DISCOURSES OF STRATEGIC PLANS: EXPLORATION OF CORPORATE ISOMORPHISM AMONG UNIVERSITIES
Yıl 2019,
Cilt: 21 Sayı: 2, 639 - 665, 26.06.2019
Fatma Gülruh Gürbüz
,
Hande Sinem Ergun
,
Meral Dülger-taşkın
Seray Begüm Samur-teraman
Öz
New environmental conditions together with
high speed of transformation cause changes in universities’ traditional roles
in economic systems. At the same time, different environmental expectations and
factors have led universities to act with strategic consciousness to be
effective like businesses. It is conceived that; different inter-organizational
expectations could reflect on universities’ strategic plans and are possibly
constructed under institutional isomorphism. Therefore, reflections of changes
in the roles of universities in Turkey could be perceived through institutional
isomorphism and hence reflect on universities’ strategic plans. This study aims to analyze the universities’
strategic plans and reveal whether there is isomorphism among them, especially
with respect to their strategic targets addressing market demands. Thus, top
ten universities in Entrepreneurial and Innovative University Index were
subjected to content analysis. Findings indicate that universities’ strategic
plans have corresponding content with the Article 12, Higher Education Law
No.2547. Accordingly, this study argues that considering their visions,
universities reflect isomorphic tendencies due to being inspired by strategies
adopted by Council of Higher Education. In other words, universities are acting
with a common institutional logic, especially in terms of their vision.
Kaynakça
- Altbach, Philip. G., Berdahl, Robert. O. & Gumport, Patricia. J. (Der.). (1999). American higher education in the twenty-first century: Social, political and economic challanges. Baltimore: The John Hopkins University Press.
- Almog-Bareket, G. (2012). Visionary leadership in business schools: an institutional framework. Journal of Management Development, 31(4), 431-440.
- Altınsoy, S. (2011). Yeni devlet üniversitelerinin gelişimi: Sorunlar ve politika önerileri. Journal of Higher Education ve Science/Yüksekögretim ve Bilim Dergisi, 1(2), 98-104.
- Al-Turki, U. (2011). A framework for strategic planning in maintenance. Journal of Quality in Maintenance Engineering, 17(2),150-162.
- Audretsch, D. B., Leyden, D. P. & Link, A. N. (2012). Universities as research partners in publicly supported entrepreneurial firms. Economics of Innovation and New Technology, 21, 529–545.
- Audretsch, D. B. (2014). From the entrepreneurial university to the university for the entrepreneurial society. Journal of Technology Transfer, 39, 313–321.
- Başkan, G. A. (2001). Türkiye de yükseköğretimin gelişimi. Gazi Üniversitesi Gazi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 21(1),21-32.
- Bazeley, P. & Jackson, K. (Der.) (2013). Qualitative data analysis with NVivo. Sage Publications Limited.
- Blumenthal, D. (2003). Academic—industrial relationships in the life sciences. New England Journal of Medicine, 349, 2452—2459.
- Bolat, T. & Seymen, O. A. (2006). Yönetim ve örgüt düşüncesinde kurumsalcılık, yeni kurumsalcılık ve kurumsal eşbiçimlilik. Fırat Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 16(1), 223-254.
- Bonaccorsi, A., Daraio, C. & Geuna, A. (2010). Universities in the new knowledge landscape: tensions, challenges, change – an introduction. Minerva, 48(1), 1-4.
- Carayannis, E. G., Cherepovitsyn, A Y. & Ilinova, A. A. (2016). Technology commercialization in entrepreneurial universities: The US and Russian experience. The Journal of Technology Transfer, 41(5), 1135-1147.
- Chance, S. & Williams, B. T. (2009). Assessing university strategic plans; a tool for consideration. Educational Planning, 18(1), 38-54.
- Clark, B. R. (1983). The higher education system. Berkeley: University of California press.
