AUGMENTED REALITY AS BLUE OCEAN STRATEGY IN PORT INDUSTRY
Year 2018,
Volume: 10 Issue: 1, 127 - 153, 24.06.2018
Gül Denktaş Şakar
,
Ebru Sürücü
Abstract
Augmented Reality as one of the
components of Industry 4.0 is defined as a technology which layers digital
improvements, geared to develop an existing real life setting by appealing to
the senses. Augmented Reality applications will have possible uses in logistics
industry in the near future and ports as the critical components of supply chain
mechanisms will have no choice but to integrate such technologies to their
services. Moreover, the seaports integrating their systems and strategies to
such developments are expected to open up a new competitive field for rival
ports. “Blue ocean marketing strategy” (BOMS) asserts that businesses should
formulate new value for products and services to customers from different
segments and place themselves in an uncontested market environment. The main
aim of this paper is to provide an insight regarding the Augmented Reality
concept in port business and discuss how such applications can serve in
building blue ocean marketing strategies. Following a literature review of the
port industry from Industry 4.0 perspective, possible applications of Augmented
Reality will be considered by focusing on the marketing strategies of the port
businesses.
References
- Acciaro, M., Vanelslander, T., Sys, C., Ferrari, C., Roumboutsos, A., Giuliano, G., Lam, J. and Kapros, S. (2014). Environmental sustainability in seaports: A framework for successful innovation. Maritime Policy & Management, 41(5), 480-500.
- Arduino, G., Aronietis, R., Crozet, Y., Frouws, K., Claudio Ferrari, C., Guihery, L., Kaprso, S., Kourouunioti, I., Laroche, F., Lambrou, M., Llyody, M., Polydoropoulou, A., Roumboutsos, A., Van de Voorde, E. and Vanelslander, T. (2012). How to turn an innovative concept into a success? An application to seaport-related innovation. Journal of Research in Transport Economics, 42(1), 97-107.
- Azuma, R. T. (1997). A survey of augmented reality. Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments, 6(4), 355-385.
- Baker, M. J. (2007). Marketing Strategy and Management. Basingstoke, Hampshire, UK: Palgrave Macmillan.
- Blanco, B., Perez-Labajos, C., Sanchez, L., Serrano, A., Lopez, M. and Ortega, A. (2010). Innovation in Spanish Port Sector. Journal of Maritime Research, 7(1), 71-86.
- Branch, A. E. (1998). Maritime Economics: Management and Marketing. Cheltenham, United Kingdom: Stanley Thomes.
- Cahoon, S., Pateman, H., and Chen, S.L. (2013). Regional port authorities: Leading players in innovation networks. Journal of Transport Geography, 27, 66-75.
- Chang, S. C. (2010). Bandit cell phones: A blue ocean strategy. Technology in Society, 32(3), 219-223.
- Chakrabarti, M. (2014). Blue Ocean Marketing Strategy (BOMS): An Overview. Abhinav International Monthly Refereed Journal of Research in Management and Technology, 3(6), 68-73.
- Cirulis, A. and Ginters, E. (2013). Augmented Reality in Logistics. Procedia Computer Science, 26, 14-20.
- De Martino, M., Errichiello, L., Marasco, A. and Morvillo, A. (2013). Logistics innovation in seaports: An inter-organizational perspective. Research in Transportation Business and Management, 3, 123-133.
- Filipowski, D. (2013). See more-analysis of possibilities of implementation AR solutions during bridge watchkeeping, in A. Weintrit (Ed.), Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation, pp. 255-260. New York: CRC Press.
- Frankel, E. G. (1987). Port Planning and Development. New York: John Wiley and Sons.
- Hall, P.V., O’Brien, T. and Woudsma, C. (2013). Environmental innovation and the role of stakeholder collaboration in West Coast port gateways. Research in Transportation Economics, 42, 87-96.
- Hartel, J. (2016). Digital transformation of ports: A status of Port of Hamburg and the Port of Singapore, Bachelor Thesis, Hamburg University of Applied Science, Hamburg.
- Heaver, T. (1995). The implications of increased competition among ports for port policy and management. Maritime Policy and Management, 22(2), 125-133.
- Jacobs, W., and Hall, P.V. (2007). What conditions the supply chain strategies of ports? The case of Dubai. GeoJournal, 68(4), 327-342.
