Home Zone Tasarım Yaklaşımı

Year 2021, Volume: 17 Issue: 2, 302 - 329, 24.12.2021

Okşan Tandoğan , Meltem Güneş Tigen

Abstract

Sokak, kentte çocuğun en önemli oyun ve sosyalleşme mekanlarından birisidir. Ancak günümüzde özellikle büyük kentlerde taşıt trafiği ve yabancı insan kaynaklı tehlikeler nedeni ile sokaklar, çocuklar için güvenli ortamlar olmaktan uzak mekânlar haline gelmiştir. Kuzey Avrupa ülkeleri başta olmak üzere birçok ülkede sokakların özellikle çocuklar için daha güvenli ve yaşanılır kılınması için birtakım uygulamalar yapılmaktadır. Bu uygulamalardan birisi Home Zone tasarım yaklaşımıdır. Home Zone taşıt hızının sınırlandırılması ile araçların hareketliliğinin kontrol edildiği, böylece o sokakta yaşayan herkesin özellikle de çocukların ihtiyaçlarının tam olarak karşılandığı sokaklar olarak tanımlanmaktadır. Home Zone yaklaşımının bir amacı da o sokakta yaşayan insanların sokakta vakit geçirmesini teşvik ederek insanlar arasındaki sosyal etkileşimi artırmaktır. Bu çalışmada Home Zone tasarım yaklaşımı incelenmiştir. Çalışmanın ilk bölümünde Home Zone yaklaşımının nasıl ortaya çıktığı ve ikinci bölümünde Home Zone yaklaşımına ilişkin planlama ve tasarım kriterleri belirlenmeye çalışılmıştır. Üçüncü bölümde Home Zone deneyimleri değerlendirilerek Home Zone uygulamalarının özellikle çocuklar açısından ortaya çıkardığı değişimler değerlendirilmiştir. Çalışma ile Türkiye’de çocuk dostu sokakların oluşturulması ve sayılarının arttırılması için konu hakkında farkındalık oluşturulması hedeflenmektedir

Keywords

Oyun, Sokak, Çocuk gelişimi, Woonerf, Home Zone.