- Conway, T., Mackay, S. & Yorke, D. (1994). Strategic planning in higher education: Who are the customers. International Journal of Educational Management, 8(6), 29-36.
- Corbin, J. & Strauss, A. (2008). Basics of qualitative research. Sage.
- Cyert, R. M. & March, J. G. (1963). A behavioral theory of the firm. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall, Inc., NJ. 2:169-187.
- Çınar, N. F. & Tütünsatar, A. (2017). Bir kamu politikası olarak stratejik planlama ve üniversitelerde uygulama: Akdeniz bölgesindeki farklı kuşaktaki üniversitelerin misyon ve vizyonları üzerinden bir değerlendirme. Süleyman Demirel University Journal of Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences, 22(4),1177-1188.
- Dacin, M. T. (1997). Isomorphism in context: The power and prescription of institutional norms. Academy of Management Journal, 40(1), 46-81.
- Deephouse, D. L. (1996). Does isomorphism legitimate?. Academy of Management Journal, 39(4),1024-1039.
- Deiaco, E., Hughes, A., & McKelvey, M. (2012) Universities as strategic actors in the knowledge economy. Cambridge Journal of Economics, 36(3), 525-541.
- DiMaggio, P. J. & Powell, W. W. (1983). The iron cage revisited: Institutional isomorphism and collective rationality in organizational fields. American Sociological Review, 48,147-160.
- DiMaggio, P. J. & Powell, W. W. (Der.). (1991). The new institutionalism in organizational analysis (Vol. 17). Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
- Dooris, M. J., Kelley, J. M. & Trainer, J. F. (2002). Strategic planning in higher education. New Directions for Higher Education, 116 (Fall), 5-11.
- DPT (2000). Sekizinci kalkınma planı (2007-2013). Yükseköğretim Özel İhtisas Komisyonu Raporu. Ankara. http://ekutup.dpt.gov.tr/egitim/oik550.pdf , (Erişim tarihi: 04.04.2018).
- Ereş, F. (2004). Eğitim yönetiminde stratejik planlama. Gazi Üniversitesi Endüstriyel Sanatlar Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 15(1), 21-29.
- Etzkowitz, H. (2003). Innovation in innovation: The triple helix of university-industry-government relations. Social science information, 42(3), 293-337.
- Friedland, R. & Alford, R. R. (1991). The new institutionalism in organizational analysis. Powell W. W & DiMaggio, P. J. (Der.) Bringing society back in: Symbols, practices and institutional contradictions içinde (ss. 232-263) Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
- Frølich, N., Stensaker, B., Scordato, L., & Bótas, P. C. P. (2014). The strategically manageable university: Perceptions of strategic choice and strategic change among key decision makers. Higher Education Studies, 4(5), 80.
- Fumasoli, T. & Benedetto L. (2011). Patterns of strategies in Swiss higher education institutions. Higher Education, 61, 157-178.
- Güçlü, N. (1995). Strategic planning in higher education. Hacettepe Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 11(11), 137-148.
- Günay, D. & Günay, A. (2011). 1933'den Günümüze Türk yükseköğretiminde niceliksel gelişmeler. Yüksekögretim ve Bilim Dergisi, 1(1), 1-22.
Immordino, K., M., G., Ralph. A., Ruben, B. D. & Tromp, S.. (2016). Evaluating the impact of strategic planning in higher education. Educational Planning, 23(1), 35-48.
- Kalkınma Bakanlığı. (2013). Onuncu Kalkınma Planı (2014-2018), Ankara.
- Karakaya, A. & Gürel, S. (2015). Strategic orientation in business: A research on Kardemır Co. Inc./İşletmelerde stratejik yönelim: Kardemir AŞ. üzerine bir araştırma. International Journal of Management Economics ve Business, 11(26), 97-113.
- Küçükcan, T. & Gür, B. S. (2009). Türkiye’de yükseköğretim: karşılaştırmalı bir analiz. Ankara: SETA Siyaset, Ekonomi ve Toplum Araştırmaları Vakfı.
