Etkili Spor Yönetimi İçin Eğitim Programlarının İncelenmesi: Uluslararası Karşılaştırmalar

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 5 Sayı: 1, 15 - 29, 25.03.2025

Ünal Saki , Mehmet Öztaş

Öz

Spor yönetimi, karmaşık bir spor endüstrisi içinde sürekli büyümesi, spor yönetiminin akademik bir disiplin olarak olgunlaşmasını ve spor sosyolojisi gibi alanlarla olan bağlantıların güçlenmesini sağlayarak alanda önemli bir rol oynamaktadır. Spor yönetimi eğitimi, sektördeki rekabet gücünü artırma potansiyeline sahip olduğu için eğitim müfredatlarının güncel değişiklikleri yansıtması ve girişimcilik yetkinliklerinin teşvik edilmesi gerektiği vurgulanmaktadır. Araştırmanın amacı, etkili spor yönetimi için uluslararası eğitim programlarının karşılaştırılarak incelenmesidir. Uluslararası spor yönetimi programları incelendiğinde, Amerika Birleşik Devletleri ve Avrupa’nın spor yönetimi eğitim programları, her ne kadar farklı geçmişlere ve uygulamalara sahip olsa da, spor yönetiminde yetkin, bilgili ve uygulayıcı becerilere sahip profesyoneller yetiştirme konusunda ortak bir amaç etrafında şekillendiği, her iki bölgedeki eğitim sistemlerinin karşılıklı etkileşimde bulunması, spor yönetiminin global boyutta daha da gelişmesine katkı sağladığı ifade edilmektedir. Asya’daki programların çoğu ise, özellikle uluslararası standartlara ulaşma konusunda, Amerika ve Avrupa'nın sunduğu derinlikten yoksun kaldığı fakat Asya'daki üniversiteler, yerel ve uluslararası spor organizasyonları ile işbirliği yaparak müfredatlarını sürekli olarak güncellediğinden dolayı öğrencilere daha fazla pratik deneyim ve sektördeki profesyonellerle bağlantı kurma fırsatları sunduğu gözlenmektedir. Genel olarak, spor yönetimi programları, öğrencilere çok çeşitli kariyer fırsatları sunarak çok disiplinli bir yaklaşım benimsemekte ve uluslararası perspektif kazandırmaktadır. Küresel spor konularına odaklanarak, spor yönetimi eğitiminin evrensel boyut kazanması ve uluslararası örneklerin müfredata dahil edilmesi önerilmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Spor, Yönetim, Eğitim, Program

Kaynakça

• 1. Bell, J. A., & Countiss, J. R. (1993). Professional service through sport management internships. Journal of Physical Education, Recreation and Dance, 64(7), 45-48.
• 2. Brassie, P. S. (1989). Guidelines for programs preparing undergraduate and graduate students for careers in sport management. Journal of Sport Management, 3(2), 158-164.
• 3. Chalip, L. (2006). Toward a distinctive sport management discipline. Journal of Sport Management, 20(1), 1-21.
• 4. Choi, J. S. A., Kim, M., & Park, S. B. R. (2013). Globalising sport management curriculum: An analysis of benefits of a short-term study abroad programme. International Journal of Sport Management and Marketing, 9(1-4), 23-38. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJSMM.2013.055142
• 5. Cobb, L. (1997). Areas of inquiry in self-study for graduate management programs: Views of sport management educators in the United States. ICHPER-SD Journal, 33(4), 96-102. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1441-3523(08)70104-9
• 6. Connell, A. R. (2010). Eye of the beholder: Does what is important about a job depend on who is asked? Academy of Management Perspectives, 24(2), 83-85. https://doi.org/10.5465/amp.24.2.83
• 7. CUCAS. (2024). Beijing Sport University programs | Apply Beijing Sport University English taught programs online. https://www.cucas.edu.cn/ (Erişim tarihi: 11 Ekim 2024)
• 8. Cuneen, J., & Sidwell, M. (2003). Sport management field experiences. WV: FIT.
