Africa 7/2 (2016), 207-227.

A Mediator Between Sharia and State Law: Aḥmad al-Khamlīshī’s Legal Thinking and Contribution to Reforms

Year 2023, , 809 - 825, 15.12.2023
https://doi.org/10.18505/cuid.1340204

Abstract

With the 2004 reforms on the Moroccan Personal Status Law, the Moroccan Family Code (Mudawwanah) is considered one of the most egalitarian codes in the Muslim World. The reforms was a product of long-lasting public debates for decades in Morocco. Aḥmad al-Khamlīshī has been actively involved in the debate since the beginning of the 1980s and explained that the Personal Status Law is man-made law open to interpretation, revision of which should be undertaken through ijtihād. Shortly after ascending to the throne, in 2001, the King Mohammed VI appointed the Royal Advisory Commission in charge to reform the Moroccan Personal Status Code. The King charged the commission for making a substantial change in the Code by respecting the main objectives of Sharia (maqāsid al-Sharia) and also responding to the necessities of the time and society by means of exercising ijtihād. He encouraged members of the commission to consider the public interest and to strive for consensus and moderation in any proposed changes. The commission worked for around two and a half years on the proposed changes, but could not reach a consensus on many issues. Everyone on the commission has, more or less, had some leaning towards either of the two main groups, namely, the reformists and traditionalists. Aḥmad al-Khamlīshī was one of the members of the Royal Advisory Commission. He was a person who shared views of the reformist group, but also used the language of the traditionalists. He became a reference point for reformist groups with his critical but moderate views that remain within the Islamic legal framework. In this paper, I argue that al-Khamlīshī was the mastermind behind the reforms of 2004. By applying data analysis method, this study primarly uses al-Khamlīshī’s writings, his interviews and speeches. To reveal the difference and similarities of his understanding, the literature was consulted and comparisons were made. Following a brief background, this paper will discuss al-Khamlīshī’s mediating role between text and context, his influence on the debate of family law reforms, and thus his stance on Sharia-state relations. This paper will then focus on his understanding of ijtihād with reference to his views on the concept of the closure of the gate of ijtihād, qualifications of mujtahid (one who is capable to deduce legal rulings from the revealed texts), and his suggestion on collective type of ijtihād (ijtihād jamā’iʻ); as it was exercised by the Advisory Commission. Al-Khamlīshī’s methods of legal reasoning will be examined with regard to family law.