- Larrán, M., López, A., Herrera, J., & Andrades, F. J. (2012). Do Spanish public universities use corporate social responsibility As a strategic and differentiating factor? International Journal of Humanities and Social Science, 2 (11), 29-44.
- Larrán, M., Herrera, J., & Andrades, F. J. (2016). Measuring the linkage between strategies on sustainability and institutional forces: an empirical study of Spanish universities. Journal of Environmental Planning and Management, 59 (6), 967-992.
- Maassen, P. A.M. & Olsen, J. P. (2007). University dynamics and European integration. Springer, Dordrecht.
- Meyer, J. W. & Rowan, B. (1977) Institutionalized organizations: Formal structure as myth and ceremony. American Journal of Sociology, 83, 340–363.
- Mirze, K. ve Ülgen, H. (2013). İşletmelerde Stratejik Yönetim. İstanbul: Beta Yayınları.
- Naktiyok, A., Karabey, C. N. & Timuroglu, M. K. (2009). Strategic consciousness. Istanbul: Imaj Press.
- OECD (2004). Survey of higher education systems. http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/0/20/35747684.pdf, (Erişim tarihi: 02.04.2018).
- Özen, Ş. (2007). Yeni kurumsal kuram: Örgütleri çözümlemede yeni ufuklar ve yeni sorunlar. Sargut, A.S. & Özen, Ş. (Der.) Örgüt kuramları içinde (ss. 237-331). Ankara: İmge.
- Paleari, S., Donina, D., & Meoli, M. (2015). The role of the university in twenty-first century European society. The Journal of Technology Transfer, 40(3), 369-379.
- Papadimitriou, A. (2014). Strategic planning and benchmarking organizational routines of universities in the Western Balkans. The TQM Journal, 26(3), 261-274.
- Papadimitriou, A. & Westerheijden, D. F. (2010). Adoption of ISO-oriented quality management system in Greek universities: Reactions to isomorphic pressures. The TQM Journal, 22(3), 229-241.
- Perkmann, M., Neely, A., & Walsh, K. (2011). How should firms evaluate success in university–industry alliances? A performance measurement system. R&D Management, 41(2), 202-216.
- Peters, M. A. (2007). Higher education, globalization and the knowledge economy; Reclaiming the cultural mission. Ubiquity, 8 (18). http://www.acm.org/ubiquity/views/pf/v8i18_peter.pdf , (Erişim Tarihi: 02.04.2018).
- Philbin, S. (2008). Process model for university—industry research collaboration. European Journal of Innovation Management, 11, 488-521.
- Raceanu, A. Roxana. (2016). Strategic public relations and university entrepreneurship in present European context. Management Dynamics in the Knowledge Economy, 4(1), 81-107.
- Kamu Malî Yönetimi ve Kontrol Kanunu. Resmî Gazete, 25326. (Erişim tarihi: 24.12.2003).
- Rowley, D. J. & Sherman, H. (2001). From strategy to change: implementing the plan in higher education. San Francisco: CA Jossey-Bass.
- Ruben, B. D., Immordino, K. M. & Tromp, S. (2009). Applying business insight and strategy within the academy: An idea whose time has come. John C. K. & David J. Siegel (Der.), The Business of Higher Education içinde (ss. 225-263). Santa Barbara, CA: Praeger.
- Sakınç, S. & Bursaloğlu, S. A. (2012). Yükseköğretimde küresel bir değişim: Girişimci üniversite modeli. Yüksekögretim ve Bilim Dergisi, 2(2), 92-99.
- Sargın, S. (2007). Türkiye’de üniversitelerin gelişim süreci ve bölgesel dağılımı. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 3(5), 133-150.
- Scott, W. R. (2008). Institutions and organizations. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
- Selznick, P. (1949). TVA and the grass roots; a study in the sociology of formal organization. Berkeley: University of California Press.