• 9. Cyphert, D. (2006). Real clients, real management, real failure: The risks and rewards of service learning. Business Communication Quarterly, 69(1), 85–89. https://doi.org/10.1177/1080569906282008
• 10. de Haan, D., & Sherry, E. (2012). Internationalisation of the sport management curriculum: Academic and student reflections. Journal of Studies in International Education, 16(1), 24–39. https://doi.org/10.1177/1028315310368830
• 11. De Schepper, J., & Sotiriadou, P. (2018). A framework for critical reflection in sport management education and graduate employability. Annals of Leisure Research, 21(2), 227-245. https://doi.org/10.1080/11745398.2017.1336107
• 12. Dixon, M. A., Cunningham, G. B., Sagas, M., Turner, B. A., & Kent, A. (2005). Challenge is key: An investigation of affective organizational commitment in undergraduate interns. Journal of Education for Business, 80(3), 172-180. https://doi.org/10.3200/JOEB.80.4.172-180 13. Edwards, M. (2014). The impact of placements on students' self-efficacy. Higher Education, Skills and Work-Based Learning, 4(3), 228-241. https://doi.org/10.1108/HESWBL-05-2014-0015
• 14. Emery, P. R., Crabtree, R. M., & Kerr, A. K. (2012). The Australian sport management job market: An advertisement audit of employer need. Annals of Leisure Research, 15(4), 335–353. https://doi.org/10.1080/11745398.2012.737300
• 15. ESSEC-Business School. (2024). European Sports Business Program. https://www.essec.edu/en/program/european-sports-business-program/ (Erişim tarihi: 11 Ekim 2024)
• 16. EEE-European Executive Education. (2024). European Sports Business Program (ESBP). https://exedsse.se/en/european_sports_business_program_esbp/ (Erişim tarihi: 11 Ekim 2024)
• 17. Events GB. (2024). 12th EASM Summer School. https://eventsgb.com/12easm-summer-school/ (Erişim tarihi: 11 Ekim 2024)
• 18. Fielding, L. W., Pitts, B. G., & Miller, L. K. (1991). Defining quality: Should educators in sport management programs be concerned about accreditation? Journal of Sport Management, 5, 1-17.
• 19. Frisby, W. (2005). The good, the bad, and the ugly: Critical sport management research. Journal of Sport Management, 19, 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsm.19.1.1
• 20. García-Pascual, F., Silla-Merchán, A., Mundina, J., & Escamilla, P. (2016). El efecto de variables de gestión en el bienestar subjetivo de usuarios de centros deportivos. Journal of Sports Economics & Management, 6(2), 99-110. https://doi.org/10.1108/JSEM-04-2016-0005
• 21. Giel, T., Yamashita, R., Argomand, D., & Hallmann, K. (2022). International sport management education: Curricula, trends, and challenges. In Education in Sport and Physical Activity (pp. 14). Routledge.
• 22. González-Serrano, M. H., Moreno, F. C., & Hervás, J. C. (2021). Sport management education through an entrepreneurial perspective: Analysing its impact on Spanish sports science students. The International Journal of Management Education, 19(1), 100271. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijme.2020.100271
• 23. Ha, J. P., Lee, K., & Ok, G. (2015). From development of sport to development through sport: A paradigm shift for sport development in South Korea. The International Journal of the History of Sport, 32(10), 1262-1278. https://doi.org/10.1080/09523367.2015.1072078
• 24. Hemme, F., Morais, D. G., Bowers, M. T., & Todd, J. S. (2017). Extending sport-based entrepreneurship theory through phenomenological inquiry. Sport Management Review, 20(1), 92–104. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smr.2016.02.004
• 25. Hoye, R., Smith, A. C., Nicholson, M., & Stewart, B. (2015). Sport management: Principles and applications. Routledge.
• 26. Hums, M., & Goldsbury, V. (2005). Strategies for career success. In L. Masteralexis, C. Ban, & M. Hums (Eds.), Principles and practice of sport management (pp. 436-449). Boston: Jones and Bartlett.