- Javornik, A. (2014). Classifications of Augmented Reality Uses in Marketing. In: Proceedings of IEEE International Symposium on Mixed and Augmented Reality 2014 Media, Art, Social Science, Humanities and Design. Fukuoka, Japan.
- Kagermann, H., Wahlster, W. and Helbig, J. (2013). Recommendations for implementing the strategic initiative INDUTRIE 4.0. Final Report of the Industries 4.0 Working Group, Berlin.
- Karataş Çetin, Ç. and Sait, P. (2014). Liman inovasyonları ve bilgi sistemleri: Türkiye limanları üzerine bir araştırma. Girişimcilik ve İnovasyon Yönetimi Dergisi, 3(2), 81-104.
- Keçeli, Y. (2011). A proposed innovation strategy for Turkish port administration policy via information technology. Maritime Policy and Management, 38(2), 151-167.
- Kim, W.C. and Mauborgne, R. (2004). Blue ocean strategy. Harvard Business Review, 82(10), 70-79.
- Kim, W.C. and Mauborgne, R. (2005a). Blue Ocean Strategy: How to Create Uncontested Market Space and Make the Competition Irrelevant. Boston Massachusetts: Harvard Business School Press.
- Kim, W.C. and Mauborgne, R. (2005b). Blue ocean strategy: From theory to practice. California Management Review, 47(3), 105-121.
- Kim, W.C. and Mauborgne, R. (2005c). Value innovation: A leap into the blue ocean. Journal of Business Strategy, 26(4), 22-28.
- Kolberg, D. and Zühlke, D. (2015). Lean automation enabled by industry 4.0 technologies. IFAC-PapersOnLine, 48(3), 1870-1875.
- Kotler, P. and Armstrong, G. (2008). Principles of Marketing. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Pearson Prentice Hall.
- Leavy, B. (2005). Value pioneering – how to discover own ¨blue ocean¨: interview with W. Chan Kim and Renee Mauborgne. Strategy and Leadership, 33(6), 13-20.
- Lee, J., Kao, H.A. and Yang, S. (2014). Service innovation and smart analytics for industry 4.0 and big data environment. Procedia CIRP, 16, 3-8.
- Mester, B. (1991). Marketing from the port's point of view, in R.W. Stuchtey (Ed.), Port Management Textbook: Volume 3 - Port Marketing. Bremen: Institute of Shipping Economics.
- Notteboom, T., and Winkelmans, W. (2001). Structural changes in logistics: how will port authorities face the challenge? Maritime Policy and Management, 28(1), 71-89.
- Olsson, T., Lagerstam, E., Karkkainen, T. and Vaananen-Vainio, M. (2013). Experienced user experience of mobile augmented reality services: A user study in the context of shopping centers. Personal and Ubiquitous Computing, 17(2), 287-304.
- Piotrowicz, W. and Cuthbertson, R. (2014). Introduction to the special issue information technology in retail: Toward Omni-channel Retailing. International Journal of Electronic Commerce, 18(4), 5-16.
- Popa, C., Cotorcea, A. and Filip, N. (2017). Key trends in the global port due to traffic volumes. Mircea cel Batran Naval Academy Scientific Bulletin, 20(1), 48-51.
- Priemus, H. (2001). Mainports as Integrators of Passenger, Freight and Information Networks. From Transport Nodes to Business Generators; the Dutch Case, European Journal of Transport and Infrastructure Research EJTIR, 1(2), 143-167.
- Quintana, C.G., Olea, P.M., Abdallah, P.R. and Quintana, A.C. (2016). Port environmental management: Innovations in a Brazilian public port. RAI Revista de Administaçäo e Inovaçäo, 13, 261-273.
- Rubio, M., Quintana, A., Perez-Roses, H. and Camahort, E. (2006). Jittering reduction in market-based augmented reality systems. Lecture Notes in Computer Science 3980, 510-517.
- Rubio, M., Quiros, R., Pulido, E., Fabregat, G. and Huerta, J. (2004). Annotation of Features in Outdoor Augmented Reality Environments, in: 7th AGILE Conference on Geographic Information Science. Heraklion, Greece.
- Sengupta, K., Heiser, D. and Cook, L. (2006). Manufacturing and service supply chain performance: A comparative analysis. The Journal of Supply Chain Management, 42(4), 4-15.
