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Potential Components of Current Account Deficits Based on Credit Expansion in Turkey

Year 2021, Volume: 7 Issue: 1, 37 - 58, 22.03.2021

Ömer Akçayır

Abstract

Keywords

Cari Açık

References

  • Ağazade, S. (2014). Tüketici Kredilerine Yönelik Sınırlama Türkiye’nin Cari Açık Sorununa Çözüm Olur mu? Doğrusal Dışı Bir Koentegrasyon Analizi Bankacılar Dergisi, Sayı 91, 46-54.
  • Aizenman, J. Ve Jinjarak, Y. (2014). Real Estate Valuation, Current Account And Creditgrowth Patterns, Before And After The 2008-9 Crisis. Journal of International Money and Finance 48, 249-270.
  • Aizenman, J. Ve Noy, I. (2013). Macroeconomic Adjustment And The History Of Crises İn Open Economies. Journal of International Money and Finance 38, 41–58.
  • Backe´, P. ve Wo´jcik, C. (2008). Credit Booms, Monetary İntegration And The New Neoclassical Synthesis. Journal of Banking & Finance 32, 458–470.
  • Bayraktutan,Y. ve Demirtaş, I. (2011). Gelişmekte Olan Ülkelerde Cari Açığın Belirleyicileri: Panel Veri Analizi. Kocaeli Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi (22) / 2: 1-28.
  • Biztis, G.P., John M. ve Papazoglou, C. (2008). The Determinants of The Greek CurrentAccount Deficit: The EMU Experience. Journal of International and Global Economic Studies, 1(1), 105-122.
  • Brissimis, S.N., Hondroyiannis, G., Papazoglou, C., Tsaveas, N.T. ve Vasardani, M.A. (2010). Current Account Determinants and External Sustainability in Periods of Structural Change. ECB Working Papers, No: 1243, September.
  • Brown, R. L., Durbin, J., & Evans, J. M. (1975). Techniques For Testing The Constancy Of Regression Relationships Over Time. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, Series B, 37, 149–192.
  • Caliskan Cavdar, S. ve Aydin, A.D. (2015). Understanding The Factors Behind Current Account Deficit Problem: A Panel Logit Approach On 16 OECD Member Countries. 3rd Economics & Finance Conference, Rome, Italy, April 14-17, 2015 and 4th Economics &Finance Conference, London, UK, August 25-28, 2015, Procedia Economics and Finance 30, 187 – 194.
  • Campa, J.M. ve Gavilan, A. (2011). Current Accounts In The Euro Area: An Intertemporal Approach. Journal of International Money and Finance 30, 205–228
  • Chinn, M. ve Ito, H. (2007). Current account balances, financial development and institutions: Assaying the world ‘‘saving glut’’ Journal of International Money and Finance 26, 546-569.
  • Chinn, M.D. ve Prasad, E.S. (2003). Medium-term determinants of current accounts in industrial and developing countries: an empirical exploration. Journal of International Economics 59, 47–76.
  • Çalışkan Çavdar, Ş. ve Karaman, F. (2013). Cari Açık Ve Bütçe Açığını Etkileyen Faktörlerin Nedensellik İlişkilerinin Diyagram Yoluyla Gösterimi: Türkiye Örneği Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi, İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, C.18, S.1, s.405-416.
  • Davis, J. S., Mack A., Phoa, W. Ve Vandenabeele, A. (2016). Credit Booms, Banking Crises, And The Current Account. Journal of International Money and Finance 60, 360–377.
  • Demirgüç-Kunt, A. ve Detragiache, E. (1997). The Determinants of Banking Crises: Evidence from Industrial and Developing Countries. World Bank Policy Research Working Paper No. 1828. Available at SSRN: http://ssrn.com/abstract=604932
  • Dolado, J. L. ve H. Lütkepohl (1996). Making Wald Tests Work for Cointegrated VAR Systems. Econometric Reviews, 15, 369-386.
  • Duncan, R. (2016). Does The Us Current Account Show A Symmetric Behavior Over The Business Cycle?. International Review of Economics and Finance 41, 202–219.
  • Eichengreen, B. ve Arteta, C. (2000). Banking Crises in Emerging Markets: Presumptions and Evidence. Center for International and Development Economics Research UC Berkeley.
  • Ertuğrul, H.M., Gerni, C. and Karamollaoğlu, N.T., (2013). A Dynamic Investigation of the Impact of Credit Growth on the Current Account of Turkey. SSRN: http://ssrn.com/abstract=2349545
  • EVDS (TCMB Elektronik Veri Dağıtım Sistemi), <http://evds.tcmb.gov.tr/>
  • Ganioğlu, A. (2012). Rapid Credit Growth and Current Account Deficit as the Leading Determinants of Financial Crises. Economics, The Open Access, Open-Assessment E-Journel, Discussion Paper, No. 2013-35, July 08, http://www.economics-ejournal.org/economics/discussionpapers/2013-35
  • Gervais, O., Schembri, L. Ve Suchanek, L. (2011). External Stability, Real Exchange Rate Adjustment and the Exchange Rate Regime in Emerging-Market Economies. Bank of Canada Discussion Paper, June, International Economic Analysis Department Bank of Canada.
  • Gourinchas, P. O., ve Obstfeld, M. (2011). Stories Of The Twentieth Century For The Twenty-First (No. w17252). National Bureau of Economic Research.