• 27. Hwang, B., Miyazaki, A., & Henry, I. (2022). Identifying contextual factors that informed planning and system development for school-based Tokyo 2020 Olympic and Paralympic education: A realist evaluation. The International Journal of the History of Sport, 38(18), 1921-1941. https://doi.org/10.1080/09523367.2022.2042262
• 28. JAMK University of Applied Sciences. (2024). Offering details. https://opetussuunnitelmat.peppi.jamk.fi/offerings/14/55368/55370?lang=en (Erişim tarihi: 11 Ekim 2024)
• 29. Jiang, X. (2010). Future reform of Chinese elite sport management system: Perspective of sport events (Master's thesis). University of Texas at Austin.
• 30. Johan Cruyff Institute. (2024). Courses. https://johancruyffinstitute.com/en/courses/ (Erişim tarihi: 11 Ekim 2024)
• 31. Jones, D. F., Brooks, D. D., & Mak, J. Y. (2008). Examining sport management programs in the United States. Sport Management Review, 11(1), 77–91. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1441-3523(08)70131-6
• 32. Kanosue, K., Ogawa, T., Fukano, M., & Fukubayashi, T. (Eds.). (2015). Sports injuries and prevention (No. 12148). Springer Japan.
• 33. Kelley, D. R., Beitel, P. A., DeSensi, J. T., & Blanton, M. D. (1994). Undergraduate and graduate sport management curricular models: A perspective. Journal of Sport Management, 8, 93-101.
• 34. Kenworthy-U'Ren, A. L., & Peterson, T. O. (2005). Service-learning and management education: Introducing the “WE CARE” approach. Academy of Management Learning & Education, 4(3), 272-277. https://doi.org/10.5465/AMLE.2005.17836868
• 35. Lambert, T. (1999). Thorstein Veblen and the higher learning of sport management education. Journal of Economic Issues, 33(4), 973-984. https://doi.org/10.1080/00213624.1999.11506353
• 36. Lave, J., & Wenger, E. (1991). Situated learning: Legitimate peripheral participation. Cambridge University Press.
• 37. Li, M., Ammon Jr, R., & Kanters, M. (2002). Internationalization of sport management curricula in the United States: A national faculty survey. International Sports Journal, 6(2), 178.
• 38. Ličen, S., & Jedlicka, S. R. (2022). Sustainable development principles in US sport management graduate programs. Sport, Education and Society, 27(1), 99-112. https://doi.org/10.1080/13573322.2020.1864773
• 39. Light, R., & Dixon, M. A. (2007). Contemporary developments in sport pedagogy and their implications for sport management education. Sport Management Review, 10(2), 159–175. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1441-3523(07)70022-9
• 40. Littlefield, H. (2006). Service-learning in business communication: Real-world challenges develop real-world skills. Business Communication Quarterly, 69(3), 319-322. https://doi.org/10.1177/1080569906282004
• 41. Lunex International University of Health, Exercise & Sports. (2024). Bachelor in International Sport Management. https://lunex.lu/study/bachelor-international-sport-management/ (Erişim tarihi: 11 Ekim 2024)
• 42. Lussier, R. N., & Kimball, D. C. (2024). Applied sport management skills. Human Kinetics.
• 43. Mason, J. G., Higgins, C., & Wilkinson, O. (1981). Sports administration education 15 years later. Athletic Purchasing and Facilities, 5(1), 44-45.
• 44. Masteralexis, L. P., & McDonald, M. A. (1997). Enhancing sport management education with international dimensions including language and cultural training. Journal of Sport Management, 11(1), 97-110. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsm.11.1.97
• 45. Master Goals. (2024). Lunex University. https://www.mastergoals.eu/consortium/lunex-university.html (Erişim tarihi: 11 Ekim 2024)
• 46. Mathner, R. P., & Martin, C. L. (2012). Sport management graduate and undergraduate students’ perceptions of career expectations in sport management. Sport Management Education Journal, 6(1), 21-31.
• 47. Matsuoka, H., & Arai, A. (2017). The Japanese sport industry. In Sport business in leading economies (pp. 205-237). Emerald Publishing Limited.
