Determination and Evaluation of USCS Soil Class by Cone Penetration Test (CPT)
Year 2021,
Volume: 23 Issue: 67, 43 - 53, 15.01.2021
İbrahim Çobanoğlu
,
Sefer Beran Çelik
Abstract
In all geotechnical studies the classification of soil is important both for correct foundation design and prediction of soil behavior. In practice, determination of the soil class can be carried out by drilling or research pit works in the field. Besides, approaches to determine of soil classes from Cone Penetration Test (CPT) data are used. This study was carried out to correlate the predicted USCS soil groups by CPT tests with actual test results which were carried out on the samples taken from field. For this purpose, 15 exploration drillings and 15 CPT test data which were carried out on an alluvial soil were used. The results obtained by the experimental data on the samples taken from the research drillings were compared with the soil classes by CPT tests and correlated together. The findings revealed that the experimentally determined soil classes are considerably different from the soil classes determined by CPT end resistance values. The CPT method, which is insufficient to determine the plasticity of the soil, caused the SM group to be defined as “Sand – Clay”. Same situation was evaluated for SC group it was observed that CPT data were defined this group as “Clay”. This clearly demonstrates that soil classes that cannot be identified by in-situ sampling can lead to erroneous evaluations.
References
- Referans1
Schmertmann, J.H. 1978. Guidelines for cone test, performance, and design, Federal Highway Administration, Report FHWA-TS-78209, Washington, 145.
- Referans2
Douglas, B.J., Olsen, R.S. 1981. Soil classification using electric cone penetrometer, American Society of Civil Engineers, ASCE, Proceedings of Conference on Cone Penetration Testing and Experience, (209–227). St. Louis, October 26 – 30.
- Referans3
Robertson, P.K., Campanella, R.G., Gillespie, D., Grieg, J. 1986. Use of piezometer cone data, Proceedings of American Society of Civil Engineers, ASCE, In-Situ 86 Specialty Conference, (1263–1280). Edited by S. Clemence, Blacksburg, June 23 - 25, Geotechnical Special Publication GSP No. 6.
- Referans4
Eslami, A., Fellenius, B.H. 1997. Pile capacity by direct CPT and CPTu methods applied to 102 case histories, Canadian Geotechnical Journal, 34(6), 880–898.
- Referans5
Begemann, H.K.S. 1965. The friction jacket cone as an aid in determining the soil profile, Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering, ICSMFE, 2, (17 – 20). Montreal, September 8 - 15.
- Referans6
Sanglerat, G., Nhim, T.V., Sejourne, M., Andina, R. 1974. Direct soil classification by static penetrometer with special friction sleeve, Proceedings of the First European Symposium on Penetration Testing, ESOPT-1, 2.2, (337–344). June 5 - 7, Stockholm.
- Referans7
Searle, I.W. 1979. The interpretation of Begemann friction jacket cone results to give soil types and design parameters, Proceedings of 7th European Conference on Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering, ECSMFE, (2265–270). Brighton.
- Referans8
Vos, J.D. 1982. The practical use of CPT in soil profiling, Proceedings of the Second European Symposium on Penetration Testing, ESOPT-2, 2, (933–939). Amsterdam, May 24-27.
- Referans9
Jones, G.A., Rust, E. 1982. Piezometer penetration testing, CUPT, Proceedings of the 2nd European Symposium on Penetration Testing, ESOPT-2, 2, (607-614). Amsterdam, May 24 - 27.
- Referans10
Senneset, K., Sandven, R., Janbu, N. 1989. Evaluation of soil parameters from piezocone test, In-situ Testing of Soil Properties for Transportation, Transportation Research Record, No. 1235, Washington, D. C., 24–37.
- Referans11
Robertson, P.K. 1990. Soil classification using the cone penetration test, Canadian Geotechnical Journal, 27(1), 151–158.
- Referans12
Lunne, T., Robertson, P.K., Powell, J.J.M. 1997. Cone penetration testing in geotechnical practice. Blackie Academic & Professional, 312.
- Referans13
Eslami, A., Fellenius, B.H. 2004. CPT And CPTU Data For Soil Profile Interpretation: Review of Methods and A Proposed New Approach, Iranian Journal of Science & Technology, Transaction B, Vol. 28, No. B1, 69 – 86.
- Referans14
Baziar, M.H., Ashari, M.E., Zadeh, S. 2004. Comparison of Soil Classification Methods Using CPT Results, International Conference on Case Histories in Geotechnical Engineering, Paper No 3.06, pp. 1- 4, April 13-17, NewYork.
- Referans15
Marr, L.S. 1981. Offshore applications of the cone penetrometer. Cone penetration testing and experience, St. Louis, MO, Proceedings, 456-476.
- Referans16
Robertson, P.K., Campanella, R.G. 1983. Interpretation of cone penetrometer tests, Part I sand. Canadian Geotechnical Journal, 20(4), 718–733.
