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EARLY MUSLIM RELATIONS WITH INDUS VALLEY AND THE EXPEDITIONS DURING THE GUIDED CALIPHATE PERIOD

Year 2018, Issue: 47, 323 - 346, 04.08.2018
https://doi.org/10.21054/deuifd.450961

Abstract

The glorious past of the Indus valley has experienced
a settlement of the civilization that was at its peak in the era before Christ.
People had developed societies living with peace and prosperity. However, time
changed and the decline of Indus valley civilization occurred. After that, up
to the middle of the 7th century A.D many other nations came and
captured the area. It is being perceived as a common concept that Islam came into the Indus valley by the conquest of
Muhammad bin Qasim(d.96/715) at the
beginning of 8th century during the Umayyad period and started
spreading in the region with the effort of Sufi saints. But literature presents
some evidence on the presence of Islam in
Indus valley even before Muhammad bin Qasim. The purpose of this study is to
find out the entrance and existence of Islam in Indus valley during the domination
of the Guided Caliphate. To support the claim and analyze the issue the study
follows the contemporary as well as the main Arabic sources of Islamic history.
It has been found that, with the expansion of the Islamic state, the religion of Islam had also spread up to its vast
boundaries along the cardinal directions. However, due to many unsuccessful
military expeditions caused by the unfair policies and wrong strategies towards
local masses, the impact of the spread went unnoticed. On the contrary, Muhammad
bin Qasim was fair enough to the local people and gave them respect as well as high-rank positions in his administration
resulting in his quick and comprehensive conquest of the region. It shows that
Islam itself and the assimilation potential of people towards it was already
there which became a part of Muhammad bin Qasim success in the region.

References

  • Al.Tarihi: Fekhruddin: Maj’ma ul Bahrain wa Mat’la un-Nairen, Maktaba al-Murtazavi-2nd/ed, Tehran/Iran-1908.
  • Al-baghdadı, Abu Ja’fer, Muhammad b.Habib b. Umeyya b. Amr al-hashimi: ‘El-Muhabber, Dâr al- Afak al-Jadidah-Beirut.
  • Al-Balādhurī, Aḥmad Ibn Yaḥyā al-Balādhurī(d.279/893), Futūh al-Buldān. Dar al-Kutub al 'Ilmiyyah, 2nd/Ed Beirut/2014.
  • Al-Balâdhurî, Futûh al-Buldan, Dâr al- Kutub al-Ilmiyyah, 2nd /Ed, Beirut 2014.
  • Al-Dīnawarī : Abū Muhammad Abd-Allāh ibn Muslim ibn Qutayba al-Dīnawarī al-Marwazī (d.276/890), Kitāb al-maʿārif, 2nd/Ed: Al-Hey’ah al-Misriyyah al-Âmmah, Al-Qahira/1992.
  • Al-Fakihi, Abu 'Abd Allah Muhammad ibn Ishaq ibn al-'Abbas (d.272/886) Akhbar Makkah fi Qadim al-Dahr wa-Hadithuh, 2nd/Ed: Dâr’u Khadir –Beirut (without date).
  • Al-Kufi, Abu Bakar Ali bin Hamid(d.613/1217), Fethu Sind “Chach namah” th, Dr.Suheyl Zakkar Dâr-ul fikir- Beirut, 1st/Ed, 1992, pp.15-17.
  • Al-Murtaḍá al-Zabīdī: Abu al-Feid Muhammad bin Muhammad bin Abdurrazak al-Huseyini (d.1205/1719) Taj al-'arus min Jawahir al-qamus, Dâr al-hidayah (without date).
  • Al-Naeem, Norah Abdullah: El-va’d al-İqtisadi fi al- Ceziretil arabiyyeti fi al-Fetrati minal Karn al- Salis kab-lel miladi wa hatta al-karn’ al-salis al-miladi, Dâr al-Shawaf, 1st/Ed, Riyadh/ K.S.A (without date).
  • Al-sahari: Abul munzir Selma b.muslim b.İbrahim (d.511/1118), Al-Ansab, (without date).
  • Al-Ṭabarī, Abū Jaʿfar Muḥammad ibn Jarīr al-Ṭabarī (d.310/923) Tarikh al-Rusul wa al-Muluk, 2nd/Ed – Dâr Al-Turas- Beirut/1968.
  • Bukhari, Abu Abdullah Muhammad bin Ismail (d.256/970) : Al-Adab al-Mufrad, 3rd/Ed, Dar al Bashair al Islamiah, Beirut, 1989.
  • E.H. Aitken, Gazetteer of the province of sind, Merchantile steem press Karachi/1907.

