Aguna: Evliliğine Zincirlenmiş Kadın

Year 2024, Volume: 1 Issue: 1, 26 - 51, 30.04.2024

Hazan Aydın

Abstract

Yahudilikte evlilik ve aile kurma kutsanmakta ve dini bir emir kabul edilmektedir. Boşanma ise Tanrı’nın şahit olduğu bir ahdin sonlandırılması anlamına geldiğinden kötü bir eylem olarak tasvir edilmekte ve kınanmaktadır. Ancak, toplumun bir gerçeği olarak da kabul edilmektedir. Nitekim, Yahudi kutsal metinlerinde boşanma bir olgu olarak tanınmakta ve gerekli hallerde çiftlerin boşanmasına müsaade edilmektedir. Tarafların anlaşarak boşandığı durumlarda herhangi bir taraf mağduriyet yaşamamaktadır. Ancak, erkeğin boşanma kâğıdı olan get belgesini kadına vermediği veya vermesinin mümkün olmadığı durumlarda kadınlar rızaları dışında evliliklerine mahkûm edilmektedir. Bu durumdaki kadınlara İbranice “zincirlenmiş, bağlanmış” anlamında aguna (çoğ. agunot) denilmektedir. Geleneksel Yahudi hukukunda boşanmanın yalnızca erkeğin kadına hür iradesiyle teslim edeceği get belgesiyle mümkün olması ve dinî mahkemelerin boşanmayla ilgili yaptırımlarının “erkeğin hür iradesi” prensibi gereği sınırlı olması aguna sorununun temelini oluşturmaktadır. Bu araştırmada Yahudilikte boşanma ritüeli ve boşanmada get belgesinin önemi ele alındıktan sonra Yahudi kadınların geçmişten günümüze sirayet eden sorunlarından biri olan aguna durumu tanımlanmış ve nedenleri üzerinde durulmuştur. Ayrıca, günümüzde İsrail’de aguna durumunda olan kadınların yaşadıkları sorunları gidermeye yönelik ortaya konulan birtakım düzenlemeler ve çözüm önerileri hakkında bilgi verilmiştir. Bunun yanında, günümüz Yahudi mezhepleri arasında ihtilaf konusu olan, kalıcı ve kesin bir hüküm niteliği taşımayan söz konusu önerilere getirilen eleştiriler de ele alınmıştır.

Keywords

Dinler Tarihi, Yahudilik, Boşanma, Aguna, Get

The Agunah: Chained Woman in Marriage

Abstract

In Judaism, marriage and forming a family are blessed and considered a religious commandment. Divorce, on the other hand, is depicted as a negative action as it signifies the termination of a covenant witnessed by God and is condemned. However, it is also acknowledged as a reality within society. Indeed, divorce is recognized as a phenomenon in Jewish sacred texts, and couples are allowed to divorce under necessary circumstances. In cases where both parties mutually agree to divorce, neither party experiences any hardship. However, in situations where the man fails to give the woman the divorce document, known as a get, or is unable to provide it, women are condemned to marriages against their will. Women in this situation are referred to as agunot (s. aguna) in Hebrew, meaning "chained" or "bound." In traditional Jewish law, divorce is only possible through the delivery of the get document by the man to the woman of his own free will, and the sanctions imposed by religious courts regarding divorce are limited due to the principle of "the man's free will." This forms the basis of the aguna problem. After discussing the importance of the divorce ritual and the significance of the get document in divorce in Judaism, this research defines the aguna situation, an ongoing issue for Jewish women from the past to the present and explores its causes. Additionally, information is provided about various regulations and solution proposals aimed at alleviating the problems faced by women in aguna situations in Israel today. Furthermore, criticisms of these proposals, which are subject to debate among contemporary Jewish denominations and do not constitute a permanent and definitive ruling, are also addressed

Keywords

History of Religions, Judaism, Marriage, Divorce, Agunah, Get

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