Research Article
BibTex RIS Cite

Colson Whitehead’in Yeraltı Demiryolu Romanında Yeni Kölelik Anlatısı ve Amerikan Buyruğu

Year 2019, Volume: 19 Issue: 19, 37 - 63, 21.03.2019
https://doi.org/10.30767/diledeara.542588

Abstract

Bu çalışmada yakın dönem içinde ön plana çıkan siyahi yazar Colson Whitehead’in 2016 yılında yayımlanmış ve oldukça ses getirmiş olan Yeraltı Demiryolu adlı romanı incelenmektedir. Yeni bir kitap olmasına
rağmen, ele alınan konunun bir kölelik anlatısı ve siyahi Amerikalıların karanlık Güney’den özgürlüğe
kaçış mücadelelerini içermesi ve geniş bir okuyucu kitlesi bulması sosyal bilimler araştırmaları bağlamında
önemli bir durumu karşımıza çıkarmaktadır. Neredeyse 170 yıl önce yasal olarak kaldırılmış olan köleciliğin karanlık ve korkunç yüzünün, siyahların özgürlük mücadelesinin Amerikan toplumunun içinde bulunduğu gündemde karşılık bulması, ülkedeki siyasi atmosfer ile ilişkili olduğunu söylemek mümkündür.
Romanın adı olan Yeraltı Demiryolu, siyahi tarihçi William Still’in 1872 yılında aynı isimle yayınladığı ve
kaçak kölelerin hikâyelerinin yer verildiği kitaptan alınmıştır. Roman geleneksel kölelik anlatılarında yer
alan vahşet ve insanlık dışı uygulamaları içermesinin yanı sıra, köleliğin Amerikan toplumunda tarihsel
ve sistemsel açıdan nasıl bir kurumsal yapıya dönüştüğünü ekonomik, siyasi ve sosyal bağlamda ortaya
koymaktadır. Tarih, kültür ve edebiyatın kesişmesinin yanı sıra Amerikan toplumsal tarihinin önemli olay
ve olgularına ötekilerin yani siyahların bakış açısını da içermesi romanı farklı kılmaktadır. Bu bağlamda
eser edebi ve kültürel bir anlatı olarak yeni kuşaklar için tarihin dışında yeni bir okuma fırsatı sunmaktadır.
Bununla birlikte romanın geleneksel kölelik anlatılarından farklı olarak sahip olduğu metinlerarası ilişkiler,
fantastik kurgular ve anakronik yazın biçimi ile bu alanda yeni bir tür oluşturduğunu söylemek mümkündür. Çalışmamızda ilk olarak kısaca Amerikan siyasi atmosferine değinilerek romanın popülerliğinin ülke
gündemiyle ilişkisi sunulmaktadır. Daha sonra romanın çözümlemesi yapılarak kölelik sisteminin tarihte
yerini meşrulaştıran Amerikan söylem ve ideolojilerinin edebi metin aracılığıyla nasıl ters yüz edildiği
başkarakter Cora’nın yolculuğu üzerinden ortaya konulmaktadır

References

  • Alter, A. (2016.17.11), “Colson Whitehead Wins National Book Award for The Underground
  • Railroad”, https://www.nytimes.com/2016/11/17/business/colson-whiteheadwins-national-book-award-for-the-underground-railroad.html (Erişim Tarihi: 17/06/2018).
  • Andrews W.L., Foster, F.S. ve Harris, T. (2001) The Concise Oxford Companion to African American Literature, New York: Oxford Üniversitesi Yayınları.
  • Bial, R. (1995), The Underground Railroad, New York: Houghton Mifflin.
  • Dubek, L. (2018), “Fight For It!: The Twenty-First-Century Underground Railroad”, The Journal of American Culture. Cilt.41, Sayı 1. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/ epdf/10.1111/jacc.12841 (Erişim Tarihi: 17/10/2018).
  • Epik, S. (2017.09.11), “Amerika Her Zaman Irkçı Olmuştur”, http://t24.com.tr/k24/yazi/colson-whitehead,1443, (Erişim Tarihi: 21/06/2018).
  • Forret, J. (2012), Issues and Controversies in American History: Slavery in the United States, New York: Facts On File.
  • Jacobs, H.A. (2009), Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl: Written by Herself, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press.
  • Lee, T., Schuppe, J. ve Petulla, S. (2017), “25 Years Since Rodney King Riots: Race, Rebellion and Rebirth in South L.A.”, https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/balladsouth-l-race-rebellion-rebirth-n751471, (Erişim Tarihi: 04/08/2018).
  • Merk, F. (1995), Manifest Destiny and Mission in American History: A Reinterpretation, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press.
  • Preston, R (2016.12.12), “Colson Whitehead’s ‘Underground Railroad’ is A Slavery Novel That Encompasses All Forms of Oppression”, https://www.mercurynews. com/2016/12/12/colson-whiteheads-underground-railroad-is-a-slavery-novel-thatencompasses-all-forms-of-oppression/, (Erişim Tarihi: 12/08/2018).
  • Rodriguez, J.P., ed. (2007), Slavery in the United States: A Social, Political, and Historical Encyclopedia, (Vol 1), Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO.
  • Sanchez, R. (2014.19.10), “Why Ferguson Touched A Raw, National Nerve”. http://edition.cnn.com/2014/11/29/us/ferguson-national-protests/index.html (Erişim Tarihi: 22/07/2018).
  • Sturgis, A.H. (2006), The Trail of Tears and Indian Removal, Santa Barbara: Greenwood.
  • Tarrant-Reid, L. (2012), Discovering Black America: From the Age of Exploration to the Twenty-First Century, New York: Abrams Books.
  • Whitehead, C. (2017), Yeraltı Demiryolu, çev. Begüm Kovulmaz, İstanbul: Siren.
  • Whitehead, C. (2016), https://www.goodreads.com/questions/835361-was-valentine-farmbased-on-a-real-place, (Erişim Tarihi: 14/10/2018).
  • Zinn, H. (2000), Öteki Amerika, çev. Seygi Öngider, İstanbul: Aykırı Yayıncılık.