RAŞİD HALİFELER DÖNEMİNDE MÜSLÜMANLARIN İNDUS VADİSİ İLE İLK İLİŞKİLERİ VE ASKERİ SEFERLER

Year 2018, Issue: 47, 323 - 346, 04.08.2018
https://doi.org/10.21054/deuifd.450961

Abstract

İndus vadisinin
şanlı geçmişi, Milat'tan önceki çağda zirvede olan uygarlığın bir inşasını
yaşamıştır. İnsanlar barış ve refah içinde yaşayan toplumlarını
geliştirmişlerdi. Ancak zaman değişti ve Indus Vadisi uygarlığının çöküşü
meydana geldi. Bundan sonra, 7. yüzyılın ortalarına kadar birçok kavim geldi ve
bölgeyi ele geçirdi. Genel anlayış şudur ki İslam İndus vadisine 8. yüzyılın
başında Emevi döneminde Muhammed bin Kasım’ın (d.96 / 715) fethi ile ve
Sufilerinin emeği ile bölgede yayılmaya başlamıştı. Ancak literatür, Muhammed
bin Kasım'dan önce de İndus vadisinde İslam'ın varlığı hakkında bazı kanıtlar
sunmaktadır. Bu çalışmanın amacı Raşit halifelerin hâkimiyeti sırasında İndus
vadisinde İslam'ın girişini ve varlığını bulmaktır. İddiayı desteklemek ve
konuyu analize etmek için, çalışmamız, İslam tarihinin ana Arapça kaynaklarının
yanı sıra çağdaş çalışmalardan da faydalandı. İslâmî devletin genişlemesiyle
birlikte İslam dini de dört bir yana kadar yayıldı. Ancak, yerel halka yönelik
yanlış politikaların ve yanlış stratejilerin yol açtığı birçok başarısız askeri
sefer nedeniyle İslam’ın yayılma etkisi fark edilemedi. Aksine, Muhammed bin
Kasım’ın yerel halk için yeterince adil davranması ve onlara yönetiminde yüksek
dereceli pozisyonları saygılı bir şekilde vermesi bölgedeki hızlı ve kapsamlı
fetihlere yol açmıştı. Bu durum, İslâm'ın kendisinin ve ona karşı halkın
asimilasyon potansiyelinin daha önceden bölgede bulunduğunu göstermektedir ki
bu durum Muhammed bin Kasım’ın zaferine bir nevi katkı sağlamıştır.

References

  • Al.Tarihi: Fekhruddin: Maj’ma ul Bahrain wa Mat’la un-Nairen, Maktaba al-Murtazavi-2nd/ed, Tehran/Iran-1908.
  • Al-baghdadı, Abu Ja’fer, Muhammad b.Habib b. Umeyya b. Amr al-hashimi: ‘El-Muhabber, Dâr al- Afak al-Jadidah-Beirut.
  • Al-Balādhurī, Aḥmad Ibn Yaḥyā al-Balādhurī(d.279/893), Futūh al-Buldān. Dar al-Kutub al 'Ilmiyyah, 2nd/Ed Beirut/2014.
  • Al-Balâdhurî, Futûh al-Buldan, Dâr al- Kutub al-Ilmiyyah, 2nd /Ed, Beirut 2014.
  • Al-Dīnawarī : Abū Muhammad Abd-Allāh ibn Muslim ibn Qutayba al-Dīnawarī al-Marwazī (d.276/890), Kitāb al-maʿārif, 2nd/Ed: Al-Hey’ah al-Misriyyah al-Âmmah, Al-Qahira/1992.
  • Al-Fakihi, Abu 'Abd Allah Muhammad ibn Ishaq ibn al-'Abbas (d.272/886) Akhbar Makkah fi Qadim al-Dahr wa-Hadithuh, 2nd/Ed: Dâr’u Khadir –Beirut (without date).
  • Al-Kufi, Abu Bakar Ali bin Hamid(d.613/1217), Fethu Sind “Chach namah” th, Dr.Suheyl Zakkar Dâr-ul fikir- Beirut, 1st/Ed, 1992, pp.15-17.
  • Al-Murtaḍá al-Zabīdī: Abu al-Feid Muhammad bin Muhammad bin Abdurrazak al-Huseyini (d.1205/1719) Taj al-'arus min Jawahir al-qamus, Dâr al-hidayah (without date).
  • Al-Naeem, Norah Abdullah: El-va’d al-İqtisadi fi al- Ceziretil arabiyyeti fi al-Fetrati minal Karn al- Salis kab-lel miladi wa hatta al-karn’ al-salis al-miladi, Dâr al-Shawaf, 1st/Ed, Riyadh/ K.S.A (without date).
  • Al-sahari: Abul munzir Selma b.muslim b.İbrahim (d.511/1118), Al-Ansab, (without date).
  • Al-Ṭabarī, Abū Jaʿfar Muḥammad ibn Jarīr al-Ṭabarī (d.310/923) Tarikh al-Rusul wa al-Muluk, 2nd/Ed – Dâr Al-Turas- Beirut/1968.
  • Bukhari, Abu Abdullah Muhammad bin Ismail (d.256/970) : Al-Adab al-Mufrad, 3rd/Ed, Dar al Bashair al Islamiah, Beirut, 1989.
  • E.H. Aitken, Gazetteer of the province of sind, Merchantile steem press Karachi/1907.
There are 13 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Zabihur Rahman 0000-0002-8037-3506

Tahsin Koçyiğit 0000-0002-4017-7682

Publication Date August 4, 2018
Submission Date June 25, 2018
Published in Issue Year 2018 Issue: 47

Cite

ISNAD Rahman, Zabihur - Koçyiğit, Tahsin. “EARLY MUSLIM RELATIONS WITH INDUS VALLEY AND THE EXPEDITIONS DURING THE GUIDED CALIPHATE PERIOD”. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi 47 (August 2018), 323-346. https://doi.org/10.21054/deuifd.450961.