- Stensaker, B. & Jorunn, D. Norgard. (2001). Innovation and isomorphism: A Case-study of university identity struggle 1969-1999. Higher Education, 42 (4), 473-492.
- Stensaker, B., Frølich, N., Huisman, J., Waagene, E., Scordato, L. & Pimentel Bótas, P. (2014). Factors affecting strategic change in higher education. Journal of Strategy and Management, 7(2), 193-207.
- Suchman, M. C. (1995). Managing legitimacy: Strategic and institutional approaches. Academy of Management Review, 20(3), 571-610.
- Thompson, J. L. (2001). Understanding corporate strategy. Cengage Learning EMEA.
- Thornton, P. H. (2004). Markets from Culture: Institutional logics and organizational decisions in higher education publishing. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
- Tilak, J.B. G. (2004). Higher education between the state and the market. UNESCO Forum on Higher Education, Research and Knowledge (1-3 Dec. 2004). http://portal.unesco.org/education/en/files/36529/11006126893Colloquium_-_December 4_- _Tilac.doc/ Colloquium%2B-%2BDecember%2B04%2BTilak.doc. (Erişim tarihi: 02.04.2018).
- Toma, J. D. (2010). Building organizational capacity: Strategic management in higher education. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
- Tuchman, G. (2009). Wannabe U: Inside the corporate university. Chicago, IL.: University of Chicago Press.
TÜBİTAK, Girişimci Yenilikçi Üniversite Endeksi Gösterge seti, https://www.tubitak.gov.tr/sites/default/files/1095/gyue_gosterge_seti_2017.pdf (Erişim tarihi:12.03.2018).
- TÜBİTAK (2003). Ulusal Bilim ve Teknoloji Politikaları: 2003-2023 Strateji Belgesi.https://www.tubitak.gov.tr/tubitak_content_files/vizyon2023/Vizyon2023_Strateji_Belgesi.pdf, (Erişim tarihi:12.03. 2018).
- TÜBİTAK, Girişimci ve Yenilikçi Üniversite Endeksi, https://www.tubitak.gov.tr/tr/kurumsal/politikalar/icerik girisimci-ve-yenilikci-universite-endeksi, (Erişim tarihi: 12.03.2018).
- YÖK (Ekim, 2015). Yükseköğretim Kurulu Stratejik Planı, 2016-2020.Ankara.
STRATEJİK PLANLARIN SÖYLEMLERİ: ÜNİVERSİTELER ARASINDAKİ KURUMSAL EŞBİÇİMSELLİĞİN KEŞFİ
Yıl 2019,
Cilt: 21 Sayı: 2, 639 - 665, 26.06.2019
Fatma Gülruh Gürbüz
,
Hande Sinem Ergun
,
Meral Dülger-taşkın
Seray Begüm Samur-teraman
Kaynakça
- Altbach, Philip. G., Berdahl, Robert. O. & Gumport, Patricia. J. (Der.). (1999). American higher education in the twenty-first century: Social, political and economic challanges. Baltimore: The John Hopkins University Press.
- Almog-Bareket, G. (2012). Visionary leadership in business schools: an institutional framework. Journal of Management Development, 31(4), 431-440.
- Altınsoy, S. (2011). Yeni devlet üniversitelerinin gelişimi: Sorunlar ve politika önerileri. Journal of Higher Education ve Science/Yüksekögretim ve Bilim Dergisi, 1(2), 98-104.
- Al-Turki, U. (2011). A framework for strategic planning in maintenance. Journal of Quality in Maintenance Engineering, 17(2),150-162.
- Audretsch, D. B., Leyden, D. P. & Link, A. N. (2012). Universities as research partners in publicly supported entrepreneurial firms. Economics of Innovation and New Technology, 21, 529–545.