New Slavery Narrative and American Imperative in Colson Whitehead’s Underground Railroad

Year 2019, Volume: 19 Issue: 19, 37 - 63, 21.03.2019
https://doi.org/10.30767/diledeara.542588

Abstract

This study aims at analyzing outstanding contemporary novelist Colson Whitehead’s recently published
influential novel Underground Railroad. Although it is published in 2016, its being a slave narrative
covering the struggle of the African Americans to escape from deep South to freedom and its reaching
a large audience points out a significant issue in the context of social sciences research. The struggle of
the blacks for freedom along with this dark and terrifying face of slavery, which was legally abolished
about 170 years ago, is still on the agenda of the American society and it is possible to say that this is
related to the political climate in the country. The name of the novel, Underground Railway, was taken
from a book under the same title which includes stories of fugitive slaves and was published in 1872 by
the black historian William Still. The novel not only portrays violent and inhumane practices of slavery,
as can be found in traditional slave narratives, but also reveals the economic, political and social context
of how slavery has become an organizational structure in the American Society. What makes the novel
distinctive is its intersection of history, culture and literature as well as including the point of view of
the others, namely the blacks, to the important themes and issues of the Social History of America. In
this context, as a literary and cultural narrative, the work offers a new reading type other than history
to the new generations. In addition, it is possible to say that with its intertextuality, fantasy-fictions and
anachronism, the novel forms a new genre in this field unlike traditional slavery narratives. In our study,
by mentioning the political of climate of America, firstly, the relation of the popularity of the novel with
the agenda of the country is presented. Later on, the novel is analyzed and how American discourse
and ideologies that legitimized the place of slavery in history are reversed by a literary text is presented
through the journey of the main character Cora.

References

  • Alter, A. (2016.17.11), “Colson Whitehead Wins National Book Award for The Underground
  • Railroad”, https://www.nytimes.com/2016/11/17/business/colson-whiteheadwins-national-book-award-for-the-underground-railroad.html (Erişim Tarihi: 17/06/2018).
  • Andrews W.L., Foster, F.S. ve Harris, T. (2001) The Concise Oxford Companion to African American Literature, New York: Oxford Üniversitesi Yayınları.
  • Bial, R. (1995), The Underground Railroad, New York: Houghton Mifflin.
  • Dubek, L. (2018), “Fight For It!: The Twenty-First-Century Underground Railroad”, The Journal of American Culture. Cilt.41, Sayı 1. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/ epdf/10.1111/jacc.12841 (Erişim Tarihi: 17/10/2018).
  • Epik, S. (2017.09.11), “Amerika Her Zaman Irkçı Olmuştur”, http://t24.com.tr/k24/yazi/colson-whitehead,1443, (Erişim Tarihi: 21/06/2018).
  • Forret, J. (2012), Issues and Controversies in American History: Slavery in the United States, New York: Facts On File.
  • Jacobs, H.A. (2009), Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl: Written by Herself, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press.
  • Lee, T., Schuppe, J. ve Petulla, S. (2017), “25 Years Since Rodney King Riots: Race, Rebellion and Rebirth in South L.A.”, https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/balladsouth-l-race-rebellion-rebirth-n751471, (Erişim Tarihi: 04/08/2018).
  • Merk, F. (1995), Manifest Destiny and Mission in American History: A Reinterpretation, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press.
  • Preston, R (2016.12.12), “Colson Whitehead’s ‘Underground Railroad’ is A Slavery Novel That Encompasses All Forms of Oppression”, https://www.mercurynews. com/2016/12/12/colson-whiteheads-underground-railroad-is-a-slavery-novel-thatencompasses-all-forms-of-oppression/, (Erişim Tarihi: 12/08/2018).
  • Rodriguez, J.P., ed. (2007), Slavery in the United States: A Social, Political, and Historical Encyclopedia, (Vol 1), Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO.
  • Sanchez, R. (2014.19.10), “Why Ferguson Touched A Raw, National Nerve”. http://edition.cnn.com/2014/11/29/us/ferguson-national-protests/index.html (Erişim Tarihi: 22/07/2018).
  • Sturgis, A.H. (2006), The Trail of Tears and Indian Removal, Santa Barbara: Greenwood.
  • Tarrant-Reid, L. (2012), Discovering Black America: From the Age of Exploration to the Twenty-First Century, New York: Abrams Books.
  • Whitehead, C. (2017), Yeraltı Demiryolu, çev. Begüm Kovulmaz, İstanbul: Siren.
  • Whitehead, C. (2016), https://www.goodreads.com/questions/835361-was-valentine-farmbased-on-a-real-place, (Erişim Tarihi: 14/10/2018).
  • Zinn, H. (2000), Öteki Amerika, çev. Seygi Öngider, İstanbul: Aykırı Yayıncılık.
There are 18 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section ARTİCLES
Authors

Murat Erdem 0000-0003-2796-1736

Publication Date March 21, 2019
Acceptance Date January 27, 2019
Published in Issue Year 2019 Volume: 19 Issue: 19

Cite

APA Erdem, M. (2019). Colson Whitehead’in Yeraltı Demiryolu Romanında Yeni Kölelik Anlatısı ve Amerikan Buyruğu. Dil Ve Edebiyat Araştırmaları, 19(19), 37-63. https://doi.org/10.30767/diledeara.542588

Journal of Language and Literature Studies is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Non-Commercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International Licence (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0).