Covid-19 (Koronavirüs) Pandemi Sürecinde Bireylerde Doğum Korkusunun Belirlenmesi

Year 2023, Volume: 16 Issue: 2, 201 - 212, 15.04.2023

Nigar Çelik , Sevil Çiçek Özdemir , Tuğba Öztürk , Fatma Başar

https://doi.org/10.46483/deuhfed.1060897

Abstract

Giriş: Covid-19 pandemi süreci birçok alanda olduğu gibi bireylerin gebelik ve çocuk sahibi olma düşüncelerini de etkilemiştir.

Amaç: Bu araştırmada pandemi sürecinde gebelik öncesi dönemdeki bireylerin doğum korkusunu incelenmek amaçlanmıştır.

Yöntem: Araştırma tanımlayıcı-kesitsel tiptedir. Araştırmaya üreme çağında (18-49 yaş) olan, çocuk sahibi olmayan ve gelecekte çocuk sahibi olmayı planlayan/isteyen 385 katılımcı dâhil edilmiştir. Veri toplama formunda katılımcıların sosyo-demografik özellikleri ile pandemi sürecinde gebelik ve çocuk sahibi olmayı planlamalarına yönelik sorular ve “Gebelik Öncesi Doğum Korkusu (GÖDK) Ölçeği” yer almaktadır.

Bulgular: Katılımcıların %72.2’si gelecekte doğuma/eşinin doğumuna yönelik korku yaşamakta iken; %41’i pandemi sürecinde bu korkunun arttığını belirtmiştir. Katılımcıların toplam GÖDK ölçeği puan ortalaması 40.49 ± 11.10’dur. Doğum korkusunun cinsiyet, medeni durum, gelir getiren bir işte çalışma durumu ve gelir durumuna göre farklılaştığı saptanmıştır. Gelecekte doğuma/ eşinin doğumuna yönelik korku yaşayanların ve pandemi sürecinde doğuma/eşinin doğumuna yönelik korkusu artanların GÖDK ölçeği puan ortalamasının anlamlı olarak daha yüksek olduğu saptanmıştır.

Sonuç: Pandemi süreci bireylerin doğum korkusunun artmasına neden olmuştur. Katılımcıların çoğu pandemi sürecinde çocuk sahibi olmayı planlamadığını ifade etmiştir.

Keywords

Covid-19, Doğum Korkusu, Gebelik Öncesi, Pandemi, Tokofobi

Covid-19 (Koronavirüs) Pandemi Sürecinde Bireylerde Doğum Korkusunun Belirlenmesi

Abstract

Background: The Covid-19 pandemic process has affected individuals’ thoughts on pregnancy and having a child, as in many areas.

Objective: It was aimed to examine the fear of childbirth in individualsin the pre-pregnancy period during the pandemic process in this research.

Method: The research is of descriptive-cross-sectional type. A total of 385 participants who were of reproductive age (18-49 years old), did not have children, and were planning/desiring to have children in the future were included in the study. In the data collection form, there are questions about the socio-demographic characteristics of the participants,their planning of pregnancy and childbearing during the pandemic process and the “Childbirth Fear - Prior to Pregnancy Scale (CF-PPS)”.

Results: While 72.2% of the participants were afraid of the future birth/birth of their spouse; 41% stated that this fear increased during the pandemic process. The total mean score of the participants’ CF-PPS scale was 40.49 ± 11.10. It has been determined that the fear of childbirth differs according to gender, marital status, working in an income generating job and income status. It was determined that those who have fear of future birth/birth of their spouse and those who have increased fear of childbirth/birth of their spouse during the pandemic process have a significantly higher mean score of CF-PPS.

Conclusion: The pandemic process has led to an increase in the fear of birth of individuals. Most of the participants stated that they do not plan to have children during the pandemic period.