- Sledzik, K. (2013). Schumpeter’s View on Innovation and Entrepreneurship, in S. Hittmar (Ed.), Management Trends in Theory and Practice, pp. 89-95. Zilina, Slovakia.
- Van den Bosch, F.A.J., Hollen, R., Volberda, H.W. and Baaji, M.G. (2011). The strategic value of the Port of Rotterdam for the international competitiveness of the Netherlands: A first exploration. Rotterdam: Erasmus University.
- Van Manen, T., Bloem, J. and van Doorn, M. (2014). SMACT and the City. Groningen, Netherlands: LINE UP.
- Vanelslander, T., Sys, C. and Carlan, V. (2016). Innovation among seaport operators: A QCA approach for determining success conditions. International Journal of Transport Economics, 53(3), 1-35.
- Yang, C.C., Marlow, P.B. and Lu, C.S. (2009). Knowledge management enablers in liner shipping. Transportation Research Part E, 45, 893-903.
- Internet References:
- Augment (2016). Augmented Reality and Future of Marketing. http://www.augment.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Augmented-Reality-and-the-Future-of-Marketing.pdf, Date of Access: 10 July 2017.
- Augment (2017). 10 Use Cases of Augmented Reality in Marketing, http://www.augment.com/blog/10-use-cases-of-augmented-reality-marketing/, Date of Access: 14 July 2017.
- Baldauf, U. (2016). Smart PORT Hamburg. https://eamcommunity.files.wordpress.com/2016/05/smartport-hamburg-iot-und-architektur.pdf, Date of Access: 10 July 2017.
- Daqri, (2017). Smart Helmet. https://daqri.com/products/smart-helmet/, Date of Access: 11 July 2017.
- DHL. (2014). Augmented Reality in logistics: Changing the way we see logistics- a DHL perspective. http://www.dhl.com/content/dam/downloads/g0/about_us/logistics_insights/csi_augmented_reality_report_290414.pdf, Date of Access: 12 July 2017.
- Gaydhani, N. (April 2017). The Daqri Smart Helmet- A closer look. https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/daqri-smart-helmet-closer-look-nathan-gaydhani/, Accessed Date: 14 May 2018.
- KMCT (2017). http://www.kmct.com.tw/en/interactive-2.php, Date of Access: 10 July 2017
- Microsoft (2017). Mixed Reality with HoloLens. https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/hololens/why-hololens, Date of Access: 10 July 2017.
- Odom, J. (December 2017). What’s the difference between HoloLens, Meta 2 and Magic Leap. https://next.reality.news/news/whats-difference-between-hololens-meta-2-magic-leap-0181804/, Date of Access: 14 May 2018.
- Port of Rotterdam (2017). Port of Rotterdam Authority contracts four PortXL start-ups. https://www.portofrotterdam.com/en/news-and-press-releases/port-of-rotterdam-authority-contracts-four-portxl-start-ups, Date of Access: 10 July 2017.
- Port Technology (2016) Hamburg: The Connected Port of the Future. https://www.porttechnology.org/news/hamburg_the_connected_port_of_the_future, Date of Access: 10 July 2017.
- Rushmore, M. (2016). Gradual acceptance. http://www.portstrategy.com/news101/port-operations/planning-and-design/performance, Date of Access: 11 July 2017.
- Today Online (2017), SATS unveils AR glasses to speed up ramp handling operations. http://www.todayonline.com/business/sats-unveils-ar-glasses-speed-ramp-handling-operations, Date of Access: 10 July 2017.
- UNCTAD. (2017). Review of Maritime Transport 2016. http://unctad.org/en/PublicationsLibrary/rmt2016_en.pdf, Date of Access: 14 July 2017.
- Westerman, G. (2011). Digital Transformation: A Roadmap for Billion-Dollar-Organizations. https://www.de.capgemini-consulting.com/resources/digital-transformation- roadmap, Date of Access: 10 July 2017.