  • Göçer, İ., Mercan, M., ve Peker, O. (2013). Kredi Hacmi Artışının Cari Açığa Etkisi: Çoklu Yapısal Kırılmalı Eşbütünleşme Analizi. Ekonometri ve İstatistik e-Dergisi, (18), 1-17.
  • Gruber, J.W. ve Kamin, S.B. (2007). Explaining The Global Pattern Of Current Account Imbalances. Journal of International Money and Finance 26, 500-522.
  • Hume, M. ve Sentance, A. (2009). The Global Credit Boom: Challenges For Macroeconomics And Policy. Journal of International Money and Finance 28, 1426–1461.
  • Huntington, H. G. (2015). Crude Oil Trade And Current Account Deficits. Energy Economics 50, 70–79.
  • IMF (2009) Balance of Payments and International Investment Position Manual Sixth Edition (BPM6) <http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/bop/2007/pdf/BPM6.pdf>
  • IMF (2009) Balance of Payments and International Investment Position Manual Sixth Edition (BPM6) <http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/bop/2007/pdf/BPM6.pdf>
  • IMF (2015) Data, International Money Fund (Uluslararası Para Fonu) http://data.imf.org/
  • Jordà, Ò., Schularick, M. H., & Taylor, A. M. (2011). When Credit Bites Back: Leverage, Business Cycles, And Crises. (No. w17621). National Bureau of Economic Research.
  • Jordà, Ò., Schularick, M. H., & Taylor, A. M. (2013). Sovereigns Versus Banks: Credit, Crises, and Consequences. CESIFO Workıng Paper No. 4431.
  • Kamas, L., & Joyce, J. P. (1993). Money, İncome And Prices Under Fixed Exchange Rates: Evidence From Causality Tests And VARs. Journal of Macroeconomics, 15(4), 747-768.
  • Kaminsky, G. L. ve Reinhart, C.M. (1999). The Twin Crises: The Causes of Banking and Balance-Of-Payments Problems. The American Economic Review, Vol. 89, No. 3 (Jun., 1999), pp. 473-500.
  • Lane, P.R. and Milesi-Ferretti, G.M. (2012). External Adjustment And The Global Crisis, European Central Bank. Journal of International Economics 88, 252–265.
  • Laven, L. ve Valencia, F. (2012). Systemic Banking Crises Database: An Update. IMF Working Paper No. 12/163.
  • Loayza, V. ve Rancière, R. (2006). Financial Development, Financial Fragility, and Growth. Journal of Money, Credit and Banking, Vol. 38, No. 4 (Jun., 2006), pp. 1051-1076
  • McKinnon, R. I., vr Pill, H. (1996). Credible Liberalizations and International Capital Flows: The Overborrowing Syndrome. National Bureau of Economic Research, Kitap Bölümü: Financial Deregulation and Integration in East Asia, NBER-EASE, (5), University of Chicago Press, Volume URL: http://www.nber.org/books/ito_96-1
  • Mendoza, E.G. and Terrones, M.E. (2008). An Anatomy Of Credit Booms: Evidence From Macro Aggregates And Micro Data. Working Paper 14049, http://www.nber.org/papers/w14049
  • Narayan, P. K. (2005). The Saving And İnvestment Nexus For China: Evidence From Cointegration Tests. Applied Economics, 37(17), 1979-1990.
  • Narayan, P. K., & Smyth, R. (2006). What Determınes Mıgratıon Flows From Low‐Income To Hıgh‐Income Countrıes? An Empırıcal Investıgatıon Of Fıjı–Us Mıgratıon 1972–2001. Contemporary Economic Policy, 24(2), 332-342.
  • Paya, M. (2007). Makro İktisat Filiz Kitabevi, 3.Baskı, İstanbul.
  • Pesaran, M. H., Shin, Y., & Smith, R. J. (2001). Bounds testing approaches to the analysis of level relationships. Journal of Applied Econometrics, 16(3), 289-326. doi:10.1002/jae.616
  • Saçık Y. S. ve Karaçayır, E. (2014). Küresel Kriz Sonrasında Cari Açık ve Kredi Hacmi Arasındaki İlişki: Türkiye Örneği. International Conference On Eurasian Economies, Skopje–Macedonia, 507-514.
  • Sadiku, L., Fetahi-Vehapia, M., Sadiku, M. ve Berisha, N. (2015). The Persistence and Determinants of Current Account Deficit of FYROM: An Empirical Analysis. 7th International Conference, The Economies of Balkan and Eastern Europe Countries in the changed world, EBEEC 2015, Procedia Economics and Finance 33, 90 – 102.
  • Saito, A. T., Savoia, J. and Lazier, L. (2013). Determinants of Private Credit in OECD Developed, BRIC's and LAC Countries. http://ssrn.com/abstract=2291689 or http:// dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2291689,
  • Toda, H.Y. & Yamamoto, T. (1995). Statistical Inferences in Vector Autoregressions with Possibly Integrated Processes. Journal of Econometrics, 66, 225-50.
  • Togan, S. ve Berument, H. (2011). Cari İşlemler Dengesi, Sermaye Hareketleri ve Krediler. Bankacılık Dergisi, Sayı 78.
  • WDI (2016). World Bank World Development Indicator (Dünya Bankası Kalkınma Göstergeleri) http://databank.worldbank.org/data/home.aspx
  • Yurdakul, F. ve Cevher, E. (2015). Determinants of Current Account Deficit in Turkey: The Conditional and Partial Granger Causality Approach. 4th World Conference on Business, Economics and Management, WCBEM, Procedia Economics and Finance 26, 92 – 100.

