Determination of Mechanical Properties of Walls Produced with Different Wall and Mortar Materials

Year 2024, Volume: 12 Issue: 1, 264 - 278, 26.01.2024

Behcet Dündar , Hanifi Tokgöz

https://doi.org/10.29130/dubited.1374665

Abstract

Walls produced using different masonry materials and mortars are among the structural elements that carry horizontal and vertical loads. In this context, the mechanical properties of walls produced with different wall and mortar materials have been investigated. In the production of wall samples, Harman Brick (HB), Masonry Brick (MB) and Bimsblok (BB) were chosen as the mesh material Reinforced Mortar (RM) and Polypropylene Fiber Added Mortar (PM) were used as binding materials in the construction of the walls produced in 900x900 mm dimensions. The volumetric mixing ratios of the mortar used were prepared as sand:cement:lime=6:1:1, according to the TSE 2510 standard. The bricked wall samples were subjected to diagonal loading tests after being kept in the laboratory environment for 28 days. Flexural and compressive strengths of the mortars used in wall building, displacement values of the walls, shear strength, rigidity modulus, energy absorption capacity and collapse patterns of the walls were determined. The graphs of the displacement values obtained by examining the behaviors observed in the test samples and the cracks formed were interpreted. It was observed that the shear strength of the walls built using PM was higher than the shear strength of the walls built using RM. The energy absorption capacity was highest in the fibrous specimen laid with masonry bricks. The average vertical load value of the wall specimens built with fibrous mortar, which is the BB of the masonry material, was 30% higher than the specimens built with non-fiber mortar.

Keywords

Fiber, Mortar, Shear strength, Walls

Project Number

Gazi University Scientific Project

Farklı Duvar ve Harç Malzemeleri İle Üretilen Duvarların Mekanik Özelliklerinin Belirlenmesi

Abstract

Farklı örgü malzemeleri ve harçlar kullanılarak üretilen duvarlar, yatay ve düşey yükleri taşıyan yapı elemanları arasında yer almaktadır. Bu kapsamda yapılan çalışmada farklı duvar ve harç malzemeleri ile üretilen duvarların mekanik özellikleri araştırılmıştır. Duvar numunelerinin üretilmesinde Harman Tuğla (HT), Yığma Tuğla (YT) ve Bimsblok (BB) örgü malzemesi olarak seçilmiştir. 900x900 mm boyutlarında üretilen duvarların örülmesi işinde bağlayıcı malzeme olarak, Takviyeli Harç (TH) ve Polipropilen Lif Katkılı Harç (PH) kullanılmıştır. Kullanılan harcın hacimsel olarak karışım oranları TSE 2510 standardına göre, kum:çimento:kireç=6:1:1 olacak şekilde hazırlanmıştır. Örülen duvar numuneleri laboratuar ortamında 28 gün bekletildikten sonra diyagonal yükleme deneyine tabi tutulmuştur. Duvar örülmesinde kullanılan harçların eğilme ve basınç dayanımları ile duvarların deplasman değerleri, kayma dayanımı, rijitlik modülü, enerji yutma kapasitesi ve duvarların göçme biçimleri belirlenmiştir. Deney numunelerinde gözlenen davranışlar ve oluşan çatlaklar incelenerek elde edilen deplasman değerlerinin grafikleri yorumlanmıştır. PH kullanılarak örülen duvarların kayma dayanımı, TH ile örülen duvarların kayma dayanımına göre daha fazla olduğu görülmüştür. Enerji yutma kapasitesi ise yığma tuğla ile örülen lifli numunede en fazla meydana gelmiştir. Örgü malzemesinin BB olan lifli harçla örülen duvar numunesi lifsiz harçla örülen numunelerle göre % 30 oranında daha fazla ortalama düşey yük değeri alınmıştır.