LİMANCILIK SEKTÖRÜNDE MAVİ OKYANUS STRATEJİSİ OLARAK ARTTIRILMIŞ GERÇEKLİK
Year 2018,
Volume: 10 Issue: 1, 127 - 153, 24.06.2018
Gül Denktaş Şakar
,
Ebru Sürücü
Abstract
Endüstri 4.0
bileşenlerinden biri olan Artırılmış Gerçeklik, duyuları cazip hale getirerek
var olan bir gerçek ortam ayarını geliştirmek üzere geliştirilmiş dijital
iyileştirmeler sağlayan bir teknoloji olarak tanımlanmaktadır. Artırılmış
gerçeklik uygulamalarının yakın gelecekte lojistik sektöründe olası
kullanımlara sahip olacağı ve tedarik zinciri mekanizmalarının kritik
bileşenleri olarak bu teknolojileri hizmetlere entegre etmekten başka bir
alternatifin bulunmayacağı tahmin edilmektedir. Sistemlerini ve stratejilerini
bu gibi gelişmelere entegre eden limanların rakip limanlar içinde yeni bir
rekabet alanı açması beklenmektedir. ¨Mavi okyanus pazarlama stratejisi¨ adı
verilen strateji, işletmelerin farklı bölümlerden müşterilere ürün ve hizmetler
için yeni bir değer yaratması ve kendisini tartışmasız Pazar ortamına
yerleştirmesi gerektiğini savunmaktadır. Bu çalışmanın amacı, limanlarda
Artırılmış Gerçeklik kavramının nasıl kullanılabileceğine dair fikir vermek ve
bu uygulamaların mavi okyanus pazarlama stratejileri oluşturmada ne gibi
yardımları olabileceği tartışılmaktadır. Endüstri 4.0 bakış açısıyla yapılan
liman literatür taramasından sonra, olası Artırılmış Gerçeklik uygulamalarının
limanların pazarlama stratejilerine etkileri incelenmiştir.
References
- Acciaro, M., Vanelslander, T., Sys, C., Ferrari, C., Roumboutsos, A., Giuliano, G., Lam, J. and Kapros, S. (2014). Environmental sustainability in seaports: A framework for successful innovation. Maritime Policy & Management, 41(5), 480-500.
- Arduino, G., Aronietis, R., Crozet, Y., Frouws, K., Claudio Ferrari, C., Guihery, L., Kaprso, S., Kourouunioti, I., Laroche, F., Lambrou, M., Llyody, M., Polydoropoulou, A., Roumboutsos, A., Van de Voorde, E. and Vanelslander, T. (2012). How to turn an innovative concept into a success? An application to seaport-related innovation. Journal of Research in Transport Economics, 42(1), 97-107.
- Azuma, R. T. (1997). A survey of augmented reality. Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments, 6(4), 355-385.
- Baker, M. J. (2007). Marketing Strategy and Management. Basingstoke, Hampshire, UK: Palgrave Macmillan.
- Blanco, B., Perez-Labajos, C., Sanchez, L., Serrano, A., Lopez, M. and Ortega, A. (2010). Innovation in Spanish Port Sector. Journal of Maritime Research, 7(1), 71-86.
- Branch, A. E. (1998). Maritime Economics: Management and Marketing. Cheltenham, United Kingdom: Stanley Thomes.
- Cahoon, S., Pateman, H., and Chen, S.L. (2013). Regional port authorities: Leading players in innovation networks. Journal of Transport Geography, 27, 66-75.
- Chang, S. C. (2010). Bandit cell phones: A blue ocean strategy. Technology in Society, 32(3), 219-223.
- Chakrabarti, M. (2014). Blue Ocean Marketing Strategy (BOMS): An Overview. Abhinav International Monthly Refereed Journal of Research in Management and Technology, 3(6), 68-73.
- Cirulis, A. and Ginters, E. (2013). Augmented Reality in Logistics. Procedia Computer Science, 26, 14-20.
- De Martino, M., Errichiello, L., Marasco, A. and Morvillo, A. (2013). Logistics innovation in seaports: An inter-organizational perspective. Research in Transportation Business and Management, 3, 123-133.
- Filipowski, D. (2013). See more-analysis of possibilities of implementation AR solutions during bridge watchkeeping, in A. Weintrit (Ed.), Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation, pp. 255-260. New York: CRC Press.
- Frankel, E. G. (1987). Port Planning and Development. New York: John Wiley and Sons.
- Hall, P.V., O’Brien, T. and Woudsma, C. (2013). Environmental innovation and the role of stakeholder collaboration in West Coast port gateways. Research in Transportation Economics, 42, 87-96.
