Liberal Nötrlük Mümkün mü, Gerekli mi?

Year 2017, Issue: 42, 107 - 143, 21.08.2017

Ömer Taşgetiren

https://doi.org/10.20519/divan.335620

Cited By: 3

Abstract

Bu
makale liberal siyaset düşüncesi içinde önemli bir yer işgal eden liberal
nötrlük literatürünün temel tartışmalarını aktarmakta ve bu literatürün
eleştirel bir değerlendirmesini yapmaktadır. Makalenin temel tezleri şunlardır:
İlk olarak, makale liberal teorisyenlerin nötrlüğü gerekçelendirmek için ikna
edici argümanlar ileri süremediklerini belirtmektedir. İkinci olarak, makale
liberal nötrlük teorisyenlerinin nötrlüğün mümkün olduğunu ispat etmeye
çalışırken önemli istisnalar yaptıklarını ve bu istisnaların teorilerinin
geçerliliğine ciddi şüphe düşürdüğünü ifade etmektedir. Üçüncü olarak, makale
liberal devletin amaç ve gerekçelerinde nötrlük iddia etmesinin oluşturduğu
sorunlara dikkat çekmektedir. Dördüncü olarak, makale nötrlüğün dereceleri gibi
bir kavramdan bahsedilip bahsedilemeyeceğini tartışmakta ve böyle bir kavramın
kullanılmasındaki sorunlara dikkat çekmektedir. Son olarak, mümkün olup
olmaması bir yana, makale liberal nötrlüğün idealize edilmesinin de liberalizm
ve diğer dünya görüşleri için oluşturacağı sorunlara işaret etmektedir. Genel
olarak, liberalizmin, değer farklılıklarıyla tanımlanan bir dünyada kendisini
nötrlük üzerinden meşrulaştıramayacağını vurgulayan makale, liberalizmin
kaçınılmaz olarak sekteryen bir dünya görüşü olduğunu göstermekte ve
liberalizmin dışlayıcılıklarının ve sınırlarının altını çizmektedir.