References

  • Akhrisi, Su’ad. Min Mudawwanah al-Ahwal al-Shakhsiyya ila Mudawwanah al-Usra: Masār al-Taʻdilāt wa Matālib al-Harakah al-Nisaʼiyya. al-Rabāṭ: Dār al-Salām, 2005. Attia, Gamal Eldin. Towards Realization of the Higher Intents of Islamic Law: Maqāṣid al-Sharīʻah: A Functional Approach. London: International Institute of Islamic Thought, 2007.
  • Auda, Jasser. Maqasid al-Shariah as Philosophy of Islamic Law: A Systems Approach. London: International Institute of Islamic Thought, 2007.
  • Badereen, Nayel A. “The Moroccan Jurist al-Khamlishi: Can a Woman Become a Legislator (Mujtahid)?”. Mathal 5/1 (2016), 1-8.
  • Badereen, Nayel A. Identity and Authority: Changes in the Process of Debates over the Islamic Marriage Contract among Contemporary Muslim-Arab Intellectuals. Arizona: University of Arizona, The School of Middle Eastern and North African Studies, PhD Thesis, 2014.
  • Buskens, Léon. “Recent Debates on Family Law Reform in Morocco: Islamic Law as Politics in an Emerging Public Sphere”. Islamic Law and Society 10/1 (2003), 70-131.
  • Gerber, Haim. “Rigidity Versus Openness in Late Classical Islamic Law: The Case of the Seventeenth-Century Palestinian Muftī Khayr al-Dīn al-Ramlī”. Islamic Law and Society 5/2 (1998), 165-195.
  • Hallaq, Wael B. “Was the Gate of Ijtihād Closed?”. International Journal of Middle East Studies 16/1 (1984), 3-41
  • Hallaq, Wael B. “On the Origins of the Controversy about the Existence of Mujtahids and the Gate of Ijtihād”. Studia Islamica 63 (1986), 129-141.
  • Hallaq, Wael B. “Ifta’ and Ijtihād in Sunni Legal Theory: A Developmental Account”. Islamic Legal Interpretation: Muftis and Their Fatwas. ed. Muhammad Masud et al. 33-43. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1996.
  • Horr, Zhor. Islāh Qānūn al-Usra bi-l-Maghrib: Al-Masār wa-l-Manhajiyya. Dār al-Bayda': al-Najāh al-Jadīda, 2015.
  • Ibn Ashur, Muhammad al-Tahir. Treatise on Maqasid al-Sharia, trans. Mohamed el-Tahir el-Mesawi. London, Washington: The International Institute of Islamic Thought, 2006.
  • Ibrahim, Ahmed Fekry. “Rethinking the Taqlīd-Ijtihād Dichotomy: A Conceptual-Historical Approach”. Journal of the American Oriental Society 136/2 (2016), 285-303.
  • International Centre for Collective Ijtihad (ICCI). “Collective Ijtihad”. Accessed 18 November 2023. https://www.collectiveijtihad.org/
  • Jackson, Sherman A. “Taqlīd, Legal Scaffolding and the Scope of Legal Injunctions in Post-Formative Theory: Muṭlaq and ‘Ᾱmm in the Jurisprudence of Shihāb al-Dīn al-Qarāfī”. Islamic Law and Society 3/2 (1996), 165-192.
  • Kamali, Mohammad Hashim. Maqāṣid al-Sharīʻah, Ijtihad and Civilisational Renewal. London: International Institute of Islamic Thought, 2012.
  • Kausar, Sajila. “Collective Ijtihad: History and Current Perspective”. International Journal of Humanities&Social Sciences 3/5 (2017), 151-163.
  • Khamlīshī, Aḥmad. Usra wa-l-Tifl wa-l-Mar’a Usūl al-Fiqh wa al-Fikr al-Fiqhi. al-Rabāṭ: Dār Nashr al-Maʻrifah, 1998.
  • Khamlīshī, Aḥmad. al-Fikr al-Fiqhī wa Muntalaqāt Usūl al-Fiqh. al-Rabāṭ: Dār Nashr al-Maʻrifah, 2000.
  • Khamlīshī, Aḥmad. Khalal yajib al-wa’yu bih. al-Rabāṭ: Dār Nashr al-Maʻrifah, 2002.
  • Khamlīshī, Aḥmad. Limāzā Lā Narbid Bayna at-Tanzīr wa-l-Mumārasa. Dār al-Bayda': al-Najāh al-Jadīda, 2004.
  • Khamlīshī, Aḥmad. Jumūd al-Dirāsāt al-Fiqhiyya. al-Rabāṭ: Dār Nashr al-Maʻrifah, 2010.
  • Khamlīshī, Aḥmad. al-Ijtihād: Taṣawwurān wa-Mumārasa. al-Rabāṭ: Dār Nashr al-Maʻrifah, 2010.
  • Khamlīshī, Aḥmad. Min Mudawwanah al-Ahwal al-Shakhsiyya ‘ila Mudawwanah al-Usra I. al-Rabāṭ: Dār Nashr al-Maʻrifah, 2012.
  • Khamlīshī, Aḥmad. “The Relationship between Religion and the State: the Institution of ‘Commandment of the Faithful’ in Morocco”. Contemporary Arab Affairs 7/1 (2014), 54-81.
  • Khamlīshī, Aḥmad. Compatibility of Maqasid al-Sharia (Finalities and Purposes of the Islamic Law) with International Legislation on Refugees. trans. Fatima Laaouina. Rabat: Islamic Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, 2014.
  • Khamlīshī, Aḥmad. Afkār li Munaqasha I-II-III. al-Rabāṭ: Dār Nashr al-Maʻrifah, 2013, 2015, 2016.
  • Khamlīshī, Aḥmad. Limāzā Lam Yatahaqqaq al-Islāh al-Marghūb fīhi fī Fiqh al-Mu'āmalāt. al-Rabāṭ: Dār Nashr al-Maʻrifah, 2020.
  • Magress. “Hommage au Pr. Ahmed El Khamlichi: Un pionnier de la réforme de la pensée et de l'Ijtihad”. Accessed 21 November 2023. http://www.maghress.com/fr/albayane/7695
  • Morocco World News. “King Mohammed VI Appoints Members of Judiciary Supreme Council”. Accessed 21 November 2023. https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2017/04/213248/king-mohammed-vi-appoints-members-judiciary-supreme-council/
  • Morocco World News. “Public debates on Moroccan abortion and inheritance law”. Accessed 21 November 2023. https://www.moroccoworldnews.com
  • Opwis, Felicitas. “New Trends in Islamic Legal Theory: Maqāṣid al-Sharīʿa as a New Source of Law?”. Die Welt des Islams 57/1 (2017), 7-32.
  • Qaradạ̄wī, Yūsuf. Ijtihād fi Sharia al-Islami. Kuwait: Darul Qalam, 1996.
  • Rahma TV Channel. “Barnāmaj Aʿlāmu’l-Umma: Allāma Doctor Ahmad al-Khamlīshī”. YouTube. Accessed 21 November 2023. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Xk9pCXcnTx4
  • Raysūnī, Aḥmad. al-Ijtihād: al-Naṣṣ, al-Wāqiʻ, al-Maṣlaḥah. al-Qāhira: Dār al-Kalimah, 2013.
  • Raysūnī, Aḥmad. Muḥāḍarāt fī Maqāṣid al-Shariʻah. al-Qāhira: Dār al-Kalimah, 2010.
  • The constitution of Morocco of 2011. trans. William S. Hein & Co., 2012. Accessed 21 November 2023. https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Morocco_2011?lang=en
  • The Qur’an, trans. M. A. S. Abdel Haleem. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010.
  • Vogel, Frank. Islamic Law and Legal System: Studies of Saudi Arabia. Leiden: Brill, 2000.
  • Yavuz, Miyase. “Allah (God), al-Watan (the Nation), al-Malik (the King), and the Role of Ijtihād in the Family Law Reforms of Morocco”. Journal of the Middle East and Africa 7/2 (2016), 207-227.
There are 39 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Islamic Law
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Miyase Yavuz Altıntaş 0000-0002-5338-3266

Publication Date December 15, 2023
Submission Date August 9, 2023
Published in Issue Year 2023

Cite

ISNAD Yavuz Altıntaş, Miyase. “A Mediator Between Sharia and State Law: Aḥmad Al-Khamlīshī’s Legal Thinking and Contribution to Reforms”. Cumhuriyet İlahiyat Dergisi 27/3 (December 2023), 809-825. https://doi.org/10.18505/cuid.1340204.

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