References

• Appleyard, B., ve Cox, L. (2006). At home in the zone: Creating livable streets in the U.S. Planning. 7(9), 30-35.
• Aral, N., Kandır, A. & Can Yaşar, M. (2002). Okul öncesi eğitim ve okul öncesi eğitim programi. İstanbul: Ya-Pa Yayınları.
• Ball, D.J.( 2002). Playgrounds – risks, benefits and choices. (Contract research report No. 426/ 2002). London: Middlesex University.
• Band E.B., ve Weisz, J.R. (1988). How to feel better when it feels bad: children’s perspectives on coping with everyday stress. Dev Psychol. 24, 247– 253.
• Ben-Joseph, E. (1995) Changing the residential street scene: adapting the shared street (Woonerf) concept to the suburban environment. Journal of the American Planning Association. 61(4), 504-515.
• Bento, G. ve Dias, G. (2017). The Importance of outdoor play for young children’s healthy development. Porto Biomedical Journal. 2(5), 157-160.
• Biddulph, M. (2001). Home Zones: A Planning and design handbook. Bristol. Erişim adresi https://www.jrf.org.uk/report/home-zones-planning-and-design-handbook
• Biddulph, M. (2002). The UK pilot home zone programme: Emerging thoughts and lessons. Municipal Engineer, 2, 125-130.
• Biddulph, M. (2008). Reviewing the UK home zone initiatives. Urban Design International 13, 121–129.
• Biddulph, M. (2010). Evaluating the English home zone initiatives. Journal of the American Planning Association, 76(2), 1-20.
• Biddulph, M. (2012). Street design and street use: comparing traffic calmed and home zone streets. Journal of Urban Design, 17(2), 213-232.
• Bilton, H. (2010) Outdoor learning in the early years. Management and innovation. Routledge, Oxon.
• Burriss, K.G. ve Tsao, L. (2002) Review of research: How much do we know about the importance of play in child development? Childhood Education, 78(4), 230-233.
• Clayden, A., Mckoy, K. ve Wild, A. (2006). Improving residential liveability in the UK: Home zones and alternative approaches. Journal of Urban Design, 11(1), 55-71.
• Clements, R. (2004). An Investigation of the status of outdoor play. Contemporary Issues in Early Childhood, 5(1), 68-80.
• Collarte, N. (2012). The Woonerf concept “Rethinking a residential street in somerville”. Master of Arts in Urban and Environmental Policy and Planning, Tufts University.
• Collerte, N. (2014). The American woonerf creating livable and attractive shared streets. Master of Arts in Urban and Environmental Policy and Planning.
• CROW (Centre for Research and Contract Standardization in Civil Engineering), (1998). Recommendations for traffic provisions in built-up areas: ASVV. The Netherlands: CROW.
• Cycling Projects (n.d.). Active Transport Projects and Infrastructure, Shared Zones. Erişim adresi https://cyclingprojects.weebly.com/shared-zone.html
• DFT, (2005). HOME ZONES Challenging the future of our streets, Department for Transport. London. Erişim adresi https://nacto.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/home_zones_department_transport.pdf
• Eager, D. ve Little, H. (2011). Risk Deficit Disorder, In Proceeding of IPWEA International Public Works Conference. Canberra, Australia, 21–24 August 2011.
• Eriksen, A. (1985). Playground design: Outdoor environments for learning and development. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold Company.
• Gharehbaglou, M. ve Khajeh-Saeed, F. (2018). Woonerf, A study of urban landscape Components on Living Street, Manzar, 10(43): 40-49.
• Ginsburg, K., R. (2007). The Importance of play in promoting healthy child development and maintaining strong parent-child bonds. Pediatrics January, 119 (1), 182-191.
• Guixer, M. O. (2018). Northmoor Homezone. Erişim adresi https://www.publicspace.org/works/-/project/b029-northmoor-homezone
• Hurwitz, S.C. (2002). To be successful: let them play! Childhood Education, 79(2), 101–102.
• Dudek, J. (2019). Design guidelines for creating a vital woonerf Street. 19th International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference SGEM 2019, Sofia, Bulgaria, Section Green Design and Sustainable Architecture, 19: 433-440.
• Dyment, J.E. ve Bell, A.C. (2008). Grounds for movement: green school grounds as sites for promoting physical activity. Health Educ Res, 23(6), 952–962.
• Gateshead Council (2005). Home Zone Design Guide for Gateshead. Erişim adresi https://www.gateshead.gov.uk/media/3798/Gateshead-Homezone-Guide/pdf/Gateshead-Homezone-Guide.pdf?m=636440102986370000
• Greenfield, C.( 2004). Can run, play on bikes, jump the zoom slide, and play on the swings: Exploring the value of outdoor play. Australian Journal of Early Childhood, 29(2),1–5.
• Gill, T. (2006). Home Zones in the UK: History, policy and impact on children and youth, children. Youth and Environments, 16 (1), 90-103.
• Gökmen, H. ve Taşçı, B. G. (2010). Çocuklar adına Woonerf ve Home Zone’dan alınacak dersler. Mimarist, 2,72-77.
• Hand, C. (2007). Woonerf: A Dutch residential streetscape, Laboratory for Urban Architecture. Erişim adresi http://egloos.zum.com/UrbanArch/v/1934242
• Heydecker, B.G. ve Robertson SA, (2009). Evaluation of Pedestrian Priority Zones in the European Area. Report to the Korea Transport Institute KoTI, Centre for Transport Studies University Colllege London.
• Hillman, M., Adams, J. and Whitelegg, J.(1990). One false move. A Study of children's independent mobility. London: Policy Studies Institute.
• IHIE, (2002). Home Zone Design Guidelines, Institute of Highway Incorporated Engineers, London. Erişim adresi https://www.theihe.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/Home-Zone-Design-Guideline.pdf
• Interpave ( n.d.). Rebirth of the Home Zone. Erişim adresi https://www.paving.org.uk/rebirth-of-the-home-zone/
• Jones, P. ve Institute of Highway Incorporated Engineers (IHIE) (2002). Home Zone: Design guidelines. London. Institute of Highway Incorporated Engineers.
