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Ortaçağ Avrupa Siyaset Düşüncesinde Süreklilik ve Özgünlük: John Fortescue’nün Siyaset ve Yönetim Anlayışının Tarihselliği

Year 2016, Volume: 21 Issue: 41, 1 - 25, 30.03.2017
https://doi.org/10.20519/divan.315098

Abstract

Geç
Ortaçağ İngiliz siyaset düşüncesinin en önemli ismi, yazdıkları halen
tartışılmaya devam eden John Fortescue’dur. Lancaster ve York Hanedanları
arasındaki Güller Savaşı olarak bilinen taht mücadelesinden dolayı
İngiltere’nin siyasal ve toplumsal bir krizden geçtiği bir dönemde eserlerini
yazan hukukçu ve devlet adamı Fortescue, Krallık
Yönetimi
(dominium regale) ile Siyasal ve Krallık Yönetimi
(dominium
politicum et regale
)
biçimlerini ayıran kavramsallaştırmasıyla
siyasal düşünceler tarihine özgün bir katkı yapmıştır. Fortescue’nün
düşüncesinde Krallık Yönetimi, kralın keyfî idaresini simgelerken, Siyasal ve
Krallık Yönetimi biçimi, kralın karar alma sürecinde tebaasının rızasını
gözetmesi ve İngiliz Örfi Hukuku’nun sınırları dışına çıkmaması anlamına gelir.
İngiliz siyaset düşüncesinin Kıta Avrupa’sındakinden farklı olduğunu iddia
edenlerce Fortescue’nün kavramsallaştırması, İngiliz anayasalcılığının açık bir
göstergesi olarak değerlendirilmiştir. Öte yandan, seküler bir hukukçu olması
nedeniyle, Fortescue’nün siyaset anlayışının teoloji merkezli geleneksel
Ortaçağ siyaset düşüncesinden farklı olduğu iddia edilmiştir. Böylece Fortescue’nün
siyaset düşüncesinin tarihsel bağlamı ihmal edilmiştir. Bu çalışma Fortescue’nün
siyaset düşüncesini tarihsel bağlamı içinde okumayı önermektedir. Yazının temel
iddiası, Fortescue’nün siyaset düşüncesinin, düşünülenin aksine, gelecek
nesillere hitap eden kuşatıcı bir niteliğe sahip olmadığıdır. Onun siyaset
düşüncesi mevcut siyasal ve toplumsal krize bir çözüm önerisi olarak
şekillenmiş, geleneksel Ortaçağ siyaset düşüncesinin kalıplarından çıkmayı
amaçlamamıştır. Fortescue’nün düşüncesinin asıl değeri ise, Ortaçağ düşüncesi
sınırlarından çıkmadan, yeni doğmakta olan profesyonel hukukçular zümresinin
içinde bulunulan koşullara bakış açısını yansıtmasından kaynaklanmaktadır.