- Audretsch, D. B. (2014). From the entrepreneurial university to the university for the entrepreneurial society. Journal of Technology Transfer, 39, 313–321.
- Başkan, G. A. (2001). Türkiye de yükseköğretimin gelişimi. Gazi Üniversitesi Gazi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 21(1),21-32.
- Bazeley, P. & Jackson, K. (Der.) (2013). Qualitative data analysis with NVivo. Sage Publications Limited.
- Blumenthal, D. (2003). Academic—industrial relationships in the life sciences. New England Journal of Medicine, 349, 2452—2459.
- Bolat, T. & Seymen, O. A. (2006). Yönetim ve örgüt düşüncesinde kurumsalcılık, yeni kurumsalcılık ve kurumsal eşbiçimlilik. Fırat Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 16(1), 223-254.
- Bonaccorsi, A., Daraio, C. & Geuna, A. (2010). Universities in the new knowledge landscape: tensions, challenges, change – an introduction. Minerva, 48(1), 1-4.
- Carayannis, E. G., Cherepovitsyn, A Y. & Ilinova, A. A. (2016). Technology commercialization in entrepreneurial universities: The US and Russian experience. The Journal of Technology Transfer, 41(5), 1135-1147.
- Chance, S. & Williams, B. T. (2009). Assessing university strategic plans; a tool for consideration. Educational Planning, 18(1), 38-54.
- Clark, B. R. (1983). The higher education system. Berkeley: University of California press.
- Conway, T., Mackay, S. & Yorke, D. (1994). Strategic planning in higher education: Who are the customers. International Journal of Educational Management, 8(6), 29-36.
- Corbin, J. & Strauss, A. (2008). Basics of qualitative research. Sage.
- Cyert, R. M. & March, J. G. (1963). A behavioral theory of the firm. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall, Inc., NJ. 2:169-187.
- Çınar, N. F. & Tütünsatar, A. (2017). Bir kamu politikası olarak stratejik planlama ve üniversitelerde uygulama: Akdeniz bölgesindeki farklı kuşaktaki üniversitelerin misyon ve vizyonları üzerinden bir değerlendirme. Süleyman Demirel University Journal of Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences, 22(4),1177-1188.
- Dacin, M. T. (1997). Isomorphism in context: The power and prescription of institutional norms. Academy of Management Journal, 40(1), 46-81.
- Deephouse, D. L. (1996). Does isomorphism legitimate?. Academy of Management Journal, 39(4),1024-1039.
- Deiaco, E., Hughes, A., & McKelvey, M. (2012) Universities as strategic actors in the knowledge economy. Cambridge Journal of Economics, 36(3), 525-541.
- DiMaggio, P. J. & Powell, W. W. (1983). The iron cage revisited: Institutional isomorphism and collective rationality in organizational fields. American Sociological Review, 48,147-160.
- DiMaggio, P. J. & Powell, W. W. (Der.). (1991). The new institutionalism in organizational analysis (Vol. 17). Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
- Dooris, M. J., Kelley, J. M. & Trainer, J. F. (2002). Strategic planning in higher education. New Directions for Higher Education, 116 (Fall), 5-11.
- DPT (2000). Sekizinci kalkınma planı (2007-2013). Yükseköğretim Özel İhtisas Komisyonu Raporu. Ankara. http://ekutup.dpt.gov.tr/egitim/oik550.pdf , (Erişim tarihi: 04.04.2018).
- Ereş, F. (2004). Eğitim yönetiminde stratejik planlama. Gazi Üniversitesi Endüstriyel Sanatlar Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 15(1), 21-29.
- Etzkowitz, H. (2003). Innovation in innovation: The triple helix of university-industry-government relations. Social science information, 42(3), 293-337.