• Karsten, L. (2005). It all used to be better? Different generations on continuity and change in urban children's daily use of space. Children's Geographies, 3(3), 275-290.
• Kolcu, Ş. (2014). Farklı bilişsel tempodaki çocuklarin oyun davranışlarının ve akran ilişkilerinin incelenmesi. (Yayımlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi). Selçuk Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Konya.
• Layfield, R., Chinn, L. ve Nicholls, D. (2003). Pilot home zone schemes: evaluation of The Methleys, Leeds. TRL Report TRL586. Erişim adresi https://trl.co.uk/uploads/trl/documents/TRL586.pdf
• Little, H. Ve Wyver,S. (2008). Outdoor play: Does avoiding the risks reduce the benefits? Australasian Journal of Early Childhood, 33(2), 33-40.
• Little, H. ve Eager, D. (2010). Risk, challenge and safety: Implications for play quality and playground design. European Early Childhood Education Research Journal, 18(4), 497-513.
• London Play (2007). Can I play out... ? Lessons from London Play’s Home Zones Project. Erişim adresi https://timrgill.files.wordpress.com/2017/12/caniplayout1.pdf
• Malone K. ve Tranter, P. (2003) Children’s environmental learning and the use, design and management of schoolgrounds. Children, Youth and Environments, 13 (2), 87- 137.
• Matthews, H. (1995). Living on the edge: children as ‘outsiders’. Tijdschrift voor Economische en Sociale Geografie, 86 (5), 456–466.
• McBeath, C. (2009). Home Zones: Shared Streets in Halifax. Erişim adresi https://cdn.dal.ca/content/dam/dalhousie/pdf/faculty/architecture-planning/school-of-planning/pdfs/CM-Independent_Project.pdf
• Ministry of Transport Public Works and Water Management, (2010). Road Traffic Signs and Regulations in the Netherlands. Zwolle, Nerherland.
• Mullan, E. (2003). Do you think that your local area is a good place for young people to grow up? The effects of traffic and car parking on young people’s views. Health & Place, 9 (4), 351–360.
• Nebelong, H. (2004). Nature’s playground. Green Places, May, 28-31.
• NWS, (2012). Shared Zones Fact Sheet, NWS Goverment, Transport for NWS. Erişim adresi https://roads-waterways.transport.nsw.gov.au/roadsafety/downloads/shared_zone_fact_sheet.pdf
• NSW, (2016). Technical Direction Traffic management and road safety practice. NWS Goverment, Transport Road and Maritime Service.
• Özçakır, Y. (2015). Geleneksel Sokak Oyunları için Sokak Temelli Geleneksel Oyun Alanlarının Yeniden Keşfi. 1. Uluslararası Türk Dünyası Çocuk Oyun ve Oyuncak Kurultayı, 14-17 Mayıs, 264-269, Eskişehir.
• Öztürk, A. (2010). Okul Öncesi Eğitimde Oyun. Ankara: Eğiten Kitabevi.
• Preston. B. (1995). Cost effective ways to make walking safer for children and adolescents. Injury Prevention, 1: 187- 190.
• Restreets (n.d.). Case Studies. Erişim adresi https://www.restreets.org/case-studies/home zones#:~:text=The%20architects%20proposed%20a%20shared,speed%20limit%20of%2010%20mph.
• Sandseter, E. B. H. (2007). Categorizing risky play - How can we identify risk-taking inchildren's play? European Early Childhood Education Research Journal, 15(2), 237-252.
• Sandseter, E. (2009a). Affordances for risky play in preschool: The importance of features in the play environment. Early Childhood Education Journal, 36(5), 439–446.
• Sandseter, E. B. H. (2009b). Children’s expressions of exhilaration and fear in risky play. Contemporary Issues in Early Childhood, 10(2), 92-106.
• Shishegar, N. (2011). Home Zone: Improving the quality of life in residential streets. Symposium on Architecture, Civil, and Urban Environment, July 21-23, 2011, Tehran, Iran.
• Smith, S. J. (1998). Risk and our pedagogical relation to children: On playground and beyond. New York: State University of New York Press.
• Stephenson, A. (2003) Physical risk-taking: Dangerous or endangered?. Early Years, 23(1), 35-43.
• Tandoğan, O. (2011). İstanbul’da “Çocuk Dostu Kent” için açık alanların planlama, tasarım ve yönetim ilkelerinin oluşturulması. (Yayımlanmamış doktora tezi). İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, İstanbul.
• Tandoğan, O. (2014). Çocuk için daha yaşanilir bir kentsel mekân: Dünyada gerçekleştirilen uygulamalar. Megaron, 9(1), 19-33.
• Tandoğan, O. (2018). Site ve mahalle yerleşimlerinde açık alan oyunlarinin karşılaştırılması: Tekirdağ örneği. Planlama, 28(3), 348–365.
• Tandy, C., A. (1999). Children’s diminishing play space: a study of inter‐generational change in children’s use of their neighbourhoods. Australian Geographical Studies, 37(2), 154-164.
• Tranter, P. and Doyle, J. (1996) Reclaiming the residential street as play space. International Play Journal, 4, 81-97.
• Tuik, (2020). Motorlu Kara Taşıtları, Eylül 2020. Erişim adresi https://tuikweb.tuik.gov.tr/PreHaberBultenleri.do?id=33657
• Unicef, (2004). Çocuk Haklarına Dair Sözleşme, UNICEF. Erişim adresi https://www.unicefturk.org/public/uploads/files/UNICEF_CocukHaklarinaDairSozlesme.pdf
• Valentine, G., McKendrick, J. (1997) Children’s outdoor play: Exploring parental concerns about children’s safety and the changing nature of childhood. Geoforum, 28, 219–235.
• Vasisht, P. ve Karndacharuk, A. (2016). Auckland shared zones: Design solution for urban mobility in activity centres. 27th ARRB Conference – Linking people, places and opportunities, Melbourne, Victoria.
• Wheeler, A. Tilly, A. Webster, D., Rajesparan, Y. ve Buttress, S. (2005). Pilot home zone schemes: evaluation of Morice Town, Plymouth. TRL Report TRL640. Erişim adresi https://trl.co.uk/uploads/trl/documents/TRL640.pdf
• White, R. ve Stoecklin, V. (1998). Children's Outdoor Play & Learning Environments: Returning to Nature. Erişim adresi https://www.whitehutchinson.com/children/articles/outdoor.shtml