Dini İnancın Bilişsel Davranışçı Terapiye Entegresi

Year 2019, Volume: 22 Issue: 55 (15-06-2019), 159 - 180, 15.06.2019

Elif Kara

https://doi.org/10.15745/da.522541

Cited By: 2

Abstract

Dini inançlar, maneviyat ve ruh sağlığı arasında pozitif bir ilişki olduğunu ortaya koyan bir çok çalışma vardır. Dini bağlılık ve maneviyat, stresle başa çıkma, depresyon ve kaygıyı azaltırken, umut ve kendine güven verir. Bu nedenle ruh sağlığı alanı çalışanları, danışanın dini inançlarını terapi sürecine dahil etmeyi önemli görmektedirler. Dini inancı süreçlerine dahil etmekle ilgilenen terapi çeşitlerinden biri olan BDTye göre, insanların kendileri ve çevreleri hakkındaki olumsuz inançları nedeniyle yaşadıkları olayları olumsuz olarak algılamaktadırlar. Terapi sürecinde olumsuz düşünceleri değiştirmek için alternatif olumlu düşünceler kullanır. Pek çok dini yaklaşım ve islam inancı işlevsiz, uyumsuz düşünceyi değiştirmek üzere kullanılabilecek; umut, ılımlılık, özgüven, sabır, nezaket, tövbe, adalet, hoşgörü, bilgelik, şükran, nezaket, saygı, incelik ve memnuniyet gibi alternatif kaynaklara sahiptir. Bu değerler BDTde işlevsel olmayan düşünce ve inançları yeniden yapılandırma sürecinde kullanılmaktadır. Bu makalenin amacı, islam inancının BDTye nasıl entegre edilebileceğini araştırmak ve örnek sunmaktır. 

Keywords

Din, Manevi Danışmanlık, İslam Dini, Maneviyat, Terapi, Bilişsel Davranışçı Terapi

Integration of Religious Beliefs into Cognitive Behavioral Therapy

Abstract

Researchers have concluded that religious beliefs and spirituality develop the ability to deal with negative feelings and behaviours. Religious beliefs give hope and self-esteem while reducing anger, guilt, anxiety, and depression. Therefore, mental healthcare professionals deal with combining religious and spiritual beliefs into various therapy processes. One of them; In cognitive behavioural therapy, it is accepted that people perceive the events as negative because of their negative beliefs about themselves and their environment. Thinking badly about your own like that “I am not a good person”, “I am a worthless person”, “I don’t pass this exam because I am too inadequate” and thinking badly about their environment like that “people can hurt me”, “people always lie to me”, “nobody can love me”, these harmful and dysfunctional thoughts may have begun to develop in childhood. Negative life experiences might also lead to the development of negative personal perceptions. Negative core beliefs fed by negative events for many years may become permanent in the mind of the person. It is used alternative positive thinking instead of these negative thoughts in the therapy process. Religions are believed useful as an alternative thinking source. Many religious approaches and Islamic belief have alternative sources to change dysfunctional and maladaptive thoughts by some: such as prayer, hope, moderation, self-esteem, patience, repentance, justice, tolerance, wisdom, gratitude, kindness, respect, courtesy and contentment.  These values are thought useful for cognitive behavioural therapy process to restructure dysfunctional thoughts and beliefs. With this study, we aim to examine and give some samples how Islamic belief integrates into cognitive behavioural therapy.

Keywords

Religion, Islamic Belief, Spirituality, Spiritual Counseling, Therapy, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy

References

• American Psychiatric Association (2006). Resource document: Religious/spiritual commitments and psychiatric practice.Anderson, N., Heywood-Everett, S., Siddiqi, N., Wright, J., Meredith, J., & McMillan, D. (2015). Faith-Adapted Psychological Therapies For Depression And Anxiety: Systematic Review And Meta-Analysis. Journal of Affective Disorders, 176, 183-196APA https://www.apa.org/ethics/code/Aten, Jamie D. and Worthington, Jr. Everett L. (2009). “Next steps for clinicians in religious and spiritual therapy: An endpiece”. Journal of Clinical Psychology: In Session, 65, 224-229. doi: 10.1002/jclp.20562Azhar MZ., Varma SL. And Dharap AS. (1994). “Religious psychotherapy in anxiety disorder patients”. Acta Psychiatr Scand: 90: 1-3Azhar, M.Z., & Varma, S.L. (1995). Religious psychotherapy as management of bereavement. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 91, 233–235Barnett, Jeffrey E. and Johnson, Brad W. (2011). Integrating Spirituality and Religion Into Psychotherapy: Persistent Dilemmas, Ethical Issues, and a Proposed Decision-Making Process. Ethics & Behavior 21(2):147-164Pages 147-164 Beck, Judith S. (2016). Bilişsel Davranışçı Terapi Temelleri ve Ötesi. Çev. Muzaffer Şahin. İstanbul: Nobel Yay.Bergin, Allen E. (1991). “Values and Religious Issues in Psychotherapy and Mental Health”. American Psychologist Copyright 1991 by the American Psychological Association Inc. 0003-066X/91/$2.00 Vol. 46, No. 4: 394-403Bienenfeld, David and Yager, Joel (2007). Issues of Spirituality andReligion in Psychotherapy Supervision” IsrJ Psychiatry Vol. 44 No.3: 178–186Bonelli, R. M. and Koenig, H. G. (2013). “Mental disorders, religion and spirituality 1990 to 2010: A systematic evidence-based review”. Journal of Religion and Health, 52, 657673. doi: 10.1007/s10943-013-9691-4Brian C. Post and Nathaniel G. Wade (2009). “Religion and Spirituality in Psychotherapy: A Practice-Friendly”. Review of Research Article in Journal of Clinical Psychology · February 65(2):131-46. DOI: 10.1002/jclp.20563Cengil, Muammer (2003). “Depresyonu Önlemede Dini İnancın Koruyucu Rolü”. Dinbilimleri Akademik Araştırma Dergisi C.3: 129-152.Ciarrocchi, Joseph W., Schechter, Debbie., J. Pearce, Michelle., Koenig, Harold G., Vasegh, Sasan., (2014). Religious Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (Muslim Version), Ciarrocchi University Press.Ekşi, Halil (2001).”Başa Çıkma, Dini Başa Çıkma ve Ruh Sağlığı Arasındaki İlişki Üzerine Bir Araştırma”. (Yayınlanmamış Doktora Tezi), Uludağ Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, BursaEkşi, Halil., Takmaz, Zeynep ve Kardaş, Selami (2016). Psikoterapi Sürecinde Maneviyat: Türk Sağlık Çalışanlarının Deneyimleri Üzerine Fenomenolojik Bir Araştırma. Spiritual psychology and counselling. C. 1, S.1, 89 -108Frank Jd. (1991). “Religious and ethical issues in psychotherapy”. Current Opinion in Psychiatry .1991: 4: 375-378Gartner, J. (1996). “Religious Commitment, Mental Health, And Prosocial Behavior: A Review of The Empirical Literatüre”. In E. P. Shafranske (Ed.), Religion and the clinical practice of psychology. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association: 187–214Good, Jennifer J., (2010). "Integration of Spirituality and Cognitive-behavioral Terapy for the Treatment of Depression " PCOM Psychology Dissertations. Paper 55.Göcen, Gülüşan (2013). “Pozitif Psikoloji Düzleminde Psikolojik İyi Olma ve Dini Yönelim İlişkisi: Yetişkinler Üzerine Bir Araştırma”. Toplum Bilimleri Dergisi: 97-130Hamdan, Aisha (2008). “Cognitive Restructuring: An Islamic Perspective”. Journal of Muslim Mental Health 3:99–116. DOI: 10.1080/15564900802035268Haque, Amber., Khan, Fahad., Keshavarzi, Hooman., Rothman, Abdallah