Keywords

Liberal Nötrlük, Liberalizm, Komüniteryanizm

References

• Balint, Peter. “Identity Claims: Why Liberal Neutrality Is the Solution, Not the Problem.” Political Studies 63/2 (2015): 495–509.
• Barr, Michael D. “Lee Kuan Yew and ‘Asian Values’ Debate.” Asian Studies Review 24/3 (2000): 309–34.
• Barry, Brian. Culture and Inequality: An Egalitarian Critique of Multiculturalism. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2002.
• ———. “How Not to Defend Liberal Institutions.” British Journal of Political Science 20/1 (1990): 1–14.
• Beiner, Ronald. What’s the Matter with Liberalism?. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1995.
• Bell, Daniel A. Beyond Liberal Democracy: Political Thinking for an East Asian Context. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2006.
• Bell, Daniel A., ve Hahm Chaibong. “The Contemporary Relevance of Confucianism: An Introduction.” Comparative Political Theory: An Introduction, ed. Fred Dallmayr, 211–27. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2010.
• Bell, Daniel A., ve Chenyang Li, ed. The East Asian Challenge for Democracy: Political Meritocracy in Comparative Perspective. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2013.
• Bozan, İrfan. “Devlet İle Toplum Arasında Bir Okul: İmam Hatip Liseleri...Bir Kurum: Diyanet İşleri Başkanlığı.” Türkiye Ekonomik ve Sosyal Etütler Vakfı Yayınları (TESEV), 2007. http://www.tesev.org.tr/assets/publications/file/BirOkul%20BirKurum%2003_2007.pdf.
• Caney, Simon. “Anti-Perfectionism and Rawlsian Liberalism.” Political Studies 43/2 (1995): 248–64.
• ———. “Consequentialist Defences of Liberal Neutrality.” The Philosophical Quarterly 41/165 (1991): 457–77.
• Chan, Joseph. “Is There a Confucian Perspective on Social Justice?” Western Political Thought in Dialogue with Asia, ed. Takashi Shogimen ve Cary J. Nederman, 261–77. Lanham: Lexington Books, 2009.
• Choueiri, Youssef. “The Political Discourse of Contemporary Islamist Movements.” Comparative Political Theory: An Introduction, ed. Fred Dallmayr, 85–96. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2010.
• Clarke, Simon. “Contractarianism, Liberal Neutrality, and Epistemology.” Political Studies 47/4 (September 1, 1999): 627–42.
• Crowder, George. Theories of Multiculturalism: An Introduction. Cambridge: Polity Press, 2013.
• Donnelly, Jack. Universal Human Rights in Theory and Practice. 3. ed. Ithaca ve London: Cornell University Press, 2013.
• Dworkin, Ronald. A Matter of Principle. Reprint. Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press, 1985. Euben, Roxanne L. Enemy in the Mirror: Islamic Fundamentalism and the Limits of Modern Rationalism. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1999.
• Fish, Stanley. “Liberalism Doesn’t Exist.” Duke Law Journal 36/6 (1987): 997–1001.
• ———. “Mission Impossible: Settling the Just Bounds between Church and State.” Columbia Law Review 97/8 (1997): 2255–333.
• Galston, William A. Liberal Pluralism: The Implications of Value Pluralism for Political Theory and Practice. Cambridge, UK ; New York: Cambridge University Press, 2002.
• ———. Liberal Purposes: Goods, Virtues, and Diversity in the Liberal State. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1991.
• ———. “Two Concepts of Liberalism.” Ethics 105/3 (1995): 516–34.
• Gaus, Gerald F. “Liberal Neutrality: A Compelling and Radical Principle.” Perfectionism and Neutrality: Essays in Liberal Theory, ed. George Klosko ve Steven Wall, 137–65. Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 2003.
• Gray, John. Two Faces of Liberalism. New York: The New Press, 2000.
• Greenawalt, Kent. Does God Belong in Public Schools?. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2005.
• Horton, John. “Realism, Liberal Moralism and a Political Theory of Modus Vivendi.” European Journal of Political Theory 9/4 (2010): 431–48.
• Kadıoğlu, Ayşe. “The Pathologies of Turkish Republican Laicism.” Philosophy & Social Criticism 36/3–4 (2010): 489–504.
• Karaman, Hayrettin. “Çoğunluğu Kale Almamak.” Yeni Şafak, 8 Kasım 2013. http://www.yenisafak.com/yazarlar/hayrettinkaraman/cogunlugu-kale-almamak-40566.
• ———. “Laik Düzende Dini Yaşamak.” İslam Hukuku Profesörü Hayrettin Karaman’ın Web Sitesi, 2002. http://www.hayrettinkaraman.net/yazi/laikduzen/1/.
• ———. “Tahammül Mü Hoş Görmek Mi?” Yeni Şafak, 7 Ağustos 2011. http://www.yenisafak.com/yazarlar/hayrettinkaraman/tahammul-mu-hos-gormek-mi-28484.
• ———. “Tarık Ramazan.” Yeni Şafak, 2015. http://www.yenisafak.com/yazarlar/hayrettinkaraman/tarik-ramazan-2018795.
• ———. “Tarık Ramazan (2).” Yeni Şafak, 2015. http://www.yenisafak.com/yazarlar/hayrettinkaraman/tarik-ramazan-2-2018829.
• ———. “Zinayı Kınıyorum.” İslam Hukuku Profesörü Hayrettin Karaman’ın Web Sitesi, 2002. http://www.hayrettinkaraman.net/yazi/laikduzen/1/0114.htm.
• Klosko, George. “Rawls’s Public Reason and American Society.” Reflections on Rawls: An Assessment of His Legacy, 23–43. Farnham; England: Ashgate, 2009.
• Klosko, George, ve Steven Wall. “Introduction.” Perfectionism and Neutrality: Essays in Liberal Theory, ed. George Klosko ve Steven Wall, 1–27. Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 2003.
• Kukathas, Chandran. “Are There Any Cultural Rights?” Political Theory 20/1 (1992): 105–39.
• ———. The Liberal Archipelago: A Theory of Diversity and Freedom. New York: Oxford University Press, 2003. Laborde, Cécile. Critical Republicanism: The Hijab Controversy and Political Philosophy. New York: Oxford University Press, 2008.
• Larmore, Charles. “Patterns of Moral Complexity.” Perfectionism and Neutrality: Essays In Liberal Theory, ed. Steven Wall ve George Klosko, 47–60. Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 2003.
• ———. “Political Liberalism.” Political Theory 18/3 (1990): 339–60.
• Levinson, Meira. The Demands of Liberal Education. New York: Oxford University Press, 2002.
• Macedo, Stephen. Diversity and Distrust: Civic Education in a Multicultural Democracy. Cambridge; Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 2003.