References

  • Arrowood, Charles F. “Sir John Fortescue on the Education of Rulers.” Speculum 10 (1935): 404-410.
  • Aquinas, Thomas. De Regno Ad Regem Cypri. Çev. Gerald B. Phelan, göz. geç. I. Th. Eschmann. Toronto: The Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies, 1949. http://dhspriory.org/thomas/DeRegno.htm (eriş. tar. 15 Aralık 2016).
  • Burns, J. H. “Fortescue and the Political Theory of Dominium.” Historical Journal 28 (1985): 777-797.
  • Blythe, James M. Ideal Government and the Mixed Constitution in the Middle Ages. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1992.
  • Canning, Joseph. A History of Medieval Political Thought: 300-1450. London: Routledge, 2005.
  • Chrimes, S. B. “Sir John Fortescue and His Theory of Political Dominium.” Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, 4. Seri, 17 (1934): 117-147.
  • Cromartie, Alan. “Common Law, Counsel and Consent in Fortescue’s Political Theory.” The Fifteenth Century IV: Political Culture in Late Medieval Britain. Ed. Linda Clark ve Christine Carpenter, 45-68 (Woodbridge: The Boydell Press, 2004).
  • Durgun, Fatih. “Geç Ortaçağ İngiliz Kroniğinin Analizi: London Chronicles’ın Cotton Julius B II Nüshasında Siyasi Belge Kullanımı Üzerine Bir İnceleme.” Tarih Araştırmaları Dergisi 39 (2016): 43-62.
  • Ferguson, Arthur B. “Fortescue and the Renaissance: A Study in Transition.” Studies in the Renaissance 6 (1959): 175-194.
  • Fortescue, John. “In Praise of the Laws of England.” Sir John Fortescue: On the Laws and Governance of England, ed. Shelley Lockwood, 3-80. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002.
  • Fortescue, John. “The Governance of England.” Sir John Fortescue: On the Laws and Governance of England, ed. Shelley Lockwood, 83-123. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002.
  • Fortescue, John. “Extracts from On the Nature of the Law of Nature.” Sir John Fortescue: On the Laws and Governance of England, ed. Shelley Lockwood, 127-136. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002.
  • Goeffrey of Monmouth. History of the Kings of Britain. Çev. Aaron Thompson, ed. J. A. Giles. Cambridge, Ontario: In Parantheses Publications, 1999.
  • Gilbert, Felix. “Sir John Fortescue’s Dominium regale et politicum.” Medievalia et Humanistica 2 (1944): 88-97.
  • Gillespie, James L. “Sir John Fortescue’s Concept of Royal Will.” Nottingham Medieval Studies 23 (1979): 47-65.
  • Gill, P. E. “Politics and Propaganda in Fifteenth- Century England: the Polemical Writings of Sir John Fortescue.” Speculum 46 (1971): 337-347.
  • Given-Wilson, Chris. Chronicles: The Writing of History in Medieval England. Hambledon: London, 2004.
  • Goss, E. Robert. “The First Meeting of Catholic Scholasticism with dGe lugs Pa Catholicism.” Scholasticism: Cross-Cultural and Comparative Perspectives, ed. José Ignacio Cabezón, 65-90. New York: State University of New York Press, 1998.
  • Hinton, R. W. K. “English Constitutional Doctrines from the Fifteenth Century to the Seventeenth: I. English Constitutional Theories from Sir John Fortescue to Sir John Eliot.” EHR 75 (1960): 410-42.
  • Isidore of Seville, The Etymologies. Çev. ve haz. Stephen A. Barney, W. J. Lewis, J. A. Beach ve Oliver Berghof. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006.
  • John of Salisbury. Policraticus: Being a Translation of the First, Second, and Third Books and Selections from the Seventh and Eighth Books. Çev. Joseph B. Pike. New York: Octagon Books, 1972. http://www.constitution.org/salisbury/policrat123.htm (eriş. tar. 25 Aralık 2016).
  • Kantorowicz, Ernst H. The King’s Two Bodies: A Study in Medieval Political Theology. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1957.
  • Kelly, M. R. L. “Sir John Fortescue and the Political Dominium: The People, the Common Weal, and the King.” Constitutions and the Classics: Patterns of Constitutional Thought from Fortescue to Bentham, ed. D. J. Galligan, 51-85. Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2014.
  • Lockwood, Shelley. “Introduction.” Sir John Fortescue: On the Laws and Governance of England, xv-xxxix.Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002.
  • Nederman, Cary J. “From Moral Virtue to Material Benefit: Dominium and Citizenship in Late Medieval Europe.” Cultivating Citizens: Soulcraft and Citizenship in Contemporary America, ed. Dwight D. Allman & Michael D. Beaty, 43-60. New York: Lexington Books, 2002.
  • Nennius, History of the Britons (Historia Brittonum). Çev. J. A. Giles. Cambridge, Ontario: In Parantheses Publications, 2000.
  • Orme, Nicholas. “Education and Recreation.” Gentry Culture in Late Medieval England, ed. Raluca Radulescu & Alison Truelove, 63-83. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2005.
  • –––. Medieval Schools: From Roman Britain to Renaissance England. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2006.
  • Ptolemy of Lucca. On the Government of Rulers, de Regimine Principum. Çev. James M. Blythe. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1997.
  • Skinner, Quentin. The Foundations of Modern Political Thought: The Age of Reformation. Cilt 2, 11. Edisyon. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004.
  • St. Augustinus. The City of God: Books VIII-XVI. Çev. Gerald G. Walsh ve Grace Monahan. Washington: The Catholic University of America Press, 2008.
  • Theilmann, John. “Caught Between Political Theory and Political Practice: ‘The Record and Process of the Deposition of Richard II.’” History of Political Thought 25 (2004): 599-619.
  • Watts John. Henry VI and the Politics of Kingship. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996.
Year 2016, Volume: 21 Issue: 41, 1 - 25, 30.03.2017
https://doi.org/10.20519/divan.315098