- Hartel, J. (2016). Digital transformation of ports: A status of Port of Hamburg and the Port of Singapore, Bachelor Thesis, Hamburg University of Applied Science, Hamburg.
- Heaver, T. (1995). The implications of increased competition among ports for port policy and management. Maritime Policy and Management, 22(2), 125-133.
- Jacobs, W., and Hall, P.V. (2007). What conditions the supply chain strategies of ports? The case of Dubai. GeoJournal, 68(4), 327-342.
- Javornik, A. (2014). Classifications of Augmented Reality Uses in Marketing. In: Proceedings of IEEE International Symposium on Mixed and Augmented Reality 2014 Media, Art, Social Science, Humanities and Design. Fukuoka, Japan.
- Kagermann, H., Wahlster, W. and Helbig, J. (2013). Recommendations for implementing the strategic initiative INDUTRIE 4.0. Final Report of the Industries 4.0 Working Group, Berlin.
- Karataş Çetin, Ç. and Sait, P. (2014). Liman inovasyonları ve bilgi sistemleri: Türkiye limanları üzerine bir araştırma. Girişimcilik ve İnovasyon Yönetimi Dergisi, 3(2), 81-104.
- Keçeli, Y. (2011). A proposed innovation strategy for Turkish port administration policy via information technology. Maritime Policy and Management, 38(2), 151-167.
- Kim, W.C. and Mauborgne, R. (2004). Blue ocean strategy. Harvard Business Review, 82(10), 70-79.
- Kim, W.C. and Mauborgne, R. (2005a). Blue Ocean Strategy: How to Create Uncontested Market Space and Make the Competition Irrelevant. Boston Massachusetts: Harvard Business School Press.
- Kim, W.C. and Mauborgne, R. (2005b). Blue ocean strategy: From theory to practice. California Management Review, 47(3), 105-121.
- Kim, W.C. and Mauborgne, R. (2005c). Value innovation: A leap into the blue ocean. Journal of Business Strategy, 26(4), 22-28.
- Kolberg, D. and Zühlke, D. (2015). Lean automation enabled by industry 4.0 technologies. IFAC-PapersOnLine, 48(3), 1870-1875.
- Kotler, P. and Armstrong, G. (2008). Principles of Marketing. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Pearson Prentice Hall.
- Leavy, B. (2005). Value pioneering – how to discover own ¨blue ocean¨: interview with W. Chan Kim and Renee Mauborgne. Strategy and Leadership, 33(6), 13-20.
- Lee, J., Kao, H.A. and Yang, S. (2014). Service innovation and smart analytics for industry 4.0 and big data environment. Procedia CIRP, 16, 3-8.
- Mester, B. (1991). Marketing from the port's point of view, in R.W. Stuchtey (Ed.), Port Management Textbook: Volume 3 - Port Marketing. Bremen: Institute of Shipping Economics.
- Notteboom, T., and Winkelmans, W. (2001). Structural changes in logistics: how will port authorities face the challenge? Maritime Policy and Management, 28(1), 71-89.
- Olsson, T., Lagerstam, E., Karkkainen, T. and Vaananen-Vainio, M. (2013). Experienced user experience of mobile augmented reality services: A user study in the context of shopping centers. Personal and Ubiquitous Computing, 17(2), 287-304.
- Piotrowicz, W. and Cuthbertson, R. (2014). Introduction to the special issue information technology in retail: Toward Omni-channel Retailing. International Journal of Electronic Commerce, 18(4), 5-16.
- Popa, C., Cotorcea, A. and Filip, N. (2017). Key trends in the global port due to traffic volumes. Mircea cel Batran Naval Academy Scientific Bulletin, 20(1), 48-51.
- Priemus, H. (2001). Mainports as Integrators of Passenger, Freight and Information Networks. From Transport Nodes to Business Generators; the Dutch Case, European Journal of Transport and Infrastructure Research EJTIR, 1(2), 143-167.
- Quintana, C.G., Olea, P.M., Abdallah, P.R. and Quintana, A.C. (2016). Port environmental management: Innovations in a Brazilian public port. RAI Revista de Administaçäo e Inovaçäo, 13, 261-273.
- Rubio, M., Quintana, A., Perez-Roses, H. and Camahort, E. (2006). Jittering reduction in market-based augmented reality systems. Lecture Notes in Computer Science 3980, 510-517.