• ———. “Liberal Civic Education and Religious Fundamentalism: The Case of God v. John Rawls?” Ethics 105/3 (1995): 468–96.
• ———. Liberal Virtue: Citizenship, Virtue, and Community in Liberal Constitutionalism. Oxford; New York: Clarendon Press, 1990.
• MacIntyre, Alasdair. After Virtue: A Study in Moral Theory. 3. ed. Notre Dame, Ind: University of Notre Dame Press, 2007.
• ———. “Is Patriotism a Virtue?” Patriotism, ed. Igor Primoratz, 43–59. Amherst: Humanity Books, 2002. MacMullen, Ian. Faith in Schools? Autonomy, Citizenship, and Religious Education in the Liberal State. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2007.
• McCabe, David. Modus Vivendi Liberalism: Theory and Practice. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2010.
• Morlino, Leonardo. Changes for Democracy: Actors, Structures, Processes. New York: Oxford University Press, 2012.
• Murad, Abdal-Hakim. “Can Liberalism Tolerate Islam?” Masud.co.uk, 2011. http://masud.co.uk/ISLAM/ahm/AHM-Can-Liberalism-tolerate-islam.htm.
• Nel, Philip. “Dealing With Inequality: A Conversation with Islamic Economics.” Western Political Thought in Dialogue with Asia, ed. Takashi Shogimen ve Cary J. Nederman, 135–59. Lanham: Lexington Books, 2009.
• Nelson, Eric. “From Primary Goods to Capabilities Distributive Justice and the Problem of Neutrality.” Political Theory 36/1 (2008): 93–122.
• Nord, Warren. Does God Make a Difference? Taking Religion Seriously in Our Schools and Universities. 1. ed. Oxford ; New York: Oxford University Press, 2010.
• Norris, Pippa, ve Ronald Inglehart. Sacred and Secular: Religion and Politics Worldwide. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2004.
• Nussbaum, Martha C. Creating Capabilities: The Human Development Approach. Cambridge, Mass: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2011.
• ———. Liberty of Conscience: In Defense of America’s Tradition of Religious Equality. New York: Basic Books, 2008. Okin, Susan Moller. “Is Multiculturalism Bad for Women?” Is Multiculturalism Bad for Women?, ed. Joshua Cohen, Matthew Howard ve Martha C. Nussbaum, 7–24. Princeton, N.J: Princeton University Press, 1999.
• ———. “Mistresses of Their Own Destiny’: Group Rights, Gender, and Realistic Rights of Exit.” Citizenship and Education in Liberal-Democratic Societies: Teaching for Cosmopolitan Values and Collective Identities, ed. Kevin McDonough ve Walter Feinberg, 325–50. New York: Oxford University Press, 2007.
• Owen, J. Judd. Religion and the Demise of Liberal Rationalism. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 2001. Patten, Alan. Equal Recognition: The Moral Foundations of Minority Rights. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2014.
• ———. “Liberal Neutrality: A Reinterpretation and Defense.” Journal of Political Philosophy 20/3 (2012): 249–72. Quong, Jonathan. Liberalism without Perfection. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press, 2011.
• Rawls, John. “Justice as Fairness: Political Not Metaphysical (1985).” Collected Papers, ed. Samuel Freeman, 388–414. Cambridge, Massachusetts and London, England: Harvard University Press, 1999.
• ———. Political Liberalism: Expanded Edition. 2. ed. New York: Columbia University Press, 2005. Reich, Rob. Bridging Liberalism and Multiculturalism in American Education. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2002.
• Sandel, Michael. Liberalism and the Limits of Justice. 2. ed. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1998.
• Sandel, Michael J. Democracy’s Discontent: America in Search of a Public Philosophy. 6. ed. Cambridge, Mass: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2001.
• ———. Justice: What’s the Right Thing to Do?. First Paperback. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2010. Scheffler, Samuel. “The Appeal of Political Liberalism.” Ethics 105/1 (1994): 4–22.
• Sher, George. Beyond Neutrality: Perfectionism and Politics. Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press, 1997. Sleat, Matt. “A Defence of the Radical Version of the Asymmetry Objection to Political Liberalism.” Croatian Journal of Philosophy 14/1 (2014): 73–90.
• Stout, Jeffrey. Democracy and Tradition. New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 2004.
• Taylor, Charles. “Cross-Purposes: The Liberal-Communitarian Debate.” Philosophical Arguments, 181–204. Cambridge, Massachusetts; London, England: Harvard University Press, 1995.
• ———. The Ethics of Authenticity. 11. ed. Cambridge, Mass: London, England: Harvard University Press, 2003. Uslu, Cennet. “Liberal Tarafsızlık ve Modus Vivendi.” Turkish Studies 9/2 (2014): 1539–556.
• Waldren, Matt Sensat. “Why Liberal Neutralists Should Accept Educational Neutrality.” Ethical Theory and Moral Practice 16/1 (2013): 71–83.
• Waldron, Jeremy. Law and Disagreement. New York: Oxford University Press, 2004.
• ———. “Liberalism, Political and Comprehensive.” Handbook of Political Theory, ed. Gerald F. Gaus ve Chandran Kukathas, 89–99. London; Thousand Oaks; New Delhi: SAGE Publications, 2004.
• Weinstock, Daniel. “Liberalism and Multiculturalism.” The Cambridge Companion to Liberalism, ed. Steven Wall, 305–28. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2015.
• Welzel, Christian, ve Ronald F. Inglehart. “Political Culture, Mass Beliefs, and Value Change.” Democratization, ed. Christian W. Haerpfer, Patrick Bernhagen, Ronald F. Inglehart ve Christian Welzel, 126–44. New York: Oxford University Press, 2009.
• Wolterstorff, Nicholas. Understanding Liberal Democracy: Essays in Political Philosophy, ed. Terence Cuneo. 1. ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012.
• Wolterstorff, Nicholas, and Robert Audi. Religion in the Public Square: The Place of Religious Convictions in Political Debate. Lanham, Md: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 1996.
• Yürüşen, Melih. “Politik Meşruiyet, Liberal Tarafsızlık ve Türkiye.” Liberal Düşünce 7 (1997): 19–35.
• Zakaria, Fareed. “The Rise of Illiberal Democracy.” Foreign Affairs 76/6 (1997): 22–43.