Keywords

Lif, Harç, Duvar, Kayma dayanımı

Project Number

Gazi University Scientific Project

References

• [1] K. Arı, “Production of wall bricks with infills and comparison of thermal conductivity coefficients”, PhD Thesis, The Graduate School Of Natural And Applıed Scıence, Cukurova University, Adana, Türkiye, 2010.
• [2] Baran, B., Bozdoğan, K. B. & Atabey, İ. İ. “Comparıson of masonry buildıng constructed from different wall materıals according to 2007 and 2018 Turkısh earthquake codes”. Journal of Engineering Sciences and Design, vol. 10, no. 3, pp. 1066-1075, 2022.
• [3] M. Yetkın, Y. Calayır and K. E. Alyamaç, " The effect of mortar and bond type on mechanical parameters of masonry walls", Journal of the Faculty of Engineering and Architecture of Gazi University, vol. 39, no. 1, pp. 621-634, 2023.
• [4] P. Murthi, M. Akib, M. Imran, S. Ahmed, and V. Prasanna, “Studies on the strength variation of brick masonry using novel blended masonry mortar mixes and mortar thickness,” in Materials Today: Proceedings, vol. 39, no. 1, pp. 126–130, 2020.
• [5] M. B. Ravula and K. V. L. Subramaniam, “Experimental investigation of compressive failure in masonry brick assemblages made with soft brick,” Materials and Structures/Materiaux et Constructions, vol. 50, no. 19, pp. 1, 2017.
• [6] M. A. Sherafati and M. R. Sohrabi, “Probabilistic Model for Bed-Joint Shear-Sliding Strength of Clay-Brick Walls Based on Field Test Data,” ASCE-ASME Journal of Risk and Uncertainty in Engineering Systems, Part A: Civil Engineering, vol. 2, no. 4, 2016.
• [7] V. Alecci, M. Fagone, T. Rotunno, and M. De Stefano, “Shear strength of brick masonry walls assembled with different types of mortar,” Construction and Building Materials, vol. 40, pp. 1038–1045, 2013.
• [8] Standard Test Method for Diagonal Tension (Shear) in Masonry Assemblages, ASTM E 519, 2022.
• [9] Methods of test for masonry – Part 4: Determination of initial shear strength, Turkish Standards İnstitute TSE EN 1052-3, 2004.
• [10] S. Zheng, L. Niu, P. Pei, and J. Dong, “Mechanical Behavior of Brick Masonry in an Acidic Atmospheric Environment,” Materials, vol. 12, no. 17, pp. 2694, 2019.
• [11] B. Postacıoğlu, Construction material courses- binders, aggregates and concrete, İstanbul: Istanbul Technical University, İstanbul, Turkey 1975, pp.302-304.
• [12] P. Alcaino and H. Santa-Marla, “Experimental Response of Externally Retrofitted Masonry Walls Subjected to Shear Loading,” Journal of Composites for Construction, vol. 12, no. 5, pp. 489, 2008.
• [13] A. Anzani, E. Garavaglia, and L. Binda, “Long-term damage of historic masonry: A probabilistic model,” Construction and Building Materials, vol. 23, no. 2, pp. 713–724, 2009.
• [14] P. Croce et al., “Shear modulus of masonry walls: a critical review,” Procedia Structural Integrity, vol. 11, pp. 339–346, 2018.
• [15] G. Cultrone, E. Sebastián, and M. O. Huertas, “Durability of masonry systems: A laboratory study,” Construction and Building Materials, vol. 21, no. 1, pp. 40–51, 2007.
• [16] A. Gabor, E. Ferrier, E. Jacquelin, and P. Hamelin, “Analysis and modelling of the in-plane shear behaviour of hollow brick masonry panels,” Construction and Building Materials, vol. 20, no. 5, pp. 308–321, 2006.
• [17] P. Murthi, S. Krishnamoorthi, K. Poongodi, and R. Saravanan, “Development of green masonry mortar using fine recycled aggregate based on the shear bond strength of brick masonry,” Mater Today Proc, vol. 61, pp. 413–419, 2022.
• [18] M. T. Shedid, W. W. El-Dakhakhni, and R. G. Drysdale, “Behavior of fully grouted reinforced concrete masonry shear walls failing in flexure: Analysis,” Engineering Structures, vol. 31, no. 9, pp. 2032–2044, 2009.
