BÜYÜK GÜNAHLARI ÖNLEMEK İÇİN KÜÇÜKLERİNE İZİN VERMEK: TOLERANTIA, YAHUDİLER ve HAYAT KADINLARI

Year 2024, Volume: 64 Issue: 1, 627 - 650, 25.06.2024

Mehmet Talha Kalkan

https://doi.org/10.33171/dtcfjournal.2024.64.1.25

Abstract

Many scholars have argued that the concept of "tolerance" is inherently tied to a modern context, suggesting its emergence in early modern and Enlightenment Europe. Researchers focusing on the early modern period and the Enlightenment have largely neglected the Middle Ages, so there are few studies examining the relationship between this concept and the Middle Ages. Furthermore, the few studies that have looked at the relationship between tolerance and the Middle Ages have contributed to a lack of understanding, or at least a misinterpretation, of the period. The prevailing narrative that characterizes the Middle Ages as a "dark age" highlights a period in Europe that was dominated by ecclesiastical oppression and in which almost no alternative elements flourished, suggesting an environment incompatible with religious freedom and tolerance. Tolerance, considered one of the virtues a citizen should possess since Roman antiquity, took on a broader meaning in medieval Europe, influenced by Christianity and developing into a social attribute. In essence, tolerance helped the church to define the boundaries of what was considered good, moral and religious, and to determine what sins and crimes could be considered normal and tolerated by society. This study will provide insights into the workings of toleration by Jews and courtesans based on the perspectives of these scholars.

Keywords

Medieval Ages, Europe, Sin, St. Augustine, Bernard of Clairvaux, Tolerance

BÜYÜK GÜNAHLARI ÖNLEMEK İÇİN KÜÇÜKLERİNE İZİN VERMEK: TOLERANTIA, YAHUDİLER ve HAYAT KADINLARI

Abstract

Birçok araştırmacı, "hoşgörü" kavramının modern bir bağlama sahip olduğunu düşünerek onun Erken Modern ve Aydınlanma Avrupa’sında doğduğunu ifade etmişlerdir. Erken Modern ve Aydınlanma dönemlerine yoğunlaşan araştırmacılar, ilgili kavramın Ortaçağ sürecini ihmal etmişler, bu kavramın Ortaçağ ile ilişkisine dair son derece sınırlı sayıda çalışma ortaya koymuşlardır. Hoşgörü ile Ortaçağ arasındaki ilişkiye dair ortaya konan kısıtlı sayıda çalışma da Ortaçağ’ın tam anlaşılamamasına veya en azından yanlış anlaşılmasına sebebiyet vermiştir. Bu nedenle, birçokları tarafından "Karanlık Çağlar" olarak adlandırılan Ortaçağ boyunca Avrupa’ya kilise odaklı bir baskının hâkim olduğu ve neredeyse farklı olan hiçbir unsurun yaşamadığı vurgusu ön plana çıkarılmış, böyle bir ortamda da dinî özgürlüğün ve hoşgörünün barınamayacağına dair bir algı ortaya konmuştur. Öte yandan, Antik Roma’dan beri vatandaşların sahip olması gereken erdemlerden biri olarak görülen hoşgörü, Ortaçağ Avrupa’sında daha kapsayıcı bir manaya kavuşmuş, Hristiyanlığın da etkisiyle dinî bir anlam kazanarak toplumsal bir niteliğe dönüşmüştür. Esasen hoşgörü; kilisenin iyi, ahlâki ve dinî olanın sınırlarını çizmesine yardımcı olmuş, toplumun hangi günahları ve suçları normalleştirerek bu suçların ve günahların ağırlığını taşıyabileceğini belirlemiştir. İşbu çalışmada bu yazarların görüşleri üzerinden hoşgörünün Yahudiler ve hayat kadınları vasıtasıyla nasıl kullanışlı hale geldiği hakkında bilgiler sunulacaktır.

Keywords

Ortaçağ, Avrupa, Aziz Agustinus, Clairvauxlu Bernard, Hoşgörü, Günah

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