• 48. Miragaia, D. A., & Soares, J. A. (2017). Higher education in sport management: A systematic review of research topics and trends. Journal of Hospitality, Leisure, Sports and Tourism Education, 21, 101-116. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhlste.2017.09.001
• 49. NASPE-NASSM. (1993). Joint Task Force on Sport Management Curriculum and Accreditation. Standards for curriculum and voluntary accreditation of sport management education programs. Journal of Sport Management, 7, 159-170.
• 50. NASPE-NASSM. (2007, Nisan). Joint task force on sport management curriculum and accreditation. Accreditation update. American Alliance for Health, Physical Education, Recreation and Dance (AAHPERD): National convention & exposition, Baltimore, MD.
• 51. Nová, J. (2015). Developing the entrepreneurial competencies of sport management students. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 174, 3916-3924. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2015.01.1192
• 52. Papamarcos, S. D. (2005). Giving traction to management theory: Today's service-learning. Academy of Management Learning & Education, 4(3), 325-335. https://doi.org/10.5465/AMLE.2005.18911862
• 53. Parkhouse, B. L. (1978). Professional preparation in athletic administration and sport management. Journal of Physical Education and Recreation, 49(5), 22–27.
• 54. Parkhouse, B. L., & Pitts, B. G. (2001). Definition, evolution, and curriculum. In B. L. Parkhouse (Ed.), The management of sport: Its foundation and application (3rd ed., pp. 2–14). McGraw-Hill.
• 55. Patesan, M., & Bumbuc, S. (2010). A theoretical approach to the curriculum reform. Buletin Stiintific, 15(1), 66-71. https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.1.1048.9926
• 56. Ratten, V. (2018). Sport entrepreneurship education and policy. In V. Ratten (Ed.), Sport entrepreneurship: Developing and sustaining an entrepreneurial sports culture (pp. 125-138). Switzerland: Springer.
• 57. Ratten, V., & Jones, P. (2018). Future research directions for sport education: Toward an entrepreneurial learning approach. Education + Training, 60(5), 490-499. https://doi.org/10.1108/ET-02-2018-0028
• 58. Raven, S. (2018). Mind the gap: Sport management education and employability auto-ethnographical analysis of sport management education and the sports fitness industry. Education + Training, 60(5), 458-472. https://doi.org/10.1108/ET-11-2017-0179
• 59. Sawyer, T. H. (1993). Sport management: Where should it be housed? Journal of Physical Education, Recreation, and Dance, 64(9), 4-5.
• 60. Smith, E., & Hattery, A. (2011). Race relations theories: Implications for sport management. Journal of Sport Management, 25(2), 107-117. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsm.25.2.107
• 61. Stanton, T., & Ali, K. (1987). The experienced hand: A student manual for making the most of an internship. Carroll Press Publishers. 62. Stier Jr, W. F. (1993). Alternative career paths in physical education: Sport management. ERIC Digest.
• 63. Taylor, T., & Ho, C. (2005). Global human resource management influences on local sport organisations. International Journal of Sport Management and Marketing, 1(1-2), 110-126. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJSMM.2005.006501
• 64. Theodoraki, E. (2004). Sport management reform, national competitiveness and Olympic glory in the People's Republic of China. Managing Leisure, 9(4), 193-211. https://doi.org/10.1080/1360671042000255643
• 65. Verner, M., Keyser, B., & Morrow, M. (2005). Experiential learning through field experiences. In B. Parkhouse (Ed.), The management of sport: Its foundation and application (pp. 334-361). Boston: McGraw-Hill.
• 66. Walker, M., & Lough, N. (1995, June). Students' selection of sport management programs. In North American Society for Sport Management Annual Conference, Athens, GA.
• 67. WHU – Otto Beisheim School of Management. (2024). European Sports Business Program. https://ee.whu.edu/open-programs/european-sports-business-program/ (Erişim tarihi: 11 Ekim 2024).
• 68. Zhou, L., Wang, J. J., Chen, X., Lei, C., Zhang, J. J., & Meng, X. (2017). The development of NBA in China: A glocalization perspective. International Journal of Sports Marketing and Sponsorship, 18(1), 81-94. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJSMS-07-2017-004