• [19] E. Verstrynge, L. Schueremans, D. Van Gemert, and M. A. N. Hendriks, “Modelling and analysis of time-dependent behaviour of historical masonry under high stress levels,” Engineering Structures, vol. 33, no. 1, pp. 210–217, 2011.
• [20] G. A. Hamdy, M. O. R. El-Hariri, and M. F. Farag, “Use of additives in mortar to enhance the compression and bond strength of masonry exposed to different environmental conditions,” Journal of Building Engineering, vol. 25, p. 100765, 2019.
• [21] P. S. Song, S. Hwang, and B. C. Sheu, “Strength properties of nylon- and polypropylene-fiber-reinforced concretes,” Cement and Concrete Research, vol. 35, no. 8, pp. 1546–1550, 2005.
• [22] W. Sun, H. Chen, X. Luo, and H. Qian, “The effect of hybrid fibers and expansive agent on the shrinkage and permeability of high-performance concrete,” Cement and Concrete Research, vol. 31, no. 4, pp. 595–601, 2001.
• [23] C. Anderson and L. C. Held, “The effect of sand grading on mortar properties and the tensile bond of brickwork specimens,” British Masonry Society, vol. 1, pp. 1–6, 1986.
• [24] Cement – Part 1: Composition, specification and conformity criteria for common cements, Turkish Standards İnstitute TS EN 197-1, 2012.
• [25] Building lime- Part 1: Definitions, specifications and conformity criteria, Turkish Standards Institute TS EN 459-1, 2015.
• [26] Specification for mortar for masonry- Part 2: Masonry mortar, Turkish Standards Institute TS EN 998-2, 2017.
• [27] Aggregates for concrete, Turkish Standards İnstitute TS 706 EN 12620+A1, 2009.
• [28] Tests for mechanical and physical properties of aggregates - Part 6: Determination of particle density and water absorption, Turkish Standards Institute TS EN 1097-6, 2022.
• [29] Mixing water for concrete - Specifications for sampling, testing and assessing the suitability of water, including water recovered from processes in the concrete industry, as mixing water for concrete, Turkish Standards Institute TS EN 1008, 2003.
• [30] Design and Construction methods for Masonry, Turkish Standards Institute TSE 2510, 1977.
• [31] Methods of testing cement - Part 1: Determination of strength, Turkish Standards Institute TS EN 196-1, 2016.
• [32] M. R. Maheri, F. Motielahi, and M. A. Najafgholipour, “The effects of pre and post construction moisture condition on the in-plane and out-of-plane strengths of brick walls,” Materials and Structures/Materiaux et Constructions, vol. 44, no. 2, pp. 541–559, 2011.
• [33] P. Walker,; Kioy, Stella, ; Jowsey, and Amy. (2024 January 10) An experimental comparison of hydrated lime and an admixture for masonry mortars, [Online]. Available: www.masonry.org.uk
• [34] E. Atımtay, Regulation on Structures to be Built in Disaster Areas with Explanations and Examples Reinforced Concrete Structures 2. Ankara, 2000.
• [35] C. Calderini, S. Cattari, and S. Lagomarsino, “The use of the diagonal compression test to identify the shear mechanical parameters of masonry,” Construction and Building Materials, vol. 24, no. 5, pp. 677–685, 2010.
• [36] A. Prota, G. Marcari, G. Fabbrocino, G. Manfredi, and C. Aldea, “Experimental In-Plane Behavior of Tuff Masonry Strengthened with Cementitious Matrix–Grid Composites,” Journal of Composites for Construction, vol. 10, no. 3, pp. 223–233, 2006.
• [37] F. C. Christy and M. R. Shanthi, “Experimental study on axial compressive strength and elastic modulus of the clay and fly ash brick masonry,” Journal of Civil Engineering and Construction Technology, vol. 4, no. 4, pp. 134–141, 2013.
• [38] K. S. Gumaste, K. S. N. Rao, B. V. V. Reddy, and K. S. Jagadish, “Strength and elasticity of brick masonry prisms and wallettes under compression,” Materials and Structures/Materiaux et Constructions, vol. 40, no. 2, pp. 241–253, 2007.