- Friedland, R. & Alford, R. R. (1991). The new institutionalism in organizational analysis. Powell W. W & DiMaggio, P. J. (Der.) Bringing society back in: Symbols, practices and institutional contradictions içinde (ss. 232-263) Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
- Frølich, N., Stensaker, B., Scordato, L., & Bótas, P. C. P. (2014). The strategically manageable university: Perceptions of strategic choice and strategic change among key decision makers. Higher Education Studies, 4(5), 80.
- Fumasoli, T. & Benedetto L. (2011). Patterns of strategies in Swiss higher education institutions. Higher Education, 61, 157-178.
- Güçlü, N. (1995). Strategic planning in higher education. Hacettepe Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 11(11), 137-148.
- Günay, D. & Günay, A. (2011). 1933'den Günümüze Türk yükseköğretiminde niceliksel gelişmeler. Yüksekögretim ve Bilim Dergisi, 1(1), 1-22.
Immordino, K., M., G., Ralph. A., Ruben, B. D. & Tromp, S.. (2016). Evaluating the impact of strategic planning in higher education. Educational Planning, 23(1), 35-48.
- Kalkınma Bakanlığı. (2013). Onuncu Kalkınma Planı (2014-2018), Ankara.
- Karakaya, A. & Gürel, S. (2015). Strategic orientation in business: A research on Kardemır Co. Inc./İşletmelerde stratejik yönelim: Kardemir AŞ. üzerine bir araştırma. International Journal of Management Economics ve Business, 11(26), 97-113.
- Küçükcan, T. & Gür, B. S. (2009). Türkiye’de yükseköğretim: karşılaştırmalı bir analiz. Ankara: SETA Siyaset, Ekonomi ve Toplum Araştırmaları Vakfı.
- Larrán, M., López, A., Herrera, J., & Andrades, F. J. (2012). Do Spanish public universities use corporate social responsibility As a strategic and differentiating factor? International Journal of Humanities and Social Science, 2 (11), 29-44.
- Larrán, M., Herrera, J., & Andrades, F. J. (2016). Measuring the linkage between strategies on sustainability and institutional forces: an empirical study of Spanish universities. Journal of Environmental Planning and Management, 59 (6), 967-992.
- Maassen, P. A.M. & Olsen, J. P. (2007). University dynamics and European integration. Springer, Dordrecht.
- Meyer, J. W. & Rowan, B. (1977) Institutionalized organizations: Formal structure as myth and ceremony. American Journal of Sociology, 83, 340–363.
- Mirze, K. ve Ülgen, H. (2013). İşletmelerde Stratejik Yönetim. İstanbul: Beta Yayınları.
- Naktiyok, A., Karabey, C. N. & Timuroglu, M. K. (2009). Strategic consciousness. Istanbul: Imaj Press.
- OECD (2004). Survey of higher education systems. http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/0/20/35747684.pdf, (Erişim tarihi: 02.04.2018).
- Özen, Ş. (2007). Yeni kurumsal kuram: Örgütleri çözümlemede yeni ufuklar ve yeni sorunlar. Sargut, A.S. & Özen, Ş. (Der.) Örgüt kuramları içinde (ss. 237-331). Ankara: İmge.
- Paleari, S., Donina, D., & Meoli, M. (2015). The role of the university in twenty-first century European society. The Journal of Technology Transfer, 40(3), 369-379.
- Papadimitriou, A. (2014). Strategic planning and benchmarking organizational routines of universities in the Western Balkans. The TQM Journal, 26(3), 261-274.
- Papadimitriou, A. & Westerheijden, D. F. (2010). Adoption of ISO-oriented quality management system in Greek universities: Reactions to isomorphic pressures. The TQM Journal, 22(3), 229-241.
- Perkmann, M., Neely, A., & Walsh, K. (2011). How should firms evaluate success in university–industry alliances? A performance measurement system. R&D Management, 41(2), 202-216.
- Peters, M. A. (2007). Higher education, globalization and the knowledge economy; Reclaiming the cultural mission. Ubiquity, 8 (18). http://www.acm.org/ubiquity/views/pf/v8i18_peter.pdf , (Erişim Tarihi: 02.04.2018).
