EKONOMİK ÖZGÜRLÜK ENDEKSİ, İNSANİ GELİŞME ENDEKSİ VE EKOLOJİK AYAK İZİ: E7 ÜLKELERİ İÇİN AMPİRİK BİR ANALİZ

Year 2022, Volume: 12 Issue: 23, 141 - 158, 28.05.2022

Çağla Bucak

https://doi.org/10.53092/duiibfd.992572

Cited By: 3

Abstract

Bu çalışmada 2000-2017 döneminde E7 ülkelerinde (Çin, Hindistan, Brezilya, Rusya, Türkiye, Meksika ve Endonezya) ekonomik özgürlük endeksinin ve ekolojik ayak izinin insani gelişme endeksi üzerindeki etkisi ve ekonomik özgürlük endeksinin ve insani gelişme endeksinin ekolojik ayak izi üzerindeki etkisi panel veri analizi yöntemleri kullanılarak analiz edilmektedir. Yapılan analiz sonucunda seriler arasında yatay kesit bağımlılığının olduğu görülmüş, değişkenlerin heterojen olduğu sonucuna ulaşılmıştır. Westerlund ECM eşbütünleşme testinin sonucuna göre seriler arasında uzun dönemli bir eşbütünleşme ilişkisi söz konusudur. Ortak İlişkili Etkiler (Common Correlated Effect- CCE) tahminine ait sonuçlara göre ekonomik özgürlük endeksi %1 arttığında insani gelişme endeksi %0.07 artmaktadır. İnsani gelişme endeksinde görülen %1’lik artış ekolojik ayak izini %2,38 artırmakta, ekonomik özgürlük endeksi %1 arttığında ise ekolojik ayak izi %0,35 azalmaktadır.

Keywords

Ekonomik Özgürlük, İnsani Gelişme, Ekolojik Ayak İzi, Panel Veri Analizi

ECONOMIC FREEDOM INDEX, HUMAN DEVELOPMENT INDEX AND ECOLOGICAL FOOTPRINT: AN EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS FOR E7 COUNTRIES

Abstract

This study investigates the impacts of the economic freedom index and the ecological footprint on the human development index and the effects of the human development index and economic freedom index on ecological footprint for E7 countries (China, India, Brazil, Russia, Turkey, Mexico, and Indonesia) over the period of 2000-2017. According to empirical results, the variables are heterogeneous and cross-sectionally dependent. The results derived from Westerlund ECM cointegration test indicate that there is a long-term cointegration relationship between these variables. According to the Common Correlated Effect model, a 1% increase in the economic freedom index increases the human development index by 0.07%. A 1% increase in the human development index increases ecological footprint by 2,38% and a 1% increase in economic freedom index decreases ecological footprint by 0,35%.