Keywords

Covid-19, Fear of Birth, Pre-pregnancy, Pandemic, Tokophobia

References

• Aassve, A., Cavalli, N., Mencarini, L., Plach, S., & Bacci, M.L. (2020). The Covid-19 pandemic and human fertility. Science, 369, 370-1.
• Bangma, M., Kazemier, B.M., Papatsonis, D.N., Van der Zaag-Loonen, H.J., & Paarlberg, K.M. The association between depressive symptoms during pregnancy and post-delivery fear of childbirth; A prospective study. Journal of Reproductive and Infant Psychology, 38(4), 367- 77.
• Clemons, J.H., Payne, D., Garrett, N., McAra Couper, J., Farry, A., Swift, E.M., & Stoll, K. (2022). Gaining insight from future mothers: A survey of attitudes and perspectives of childbirth. Midwifery, 115, 103499.
• Cohen, P.N. (2021). Disrupted family plans and exacerbated ınequalities associated with Covid-19 pandemic. JAMA Network Open, 4(9), e2124399.
• Çiçek, Ö., & Mete, S. (2015). Sık karşılaşılan bir sorun: Doğum korkusu. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Hemşirelik Fakültesi Elektronik Dergisi, 8(4), 263-268.
• Deliktas, A., & Kukulu, K. (2019). Pregnant women in Turkey experience severe fear of childbirth: A systematic review and meta analysis. J Transcult Nurs., 30(5), 501-11
• Dencker, A., Nilsson, C., Begley, C., Jangsten, E., Mollberg, M., Patel, H. et al. (2019). Causes and outcomes in studies of fear of childbirth: A systematic review. Women and Birth, 32(2), 99- 111.
• Derya, A.Y., Altiparmak, S., Emine, A., Gökbulut, N., & Yilmaz, A.N. (2021). Pregnancy and birth planning during COVID-19: the effects of tele-education offered to pregnant women on prenatal distress and pregnancy-related anxiety. Midwifery, 92, 102877.
• Dymecka, J., Gerymski, R., Iszczuk, A., & Bidzan, M. (2021). Fear of coronavirus, stress and fear of childbirth in Polish pregnant women during the COVID-19 pandemic. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(24), 13111. https://doi.org/10.3390/ ijerph182413111
• Fenwick, J., Toohill, J., Creedy, D.K., Smith, J., & Gamble, J. (2015). Sources, responses and moderators of childbirth fear in Australian women: A qualitative investigation. Midwifery, 31(1), 239-46.
• Flynn, A.C., Kavanagh, K., Smith, A.D., Poston, L., & White, S.L. (2021). The impact of the Covid-19 pandemic on pregnancy planning behaviors. Womens Health Rep., 2(1), 71-77.
• Goodin, M., & Griffiths, M. (2021). Caesarean section on demand. Obstet Gynaecol Reprod Med., 22(12), 368-70.
• Ilska, M., Kołodziej-Zaleska, A., Brandt Salmeri, A., Preis, H., & Lobel, M. (2021). Pandemic-related pregnancy stress assessment Psychometric properties of the Polish PREPS and its relationship with childbirth fear. Midwifery, 96, 102940
• Kahn, L.G., Trasande, L., Liu, M., Mehta-Lee, S.S., Brubaker, S.G., & Jacobson, M.H. (2021). Factors associated with changes in pregnancy intention among women who were mothers of young children in New York City following the Covid-19 outbreak. JAMA Network Open, 4(9), e2124273.
• Kapısız, Ö., Karaca, A,, Özkan, F.S., & Savaş, H.G. (2017). Hemşirelik öğrencilerinin doğum algısı. Düzce Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi, 7(3), 156- 60.
• Kaya, D., & Evcili, F. (2020). The affecting factors of childbirth fear for pregnant women admitted to a health center and university hospital in Turkey. Journal of Health Research, 34(5), 389-97
• Kuipers, J., Henrichs, J., & Evans, K.A. (2020). comparison of the Fear of Childbirth Scale with the Tilburg Pregnancy Distress Scale to identify childbirth-related fear in a sample of Dutch pregnant women: A diagnostic accuracy comparative cross-sectional study. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 103615:1-9.
• Lima, C.K.T., Carvalho, P.M.M., Lima, I.A.A.S., Nunes, J.V.A.O., Saraiva, J.S., de Souza, R.I. et al. (2020). The emotional impact of Coronavirus 2019-nCoV (new Coronavirus disease). Psychiatry Research, 287, 112915.
• Mortazavi, F., & Agah, J. (2018). Childbirth fear and associated factors in a sample of pregnant Iranian women. Oman Med J., 33(6), 497-505.
• Mortazavi, F., Mehrabadi, M., & KiaeeTabar, R. (2021). Pregnant women’s well-being and worry during the COVID-19 pandemic: a cross sectional study. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth, 21(1), 1-11.
• Moyer, C.A., Compton, S.D., Kaselitz, E., & Muzik, M. (2020). Pregnancy-related anxiety during COVID-19: A nationwide survey of 2740 pregnant women. Archives of Women’s Mental Health, 23(6), 757-65.
