A Case Study of Nelder Mead Simplex Optimization Algorithm: Trade-Offs of Sprienski Fractal Bowtie Antenna Parameters

Year 2024, Volume: 39 Issue: 1, 73 - 84, 28.03.2024

Duygu Nazan Gençoğlan

https://doi.org/10.21605/cukurovaumfd.1459378

Abstract

In this study, tri-band antenna design adapted for wireless communication, Internet of Things (IoT) and RFID systems is examined. The simulation results indicate that the proposed antenna has three distinct frequency bands. Band 1 (lower band) covers the frequency range of 1.64-1.78 GHz with a resonance frequency of 1.7 GHz. Band 2 covers the range of 3.06-3.9 GHz with a resonance frequency of 3.4 GHz with a high gain of 10 dBi and a radiation efficiency of 92% for long-range communication. Band 3 radiates from 6.25 to 7.6 GHz with a resonance frequency of 6.62 GHz, which is suitable for higher-frequency applications. The antenna design is simulated and analyzed regarding S11, VSWR, gain, radiation efficiency, and bandwidth. Especially, Band 2 (mid-band) provides notable performance, with its 10 dBi gain and 92% efficiency, which makes the proposed antenna an ideal structure for high-data-rate, long-distance communication systems, and 5G (midband) applications. This study also employs the Nelder-Mead Simplex algorithm to observe the optimization of the physical parameters of the proposed antenna via multiple objective functions. The optimization results outlines that longer the arm length of the proposed antenna causes to decrease the resonance frequency of Band 3. Addition to this, the gain is higher with the lower arm length except for the arm length of 90.467 mm and flare angle of 64.77o. That’s, the trade-off condition occurs between minimum return loss and gain. At this point, it can be concluded from this optimization algorithm results that each objective function should be evaluated separately due to this trade-off condition.

Keywords

Antenna, Algorithm, Fractal, High gain, Optimization, Sprienski

Nelder Mead Simpleks Optimizasyon Algoritması Üzerine Bir Durum Çalışması: Sprienski Fraktal Bowtie Anten Parametrelerinin Ödünleşimleri

Abstract

Bu çalışmada, kablosuz iletişim, nesnelerin interneti ve RFID sistemleri için uyarlanmış üç bantlı anten tasarımı incelenmiştir. Simülasyon sonuçları, önerilen antenin üç farklı frekans bandına sahip olduğunu göstermektedir. Bant 1 (alt bant), 1.7 GHz rezonans frekansı ile 1.64-1.78 GHz frekans aralığını kapsar. Bant 2, 3.06 GHz’ten başlayan 3.9 GHz de sonlanan çalışma bant aralığına sahiptir. Ayrıca, bant-2 için wn yüksek kazanç değeri 10 dBi ve radyasyon verimliliği 92% olarak tespit edilmiştir. Bant 3, daha yüksek frekanslı uygulamalar için uygun olan 6.62 GHz rezonans frekansı ile 6.25 -7.6 GHz arasında yayılır. Anten tasarımı, S11, VSWR, kazanç, radyasyon verimliliği ve bant genişliği açısından simüle edilmiş ve analiz edilmiştir. Özellikle, Bant 2 (orta bant), 10 dBi kazancı ve %92 verimliliği ile kayda değer bir performans sağlar, bu da önerilen anteni yüksek veri hızı, uzun mesafeli iletişim sistemleri ve 5G (orta bant) uygulamaları için ideal bir yapı haline getirmektedir. Bu çalışma da aynı zamanda, önerilen antenin fiziksel parametrelerinin optimizasyonunu çoklu objektif fonksiyonlar aracılığıyla gözlemlemek için Nelder-Mead Simplex algoritmasını kullanılmıştır. Optimizasyon sonuçları, önerilen antenin kol uzunluğunun artması Bant 3'ün rezonans frekansının azalmasına neden olduğunu özetlemektedir. Buna ek olarak, kol uzunluğu küçüldükçe gain artmaktadır. Ancak 90.467 mm'lik kol uzunluğuna ve 64.77o'lik açıya sahip olan antende bu özelliğin tersi durum olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Bu noktada, bu optimizasyon algoritması sonuçlarından, bu ödünleşim koşulu nedeniyle her bir amaç fonksiyonunun ayrı ayrı değerlendirilmesi gerektiği sonucuna varılmıştır.

Keywords

Anten, Algoritma, Fraktal, Yüksek Kazanç, Optimizasyon, Sprienski

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