- Philbin, S. (2008). Process model for university—industry research collaboration. European Journal of Innovation Management, 11, 488-521.
- Raceanu, A. Roxana. (2016). Strategic public relations and university entrepreneurship in present European context. Management Dynamics in the Knowledge Economy, 4(1), 81-107.
- Kamu Malî Yönetimi ve Kontrol Kanunu. Resmî Gazete, 25326. (Erişim tarihi: 24.12.2003).
- Rowley, D. J. & Sherman, H. (2001). From strategy to change: implementing the plan in higher education. San Francisco: CA Jossey-Bass.
- Ruben, B. D., Immordino, K. M. & Tromp, S. (2009). Applying business insight and strategy within the academy: An idea whose time has come. John C. K. & David J. Siegel (Der.), The Business of Higher Education içinde (ss. 225-263). Santa Barbara, CA: Praeger.
- Sakınç, S. & Bursaloğlu, S. A. (2012). Yükseköğretimde küresel bir değişim: Girişimci üniversite modeli. Yüksekögretim ve Bilim Dergisi, 2(2), 92-99.
- Sargın, S. (2007). Türkiye’de üniversitelerin gelişim süreci ve bölgesel dağılımı. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 3(5), 133-150.
- Scott, W. R. (2008). Institutions and organizations. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
- Selznick, P. (1949). TVA and the grass roots; a study in the sociology of formal organization. Berkeley: University of California Press.
- Stensaker, B. & Jorunn, D. Norgard. (2001). Innovation and isomorphism: A Case-study of university identity struggle 1969-1999. Higher Education, 42 (4), 473-492.
- Stensaker, B., Frølich, N., Huisman, J., Waagene, E., Scordato, L. & Pimentel Bótas, P. (2014). Factors affecting strategic change in higher education. Journal of Strategy and Management, 7(2), 193-207.
- Suchman, M. C. (1995). Managing legitimacy: Strategic and institutional approaches. Academy of Management Review, 20(3), 571-610.
- Thompson, J. L. (2001). Understanding corporate strategy. Cengage Learning EMEA.
- Thornton, P. H. (2004). Markets from Culture: Institutional logics and organizational decisions in higher education publishing. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
- Tilak, J.B. G. (2004). Higher education between the state and the market. UNESCO Forum on Higher Education, Research and Knowledge (1-3 Dec. 2004). http://portal.unesco.org/education/en/files/36529/11006126893Colloquium_-_December 4_- _Tilac.doc/ Colloquium%2B-%2BDecember%2B04%2BTilak.doc. (Erişim tarihi: 02.04.2018).
- Toma, J. D. (2010). Building organizational capacity: Strategic management in higher education. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
- Tuchman, G. (2009). Wannabe U: Inside the corporate university. Chicago, IL.: University of Chicago Press.
TÜBİTAK, Girişimci Yenilikçi Üniversite Endeksi Gösterge seti, https://www.tubitak.gov.tr/sites/default/files/1095/gyue_gosterge_seti_2017.pdf (Erişim tarihi:12.03.2018).
- TÜBİTAK (2003). Ulusal Bilim ve Teknoloji Politikaları: 2003-2023 Strateji Belgesi.https://www.tubitak.gov.tr/tubitak_content_files/vizyon2023/Vizyon2023_Strateji_Belgesi.pdf, (Erişim tarihi:12.03. 2018).
- TÜBİTAK, Girişimci ve Yenilikçi Üniversite Endeksi, https://www.tubitak.gov.tr/tr/kurumsal/politikalar/icerik girisimci-ve-yenilikci-universite-endeksi, (Erişim tarihi: 12.03.2018).
- YÖK (Ekim, 2015). Yükseköğretim Kurulu Stratejik Planı, 2016-2020.Ankara.