• Nieminen, K., Stephansson, O., & Ryding, E.L. (2009). Women’s fear of childbirth and preference for cesarean section-A cross-sectional study at various stages of pregnancy in Sweden. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand., 88(7), 807-13.
• Nilsson, C., Hessman, E., Sjöblom, H., Dencker, A., Jangsten, E., Mollberg, M. et al. (2018). Definitions, measurements and prevalence of fear of childbirth: A systematic review. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth, 18(28), 1-15.
• O’Connell, M.A., Leahy-Warren, P., Kenny, L.C., & Khashan, A.S. (2019). Pregnancy outcomes in women with severe fear of childbirth. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 120, 105-9.
• Rublein, L., & Muschalla, B. (2022). Childbirth fear, birth-related mindset and knowledge in non pregnant women without birth experience. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth, 22(1), 249.
• Rüzgar, E. (2022). Pre-pregnancy fear of childbirth in Turkish nursing students: How does the obstetrics and gynecology nursing lesson affect this fear?. International Journal of Caring Sciences, 15(1), 406-416.
• Ryding, E.L., Read, S., Rouhe, H., Halmesmäki, E., Salmela‐Aro, K., Toivanen, R. et al. (2018). Partners of nulliparous women with severe fear of childbirth: A longitudinal study of psychological well‐being. Birth, 45(1), 88-93.
• Sayıner, F.D., Özerdoğan, N., Giray, S., Özdemir, E., & Savcı, A. (2009). Kadınların doğum şekli tercihlerini etkileyen faktörler. Perinatoloji Dergisi, 17(3), 104-12.
• Serçekuş, P., Vardar, O., & Özkan, S. (20209. Fear of childbirth among pregnant women and their partners in Turkey. Sexual & Reproductive Healthcare, 24(100501), 1-6
• Serçekuş, P., Vardar, O., Türkçü, S.G., & Özkan, S. (2020). Why are first time expectant fathers afraid of birth?: A qualitative study. European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, 254, 231-5.
• Shah, S.M.A., Mohammad, D., Qureshi, M.F.H., Abbas. M.Z., & Aleem, S. (2021). Prevalence, psychological responses and associated correlates of depression, anxiety and stress in a global population, during the Coronavirus disease (Covid-19) pandemic. Community Mental Health Journal, 57(1), 101-10.
• Souto, S.P.A.D., Albuquerque, R.S.D., & Prata, A.P. (2020). Fear of childbirth in time of the new coronavirus pandemic. Revista Brasileira de Enfermagem, 73, 1-6
• Soysal, C., Özlem, E., Işıkalan, M.M., Bıyık, İ., Taşçı, Y., & Keskin, N. (2021). The changes in fear of childbirth in pregnancy during and before the Covid-19 pandemic. Research Square, 1-11.
• Stoll, K., Hall, W., Janssen, P., & Carty, E. (20149. Why are young Canadians afraid of birth? A survey study of childbirth fear and birth preferences among Canadian University students. Midwifery, 30(2), 220-6.
• Stoll, K., Hauck, Y., Downe, S., Edmonds, J., Gross, M.M., Malott, A. et al. (2016). Cross-cultural development and psychometric evaluation of a measure to assess fear of childbirth prior to pregnancy. Sexual & Reproductive HealthCare, 8, 49-54.
• Şahin, N., Dinç, H., & İşsiz, M. (2009). Gebelerin doğuma ilişkin korkuları ve etkileyen faktörler. Zeynep Kamil Tıp Bülteni, 40(2), 57-62.
• Şatır, G.D. (2020). Hemşirelik öğrencilerinde doğum ve ebeveynliğe hazırlık dersinin doğum korkusu ve travmatik doğum algısına etkisi. Yükseköğretim ve Bilim Dergisi, 10(3), 423-428.
• Taubman-Ben-Ari, O., Chasson, M., Abu Sharkia, S., & Weiss, E. (2020). Distress and anxiety associated with COVID- 19 among Jewish and Arab pregnant women in Israel. Journal of Reproductive and Infant Psychology, 38(3), 340-8.
• Türkiye Nüfus ve Sağlık Araştırması. (2018). Hacettepe Üniversitesi Nüfus Etütleri Enstitüsü, Ankara. http://www.hips.hacettepe.edu.tr/ tnsa2018/rapor/TNSA2018_ana_Rapor.pdf
• Uçar, T., & Gölbaşı, Z. (2015). Nedenleri ve sonuçlarıyla doğum korkusu. İnönü Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi, 4(2), 54-58.
• Uçar, T., & Taşhan, S.T. (2017). Gebelik öncesi doğum korkusu ölçeğinin Türkçe uyarlaması: Kadın ve erkeklerde geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. ACU Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi, 9, 289- 96.
• Wang, C., Pan, R., Wan, X., Tan, Y., Xu, L., Ho, C.S. et al. (2020). Immediate psychological responses and associated factors during the ınitial stage of the 2019 Coronavirus Disease (Covid-19) epidemic among the general population in China. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 17, 1729