Abstract

References

  • Arrowood, Charles F. “Sir John Fortescue on the Education of Rulers.” Speculum 10 (1935): 404-410.
  • Aquinas, Thomas. De Regno Ad Regem Cypri. Çev. Gerald B. Phelan, göz. geç. I. Th. Eschmann. Toronto: The Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies, 1949. http://dhspriory.org/thomas/DeRegno.htm (eriş. tar. 15 Aralık 2016).
  • Burns, J. H. “Fortescue and the Political Theory of Dominium.” Historical Journal 28 (1985): 777-797.
  • Blythe, James M. Ideal Government and the Mixed Constitution in the Middle Ages. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1992.
  • Canning, Joseph. A History of Medieval Political Thought: 300-1450. London: Routledge, 2005.
  • Chrimes, S. B. “Sir John Fortescue and His Theory of Political Dominium.” Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, 4. Seri, 17 (1934): 117-147.
  • Cromartie, Alan. “Common Law, Counsel and Consent in Fortescue’s Political Theory.” The Fifteenth Century IV: Political Culture in Late Medieval Britain. Ed. Linda Clark ve Christine Carpenter, 45-68 (Woodbridge: The Boydell Press, 2004).
  • Durgun, Fatih. “Geç Ortaçağ İngiliz Kroniğinin Analizi: London Chronicles’ın Cotton Julius B II Nüshasında Siyasi Belge Kullanımı Üzerine Bir İnceleme.” Tarih Araştırmaları Dergisi 39 (2016): 43-62.
  • Ferguson, Arthur B. “Fortescue and the Renaissance: A Study in Transition.” Studies in the Renaissance 6 (1959): 175-194.
  • Fortescue, John. “In Praise of the Laws of England.” Sir John Fortescue: On the Laws and Governance of England, ed. Shelley Lockwood, 3-80. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002.
  • Fortescue, John. “The Governance of England.” Sir John Fortescue: On the Laws and Governance of England, ed. Shelley Lockwood, 83-123. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002.
  • Fortescue, John. “Extracts from On the Nature of the Law of Nature.” Sir John Fortescue: On the Laws and Governance of England, ed. Shelley Lockwood, 127-136. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002.
  • Goeffrey of Monmouth. History of the Kings of Britain. Çev. Aaron Thompson, ed. J. A. Giles. Cambridge, Ontario: In Parantheses Publications, 1999.
  • Gilbert, Felix. “Sir John Fortescue’s Dominium regale et politicum.” Medievalia et Humanistica 2 (1944): 88-97.
  • Gillespie, James L. “Sir John Fortescue’s Concept of Royal Will.” Nottingham Medieval Studies 23 (1979): 47-65.
  • Gill, P. E. “Politics and Propaganda in Fifteenth- Century England: the Polemical Writings of Sir John Fortescue.” Speculum 46 (1971): 337-347.
  • Given-Wilson, Chris. Chronicles: The Writing of History in Medieval England. Hambledon: London, 2004.
  • Goss, E. Robert. “The First Meeting of Catholic Scholasticism with dGe lugs Pa Catholicism.” Scholasticism: Cross-Cultural and Comparative Perspectives, ed. José Ignacio Cabezón, 65-90. New York: State University of New York Press, 1998.
  • Hinton, R. W. K. “English Constitutional Doctrines from the Fifteenth Century to the Seventeenth: I. English Constitutional Theories from Sir John Fortescue to Sir John Eliot.” EHR 75 (1960): 410-42.
  • Isidore of Seville, The Etymologies. Çev. ve haz. Stephen A. Barney, W. J. Lewis, J. A. Beach ve Oliver Berghof. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006.
  • John of Salisbury. Policraticus: Being a Translation of the First, Second, and Third Books and Selections from the Seventh and Eighth Books. Çev. Joseph B. Pike. New York: Octagon Books, 1972. http://www.constitution.org/salisbury/policrat123.htm (eriş. tar. 25 Aralık 2016).
  • Kantorowicz, Ernst H. The King’s Two Bodies: A Study in Medieval Political Theology. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1957.
  • Kelly, M. R. L. “Sir John Fortescue and the Political Dominium: The People, the Common Weal, and the King.” Constitutions and the Classics: Patterns of Constitutional Thought from Fortescue to Bentham, ed. D. J. Galligan, 51-85. Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2014.
  • Lockwood, Shelley. “Introduction.” Sir John Fortescue: On the Laws and Governance of England, xv-xxxix.Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002.
  • Nederman, Cary J. “From Moral Virtue to Material Benefit: Dominium and Citizenship in Late Medieval Europe.” Cultivating Citizens: Soulcraft and Citizenship in Contemporary America, ed. Dwight D. Allman & Michael D. Beaty, 43-60. New York: Lexington Books, 2002.
  • Nennius, History of the Britons (Historia Brittonum). Çev. J. A. Giles. Cambridge, Ontario: In Parantheses Publications, 2000.
  • Orme, Nicholas. “Education and Recreation.” Gentry Culture in Late Medieval England, ed. Raluca Radulescu & Alison Truelove, 63-83. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2005.
  • –––. Medieval Schools: From Roman Britain to Renaissance England. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2006.
  • Ptolemy of Lucca. On the Government of Rulers, de Regimine Principum. Çev. James M. Blythe. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1997.
  • Skinner, Quentin. The Foundations of Modern Political Thought: The Age of Reformation. Cilt 2, 11. Edisyon. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004.
  • St. Augustinus. The City of God: Books VIII-XVI. Çev. Gerald G. Walsh ve Grace Monahan. Washington: The Catholic University of America Press, 2008.
  • Theilmann, John. “Caught Between Political Theory and Political Practice: ‘The Record and Process of the Deposition of Richard II.’” History of Political Thought 25 (2004): 599-619.
  • Watts John. Henry VI and the Politics of Kingship. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996.
There are 33 citations in total.

Details

Journal Section Article
Authors

Fatih Durgun

Publication Date March 30, 2017
Published in Issue Year 2016 Volume: 21 Issue: 41

Cite

Chicago Durgun, Fatih. “Ortaçağ Avrupa Siyaset Düşüncesinde Süreklilik Ve Özgünlük: John Fortescue’nün Siyaset Ve Yönetim Anlayışının Tarihselliği”. Divan: Disiplinlerarası Çalışmalar Dergisi 21, no. 41 (March 2017): 1-25. https://doi.org/10.20519/divan.315098.