Koni Penetrasyon Testi (CPT) İle USCS Zemin Sınıfının Belirlenmesi ve Değerlendirilmesi
Year 2021,
Volume: 23 Issue: 67, 43 - 53, 15.01.2021
İbrahim Çobanoğlu
,
Sefer Beran Çelik
Abstract
Jeoteknik çalışmaların bütününde zeminin sınıflandırılması, hem doğru temel tasarımı için ve hem de zeminin davranış biçimini öngörmek için önem taşımaktadır. Uygulamalarda zeminlerin sınıfı arazide yapılan sondaj veya araştırma çukuru çalışmaları sırasında alınan örnekler üzerinde gerçekleştirilen deneylerle belirlenebilmektedir. Bunun yanında Koni Penetrasyon Testi (CPT) ile zemin sınıfının tahmin edilmesi yaklaşımları kullanılmaktadır. Bu çalışma CPT ile doğrudan belirlenemeyen ancak tahminsel yaklaşımlarla belirlenmeye çalışılan birleştirilmiş zemin sınıfı (USCS) gruplarının gerçekte ve yerinden alınan numuneler üzerinde yapılan deney verileri ile deneştirilmesi amacıyla gerçekleştirilmiştir. Bu amaçla alüvyal bir sahada yapılmış olan 15 adet araştırma sondajı ve 15 adet CPT deney verisi kullanılmıştır. Araştırma sondajları ile elde edilmiş numuneler üzerinde gerçekleştirilen deneysel çalışmalar ile ortaya konulan USCS zemin sınıfları CPT ile elde edilen deney verileri ile belirlenen zemin sınıflarıyla karşılaştırılarak elde edilen bulgular bir arada değerlendirilmiştir. Elde edilen veriler, deneysel olarak belirlenmiş zemin sınıflarının CPT uç direnç değerleri kullanılarak belirlenmiş zemin sınıflarından büyük ölçüde farklılıklar sunduğunu ortaya koymuştur. Özellikle zeminin plastiklik durumunu belirlemede yetersiz kalan CPT yöntemi SM grubu zeminlerin sadece “Kum – Kil” şeklinde tanımlanmasına neden olmuştur. Benzer durum SC grubu için değerlendirildiğinde CPT verilerinin zemini “Kil” olarak tanımladığı gözlenmiştir. Sonuç olarak, yerinde yapılan örneklemelerle deneysel olarak belirlenmeyen zemin sınıflarının, CPT verileriyle dolaylı olarak değerlendirilmesi durumunda bazen hatalı değerlendirmelere de neden olabileceğini görülmektedir.
References
- Referans1
Schmertmann, J.H. 1978. Guidelines for cone test, performance, and design, Federal Highway Administration, Report FHWA-TS-78209, Washington, 145.
- Referans2
Douglas, B.J., Olsen, R.S. 1981. Soil classification using electric cone penetrometer, American Society of Civil Engineers, ASCE, Proceedings of Conference on Cone Penetration Testing and Experience, (209–227). St. Louis, October 26 – 30.
- Referans3
Robertson, P.K., Campanella, R.G., Gillespie, D., Grieg, J. 1986. Use of piezometer cone data, Proceedings of American Society of Civil Engineers, ASCE, In-Situ 86 Specialty Conference, (1263–1280). Edited by S. Clemence, Blacksburg, June 23 - 25, Geotechnical Special Publication GSP No. 6.
- Referans4
Eslami, A., Fellenius, B.H. 1997. Pile capacity by direct CPT and CPTu methods applied to 102 case histories, Canadian Geotechnical Journal, 34(6), 880–898.
- Referans5
Begemann, H.K.S. 1965. The friction jacket cone as an aid in determining the soil profile, Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering, ICSMFE, 2, (17 – 20). Montreal, September 8 - 15.
- Referans6
Sanglerat, G., Nhim, T.V., Sejourne, M., Andina, R. 1974. Direct soil classification by static penetrometer with special friction sleeve, Proceedings of the First European Symposium on Penetration Testing, ESOPT-1, 2.2, (337–344). June 5 - 7, Stockholm.
- Referans7
Searle, I.W. 1979. The interpretation of Begemann friction jacket cone results to give soil types and design parameters, Proceedings of 7th European Conference on Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering, ECSMFE, (2265–270). Brighton.
- Referans8
Vos, J.D. 1982. The practical use of CPT in soil profiling, Proceedings of the Second European Symposium on Penetration Testing, ESOPT-2, 2, (933–939). Amsterdam, May 24-27.
- Referans9
Jones, G.A., Rust, E. 1982. Piezometer penetration testing, CUPT, Proceedings of the 2nd European Symposium on Penetration Testing, ESOPT-2, 2, (607-614). Amsterdam, May 24 - 27.
- Referans10
Senneset, K., Sandven, R., Janbu, N. 1989. Evaluation of soil parameters from piezocone test, In-situ Testing of Soil Properties for Transportation, Transportation Research Record, No. 1235, Washington, D. C., 24–37.
- Referans11
Robertson, P.K. 1990. Soil classification using the cone penetration test, Canadian Geotechnical Journal, 27(1), 151–158.
- Referans12
Lunne, T., Robertson, P.K., Powell, J.J.M. 1997. Cone penetration testing in geotechnical practice. Blackie Academic & Professional, 312.
- Referans13
Eslami, A., Fellenius, B.H. 2004. CPT And CPTU Data For Soil Profile Interpretation: Review of Methods and A Proposed New Approach, Iranian Journal of Science & Technology, Transaction B, Vol. 28, No. B1, 69 – 86.
- Referans14
Baziar, M.H., Ashari, M.E., Zadeh, S. 2004. Comparison of Soil Classification Methods Using CPT Results, International Conference on Case Histories in Geotechnical Engineering, Paper No 3.06, pp. 1- 4, April 13-17, NewYork.
- Referans15
Marr, L.S. 1981. Offshore applications of the cone penetrometer. Cone penetration testing and experience, St. Louis, MO, Proceedings, 456-476.
- Referans16
Robertson, P.K., Campanella, R.G. 1983. Interpretation of cone penetrometer tests, Part I sand. Canadian Geotechnical Journal, 20(4), 718–733.