E., (2016). Integrating Islamic Traditions in Modern Psychology: Research Trends in Last Ten Years Journal of Muslim Mental Health ISSN1556–4908 Volume 10, Issue 1, http://dx.doi.org/10.3998/jmmh.10381607.0010.107Hawkins, R.S., Tan, S.Y., & Turk, A.A. (1999). Secular versus Christian inpatient cognitivebehavioral therapy programs: Impact on depression and spiritual well-being. Journal of Psychology and Theology, 27, 309–318.Henry, Hani M. (2013) Spiritual Energy of Islamic Prayers as a Catalyst for Psychotherapy. Journal of Religion and Health. Springer Science+Business Media New York.Hodge, David R. (2011). Alcohol treatment and cognitive- behavioral therapy: Enhancing effectiveness by incorporating spirituality and religion. Social Work, 56(1), 21- 31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sw/56.1.21Hodge, David R. (2006). “Spiritually Modified Cognitive Therapy: A Review of the Literature”. Social Work, Vol. 51, No. 2 : 157-166, Published by: Oxford University Press. https://www.jstor.org/stable/23721280Hook, J. N., Worthington, E. L., Jr., Davis, D. E., Jennings, D. J., Gartner, A. L., & Hook, J. P. (2010). Empirically supported religious and spiritual therapies. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 66, 46- 72.Hökelekli, Din Psikolojisi, TDV Yay., Ankara 1993, s. 231-233.Husain, Altaf., Hodge, David R. (2016). Islamically modified cognitive behavioral therapy: Enhancing outcomes by increasing the cultural congruence of cognitive behavioral therapy self-statements. International Social Work, Vol. 59(3) 393 –405. https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/0020872816629193İmamoğlu, Filiz (2013). “Manevi Yönelimli Pozitif Psikoloji”. Psikoterapi ve Psikolojik Danışmada Maneviyat Kuramlar ve Uygulamalar, Ed. Halil Ekşi İçinde: 209-231Kara, Elif (2018). “Engelli Çocuğa Sahip Annelere Yönelik Manevi Destek İle Güçlendirme Uygulaması”. Uluslararası Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi C.11, S.57: 311-322Kasapoğlu, Figen (2017). “Terapötik Süreçte Maneviyatın Değerlendirilmesi”. Psikoterapi ve Psikolojik Danışmada Maneviyat Kuramlar ve Uygulamalar, Ed. Halil Ekşi İçinde: 253-283Kennedy, G. A., Macnab, F. A. & Ross, J. J. (2015), The effectiveness of spiritual/religious interventions in psychotherapy and counselling: a review of the recent literature. Melbourne: PACFA.Kılıç, Hale Nur (2017). “Hümanist Psikoloji Bağlamında Maneviyat”. Psikoterapi ve Psikolojik Danışmada Maneviyat Kuramlar ve Uygulamalar, Ed. Halil Ekşi İçinde: 115-142Kütük Yılmaz, Pınar (2017). “Kanser Hastaları ve Yakınlarına Yönelik Maneviyat ve Anlam Odaklı Psikoterapi”. Psikoterapi ve Psikolojik Danışmada Maneviyat Kuramlar ve Uygulamalar, Ed. Halil Ekşi İçinde: 311:-330Koç, Mustafa (2005). “Ruh Saglıgı İle Dini Başa Çlkma Metodu Olarak Dua ve İbadet Fenomeni Arasındaki İlişki Üzerine Psikolojik Bir Yaklaşım”. Ekev Akademi Dergisi Yıl: 9 Sayı: 24Lupfer MB., Brock KF., DePaola SJ. (1992). “The use of secular and religious attributions to explain everyday behavior”. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion Vol. 31, No. 4: 486 -503.https://www.jstor.org/stable/1386858?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents
• Nevevi, Muhyiddin (1889). Riyazu’s Salihin. Çev.. Hasan Hüsnü Erdem, Diyanet İşleri Başkanlığı Yayınları C.1: S.155-157-164, C.2: S.37-55-61Okan Nesrullah ve Ekşi Halil (2017). “Logoterapi ve Maneviyat İlişkisi”. Psikoterapi ve Psikolojik Danışmada Maneviyat Kuramlar ve Uygulamalar, Ed. Halil Ekşi İçinde: 163-184Özdemir Kemahlı, Pınar (2017). “Jung Terapisinde Maneviyat”. Psikoterapi ve Psikolojik Danışmada Maneviyat Kuramlar ve Uygulamalar, Ed. Halil Ekşi İçinde: 55-87Özdoğan, Öznur (2005). “Ruhsal Yaklaşım ve İnsan Türkiye’de Bir Uygulama Örneği”. Tasavvuf: İlmî ve Akademik Araştırma Dergisi: 137-152Özdoğan, Öznur (2007).İsimsiz Hayatlar Manevi Ve Psikolojik Yaklaşımla Arınma Ve Öze Dönüş. Ankara: Lotus Yay. Özgen, Gülşen (2017). “Tanrı Algısı ve Psikodinamik Terapide Kullanılması”. Psikoterapi ve Psikolojik Danışmada Maneviyat Kuramlar ve Uygulamalar, Ed. Halil Ekşi İçinde: 11-34Pargament, K.I. (1997). The psychology of religion and coping: Theory, research, practice. New York, NY: The Guilford Press. Pargament, K.I. and A. Mahoney (2001). Spirituality. Discovering and Conserving the Sacred. In C. R. Snyder & S.J. Lopez (Eds.), Handbook of Positive Psychology. New York: Oxford University Press. https://psycnet.apa.org/record/2002-02382-047 Pargament, K. I., Murray-Swank, N. A., and Tarakeshwar, N. (2005). “An empirically based rationale for a spiritually integrated psychotherapy”. Mental Health, Religion and Culture Vol. 8 No. 3: 155–165Pargament, K.I. (2007). Spiritually integrated psychotherapy: Understanding and addressing the sacred. New York, NY: The Guilford Press.Paukert, Amber L., Phıllıps, Laura., Cully, Jeffrey A., Loboprabhu, Sheıla M., Lomax, James W., Stanley, Melında A. (2009). Integration of Religion into Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy for Geriatric Anxiety and Depression. Journal of Psychiatric Practice Vol. 15, No. 2. 101-112 DOI: 10.1097/01Pearce, Michelle and Koenig, Harold G (2013). Cognitive behavioural therapy for the treatment of depression in Christian patients with medical illness, Journal Mental Health, Religion & Culture Vol. 16, Issue 7 https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13674676.2012.718752Peker, Hüseyin (2017). Ruh Sağlığı ve Dini İnanç. İstanbul: Ensar Neşriyat Yay.Peteet, John R. (2013). “What is the Place of Clinicians’ Religious or Spiritual Commitments in Psychotherapy? A Virtues-Based Perspective”. J Relig Health Springer Science+Business Media, New York. DOI 10.1007/s10943-013-9816-9Propst, Lois Rebecca., Watkins, Philip., Ostrom, Richard and Dean, Terri (1992). “Comparative Efficacy of Religious and Nonreligious Cognitive-behavior Therapy for the Treatment of Clinical Depression in Religious Individuals”. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 60(1):94-103Razali, S. M., Hasanah, C. I., Aminah, K., and Subramaniam, M. (1998). “Religious sociocultural psychotherapy in patients with anxiety and depression”. Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 32(6), 867–872Richards, P. S., & Bergin, A. E. (Eds.). (2004). Casebook for a spiritual strategy in counseling and psychotherapy. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. https://psycnet.apa.org/record/2003-88095-000Rosila, Nik and Yaacob, Nik (2013). Cognitive therapy approach from Islamic psycho-spiritual conception. The 9th International Conference on Cognitive Science Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 97: 182-187Rosmarin, David H., Auerbach,Randy P., Bigda-Peyton, Joseph S., Björgvinsson, Thröstur., and Levendusky, Phillip G., (2011). “Integrating Spirituality Into CognitiveBehavioral Therapy in an Acute Psychiatric Setting: A Pilot Study”. Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy: an International Quarterly Vol, 25, Number,4:1.17Seligman M.E.P. (2010). Flourish: Positive Psychology and Positive Interventions. Delivered at ¬ University of Michigan.Sevgi Yalın, Hatun (2017). “Manevi Öyküsel Terapi”. Psikoterapi ve Psikolojik Danışmada Maneviyat Kuramlar ve Uygulamalar, Ed. Halil Ekşi İçinde: 189-209Sevim, Erdem (2017). “Bireysel Psikolojide Maneviyat”. Psikoterapi ve Psikolojik Danışmada Maneviyat Kuramlar ve Uygulamalar, Ed. Halil Ekşi İçinde: 35-55Shafranske, Edward ( 2009). Spiritually Oriented Psychotherapy Journal of Clinical Psychology 65(2):147-57Shapiro, S.L., G.E.R. Schwartz, & C. Santerre (2001). Meditation and Positive Psychology. In C. R. Snyder & S.J. Lopez (Eds.), Handbook of Positive Psychology. New York: Oxford University Press.https://www.slideshare.net/koccintosbor9/snyder-c-r-lopez-s-j-eds-handbook-of-positive-psychologySmith, T. B., Bartz, J. D., & Richards, P. S. (2007). Outcomes of religious and spiritual adaptations to psychotherapy: A meta-analytic review. Psychotherapy Research, 17, 643-655https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK73529/Sperry, L., & Shafranske, E. P. (Eds.). (2005). Spiritually oriented psychotherapy. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/10886 000Summermatter, Ayfer (2017). “Bilişsel Davranışçı Terapiler ve Maneviyat ”. Psikoterapi ve Psikolojik Danışmada Maneviyat Kuramlar Ve Uygulamalar, Ed. Halil Ekşi İçinde:87-115Sünnet Ansiklobedisi (1992) El Kutubul Sitte Ve Açıklaması İstanbul: Çağrı Yay.Takmaz, Zeynep (2017). “Manevi Temelli Gestalt Terapi Süreci”. Psikoterapi ve Psikolojik Danışmada Maneviyat Kuramlar ve Uygulamalar, Ed. Halil Ekşi İçinde: 143-163Tan, S.Y. (2011). Counseling and psychotherapy: A Christian perspective. Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Academic.Tarakeshwar, N., Pearce, M.J., & Sikkema, J. (2005). Development and implementation of a spiritual coping group intervention for adults living with HIV/AIDS: A pilot study. Mental Health, Religion & Culture, 8, 179–190.Türkçapar, Hakan (2018). Bilişsel Davranışçı Terapi Temel İlkeler ve Uygulama. İstanbul: Epsilon Yay. Türkçapar, Hakan (2018). Bilişsel Davranışçı Terapi Derneği Kuramsal Eğitimi, 12-17 Ağustos 2018, Ankara.Utsch, Michael (2007). The Challenge of Psychotherapy for Religion and Spirituality. Psyche & Geloof 18 nr. 1-2, pag. 86-95 Vasegh, Sasan (2009). “Psychiatric Treatments Involving Religion Psychotherapy from an Islamic Perspective, Edited by Philippe Huguelet , Harold G. Koenig. Religion and Spirituality in Psychiatry, Cambridge University Press 301-316 Wade, N.G., Worthington Jr. E.L. and Vogel, D.L. (2007). “Effectiveness Of Religiously Tailored İnterventions in Christian Therapy”. Psychotherapy Research, 17, 91–105https://psycnet.apa.org/record/2006-21561-008Worthington, E. L., Hook, J. N., Davis, D. E., & McDaniel, M. A. (2011). Religion and spirituality. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 67, 204- 214. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ jclp.20760 Worthington, E. L., Jr., & Sandage, S. J. (2001). Religion and spirituality. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Practice, Training, 38, 473- 478. https://psycnet.apa.org/record/2002-01390-021Yabanigül, Ayşenur (2017). “Kaygı Bozukluğuna Manevi Yönelimli Terapötik Yaklaşımlar”. Psikoterapi ve Psikolojik Danışmada Maneviyat Kuramlar ve Uygulamalar, Ed. Halil Ekşi İçinde: 375-388Yaparel, Recep (1994). “Depresyon ve Dini İnançlar İle Tabiatüstü Nedensel Yüklemeler Arasındaki İlişkiler”. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi: 278-279Yapıcı, Asım (2011). Kuramdan Yönteme “Ruh Sağlığı-Din” Çalışmalarında Karşılaşılan Güçlükler, Çukurova Üniversitesi Đlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi 11 (2), 25-61 Yazır, Elmalılı M. H. Kuran'ı Kerim Tefsiri. http://www.kuranikerim.com/telmalili/duha.htmYılmaz, Sema (2018). “Umre İbadetinin Hayatın Anlamı ve Umutsuzlukla İlişkisi Üzerine Ampirik Bir Araştırma”. Cumhuriyet İlahiyat Dergisi C. 22. S.1: 543-570Yusupu, Reziwanguli (2017). “Yaşlılık Sorunlarıyla Baş Etmede Maneviyat ve Manevi Danışmanlık”. Psikoterapi ve Psikolojik Danışmada Maneviyat Kuramlar ve Uygulamalar, Ed. Halil Ekşi İçinde: 353-375