- Rubio, M., Quiros, R., Pulido, E., Fabregat, G. and Huerta, J. (2004). Annotation of Features in Outdoor Augmented Reality Environments, in: 7th AGILE Conference on Geographic Information Science. Heraklion, Greece.
- Sengupta, K., Heiser, D. and Cook, L. (2006). Manufacturing and service supply chain performance: A comparative analysis. The Journal of Supply Chain Management, 42(4), 4-15.
- Sledzik, K. (2013). Schumpeter’s View on Innovation and Entrepreneurship, in S. Hittmar (Ed.), Management Trends in Theory and Practice, pp. 89-95. Zilina, Slovakia.
- Van den Bosch, F.A.J., Hollen, R., Volberda, H.W. and Baaji, M.G. (2011). The strategic value of the Port of Rotterdam for the international competitiveness of the Netherlands: A first exploration. Rotterdam: Erasmus University.
- Van Manen, T., Bloem, J. and van Doorn, M. (2014). SMACT and the City. Groningen, Netherlands: LINE UP.
- Vanelslander, T., Sys, C. and Carlan, V. (2016). Innovation among seaport operators: A QCA approach for determining success conditions. International Journal of Transport Economics, 53(3), 1-35.
- Yang, C.C., Marlow, P.B. and Lu, C.S. (2009). Knowledge management enablers in liner shipping. Transportation Research Part E, 45, 893-903.
- Internet References:
- Augment (2016). Augmented Reality and Future of Marketing. http://www.augment.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Augmented-Reality-and-the-Future-of-Marketing.pdf, Date of Access: 10 July 2017.
- Augment (2017). 10 Use Cases of Augmented Reality in Marketing, http://www.augment.com/blog/10-use-cases-of-augmented-reality-marketing/, Date of Access: 14 July 2017.
- Baldauf, U. (2016). Smart PORT Hamburg. https://eamcommunity.files.wordpress.com/2016/05/smartport-hamburg-iot-und-architektur.pdf, Date of Access: 10 July 2017.
- Daqri, (2017). Smart Helmet. https://daqri.com/products/smart-helmet/, Date of Access: 11 July 2017.
- DHL. (2014). Augmented Reality in logistics: Changing the way we see logistics- a DHL perspective. http://www.dhl.com/content/dam/downloads/g0/about_us/logistics_insights/csi_augmented_reality_report_290414.pdf, Date of Access: 12 July 2017.
- Gaydhani, N. (April 2017). The Daqri Smart Helmet- A closer look. https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/daqri-smart-helmet-closer-look-nathan-gaydhani/, Accessed Date: 14 May 2018.
- KMCT (2017). http://www.kmct.com.tw/en/interactive-2.php, Date of Access: 10 July 2017
- Microsoft (2017). Mixed Reality with HoloLens. https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/hololens/why-hololens, Date of Access: 10 July 2017.
- Odom, J. (December 2017). What’s the difference between HoloLens, Meta 2 and Magic Leap. https://next.reality.news/news/whats-difference-between-hololens-meta-2-magic-leap-0181804/, Date of Access: 14 May 2018.
- Port of Rotterdam (2017). Port of Rotterdam Authority contracts four PortXL start-ups. https://www.portofrotterdam.com/en/news-and-press-releases/port-of-rotterdam-authority-contracts-four-portxl-start-ups, Date of Access: 10 July 2017.
- Port Technology (2016) Hamburg: The Connected Port of the Future. https://www.porttechnology.org/news/hamburg_the_connected_port_of_the_future, Date of Access: 10 July 2017.
- Rushmore, M. (2016). Gradual acceptance. http://www.portstrategy.com/news101/port-operations/planning-and-design/performance, Date of Access: 11 July 2017.
- Today Online (2017), SATS unveils AR glasses to speed up ramp handling operations. http://www.todayonline.com/business/sats-unveils-ar-glasses-speed-ramp-handling-operations, Date of Access: 10 July 2017.
- UNCTAD. (2017). Review of Maritime Transport 2016. http://unctad.org/en/PublicationsLibrary/rmt2016_en.pdf, Date of Access: 14 July 2017.
- Westerman, G. (2011). Digital Transformation: A Roadmap for Billion-Dollar-Organizations. https://www.de.capgemini-consulting.com/resources/digital-transformation- roadmap, Date of Access: 10 July 2017.