Keywords

Economic Freedom, Human Development, Ecological Footprint, Panel Data Analysis

References

• Akbar, M., Hussain, A., Akbar, A. & Ullah, I. (2020). The dynamic association between healthcare spending, CO2 emissions, and human development index in OECD countries: evidence from panel VAR model. Environment, development and sustainability, 23, 10470-10489.
• Akhter, S. H. (2015). Is globalization what it’s cracked up to be? Economic freedom, corruption, and human development. Journal of world business, 39(3) 283-295.
• Baltagi, B. H, Feng, Q. & Kao, C. (2012). A lagrange multiplier test for crosssectional dependence in a fixed effects panel data model. Journal of the econometrics, 170, 164–177.
• Bjørnskov, C. (2019). Economic freedom and the CO2 kuznets curve. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3508271.
• Çoban, M. N. (2020). Ekonomik özgürlüklerin insani gelişmişlik üzerine etkisi: Visegrad dörtlüsü kapsamında panel veri analizi. Tesam akademi dergisi, 7(1), 143-162. http://dx.doi.org/10.30626/tesamakademi.696203.
• Efeoğlu, R. (2021). İnsani gelişmenin ekonomik ve politik belirleyicileri: panel sıralı nitel tercih analizi. Alanya akademik bakış, 5(2), 911-923.
• Fraser Institute. (2021a). Economic freedom basics. https://www.fraserinstitute.org/economic-freedom/economic-freedom-basics
• Fraser Institute. (2021b). Economic freedom rankings. https://www.fraserinstitute.org/economic-freedom/dataset?geozone=world&year=2018&page=dataset&min-year=2&max-year=0&filter=1&countries=TUR
• Freeman, M. & Topuzkanamış, Ş. E. (2015). Neoliberal politikalar ve insan hakları. D.e.ü. hukuk fakültesi dergisi, 17(2), 165-188.
• Georgiou, M. N. (2015). Economic freedom and human development index - a panel data analysis (2000- 2012). 1-6. http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2601736.
• Gezer, M. A. (2020). The impact of economic freedom on human development in European transition economies. Economic computation and economic cybernetics studies and research, 3, 161-178.
• Global Footprint Network. (2021a). Data and methodology. https://www.footprintnetwork.org/resources/data/
• Global Footprint Network. (2021b). Country trends. https://data.footprintnetwork.org/#/countryTrends?type=BCpc,EFCpc&cn=223
• Güney, T. (2017). Ekonomik özgürlük ve insani gelişmişlik. Hitit üniversitesi sosyal bilimler enstitüsü dergisi, 10(2), 1109-1120.
• Güzel, A. E. & Arslan, Ü. (2019). Piyasa ekonomisi kurumları, ekonomik küreselleşme ve insani gelişme: OECD ülkeleri için ampirik bir araştırma. Erciyes üniversitesi iktisadi ve idari bilimler fakültesi dergisi, 53, 39-58.
• Hsiao, C. (1986). Analysis of panel data. Cambridge.
• İklimBU. (2021). Ekolojik ayak izi nedir?. http://climatechange.boun.edu.tr/ekolojik-ayak-izi-nedir/
• Kassouri, Y. & Altıntaş, H. (2020). Human well-being versus ecological footprint in MENA countries: A trade-off?. Journal of environmental management, 263, 1-16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.110405.
• Kicsi, R.I. & Burciu, A. (2014). Economic freedom – a catalyst for development. The USV annals of economics and public administration, 14(2), 29-38.
• Mahmood, M. T., Shahab, S. & Shahbaz, M. (2021). The relevance of economic freedom for energy, environment, and economic growth in Asia-Pacific region. Environmental Science and Pollution Research. doi:10.1007/s11356-021-15991-z.
• Mrabet Z. Alsamara, M., Mimouni, K. & Mnasri, A. Can human development and political stability improve environmental quality? New evidence from the MENA region. Economic modelling, 94, 28-44.
• Naanwaab, C. (2018). Does economic freedom promote human development? New evidence from a cross-national study. Journal of developing areas, 52(3), 183-198.
• Özdemir, A., & Salihoğlu, M. (2019). Ekonomik ve politik faktörlerin insani gelişmişlik üzerindeki etkileri. Uluslararası ekonomik araştırmalar dergisi, 5(3): 21-35.
• Özler, Ş. İ. & Obach, B. K. (2009). Capitalism, state economic policy and ecological footprint: an international comparative analysis. Global environmental politics, 9(1), 79–108.
• Pata, U. K., Aydin, M. & Haouas, I. (2021). Are natural resources abundance and human development a solution for environmental pressure? Evidence from top ten countries with the largest ecological footprint. Resources policy, 70, 101923. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resourpol.2020.101923 .
• Pervaiz, R., Faisal, F., Rahman, S. U., Chander, R. & Ali, A. (2021). Do health expenditure and human development index matter in the carbon emission function for ensuring sustainable development? Evidence from the heterogeneous panel. air quality, atmosphere & health, 14, 1773–1784.
• Pesaran, M. H. (2004). General diagnostic tests for cross section dependence in panels. Cesifo working paper. No: 1229. https://www.econstor.eu/bitstream/10419/18868/1/cesifo1_wp1229.pdf
• Pesaran, M. H. (2006). Estimation and ınference in large heterogeneous panels with a multifactor error structure. CESifo Working Paper, No. 133. https://www.econstor.eu/bitstream/10419/18696/1/cesifo1_wp1331.pdf
• Pesaran, M. H. (2007). A simple panel unit root test in the presence of cross‐section dependence. Journal of applied econometrics, 22(2), 265-312.
• PwC. (2021). The world in 2050. https://www.pwc.com/gx/en/research-insights/economy/the-world-in-2050.html
• Rapsikevicius, J., Bruneckiene, J., Lukauskas, J. & Mikalonis, S. (2021). The impact of economic freedom on economic and environmental performance: evidence from European countries. Sustainability, 13(4), 2380.
• Shahnazi, R. & Shabani, Z. D. (2021). The effects of renewable energy, spatial spillover of CO2 emissions and economic freedom on CO2 emissions in the EU. Renewable Energy, 169, 293-307.
• UNDP. (2020a). 2020 insani gelişme raporu özeti: önümüzdeki sınır insani gelişme ve antroposen. https://www.tr.undp.org/content/turkey/tr/home/library/human_development/hdr-2020.html
• UNDP. (2020b). Türkiye bilgi notu. https://www.tr.undp.org/content/turkey/tr/home/library/human_development/hdr-2020.html
• UNDP. (2021). Human development data center. http://hdr.undp.org/en/data
• Wang, Z., Rasool, Y. Asghar, M. M. & Wang, B. (2019). Dynamic linkages among CO2 emissions, human development, financial development, and globalization: empirical evidence based on PMG long-run panel estimation. Environmental science and pollution research, 26, 36248-36263.
• Westerlund, J. (2006). Testing for error correction in panel data. http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.573.6836&rep=rep1&type=pdf
• Yunani, A., Dalle, J. & Miar, S. M. (2020). Can life quality dimensions alter ecological footprint for sustainability of ASEAN countries? Role of per capita income, happiness and human development. Journal of security and sustainability issues, 9, 242-252.