Kredi Genişlemesi Temelinde Türkiye’de Cari Açıkların Potansiyel Bileşenleri

Year 2021, Volume: 7 Issue: 1, 37 - 58, 22.03.2021

Ömer Akçayır

Abstract

Türkiye gibi büyüme hedefleri yüksek olan ülkelerin yatırımlar için gerekli ulusal tasarruf oranlarının yetersizliği halinde yurt dışı tasarruflara olan bağımlığın artmasının, kredi genişlemesi yoluyla cari açıkları negatif yönde etkilediği bilinmektedir. Bu kapsamda çalışmada, Türkiye’de uzun yıllardır devam eden cari açıkların belirleyicilerini özel sektör kredi genişlemesi perspektifinde tespit etmek amacıyla ekonometrik analizler yapılmıştır. Seriler arasındaki eşbütünleşmenin varlığı Pesaran’ın (vd. 2001) sınır testi yaklaşımıyla, nedensellik ilişkileri ise Toda-Yamamoto (1995) ve Dolado-Lütkepohl (1996) yöntemleriyle (TYDL) belirlenmiştir. Bulgulara göre, muhtemel birçok açıklayıcı değişken arasından kredi genişlemesi, ekonomik büyüme ve petrol ithalatının Türkiye’de cari açığı artırdığı, enflasyon ve finansal derinliğin ise cari açığı azalttığı sonucuna ulaşılmıştır.

Keywords

Kredi Genişlemesi Cari Açık Eşbütünleşme Nedensellik Türkiye

References

  • Ağazade, S. (2014). Tüketici Kredilerine Yönelik Sınırlama Türkiye’nin Cari Açık Sorununa Çözüm Olur mu? Doğrusal Dışı Bir Koentegrasyon Analizi Bankacılar Dergisi, Sayı 91, 46-54.
  • Aizenman, J. Ve Jinjarak, Y. (2014). Real Estate Valuation, Current Account And Creditgrowth Patterns, Before And After The 2008-9 Crisis. Journal of International Money and Finance 48, 249-270.
  • Aizenman, J. Ve Noy, I. (2013). Macroeconomic Adjustment And The History Of Crises İn Open Economies. Journal of International Money and Finance 38, 41–58.
  • Backe´, P. ve Wo´jcik, C. (2008). Credit Booms, Monetary İntegration And The New Neoclassical Synthesis. Journal of Banking & Finance 32, 458–470.
  • Bayraktutan,Y. ve Demirtaş, I. (2011). Gelişmekte Olan Ülkelerde Cari Açığın Belirleyicileri: Panel Veri Analizi. Kocaeli Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi (22) / 2: 1-28.
  • Biztis, G.P., John M. ve Papazoglou, C. (2008). The Determinants of The Greek CurrentAccount Deficit: The EMU Experience. Journal of International and Global Economic Studies, 1(1), 105-122.
  • Brissimis, S.N., Hondroyiannis, G., Papazoglou, C., Tsaveas, N.T. ve Vasardani, M.A. (2010). Current Account Determinants and External Sustainability in Periods of Structural Change. ECB Working Papers, No: 1243, September.
  • Brown, R. L., Durbin, J., & Evans, J. M. (1975). Techniques For Testing The Constancy Of Regression Relationships Over Time. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, Series B, 37, 149–192.
  • Caliskan Cavdar, S. ve Aydin, A.D. (2015). Understanding The Factors Behind Current Account Deficit Problem: A Panel Logit Approach On 16 OECD Member Countries. 3rd Economics & Finance Conference, Rome, Italy, April 14-17, 2015 and 4th Economics &Finance Conference, London, UK, August 25-28, 2015, Procedia Economics and Finance 30, 187 – 194.
  • Campa, J.M. ve Gavilan, A. (2011). Current Accounts In The Euro Area: An Intertemporal Approach. Journal of International Money and Finance 30, 205–228
  • Chinn, M. ve Ito, H. (2007). Current account balances, financial development and institutions: Assaying the world ‘‘saving glut’’ Journal of International Money and Finance 26, 546-569.
  • Chinn, M.D. ve Prasad, E.S. (2003). Medium-term determinants of current accounts in industrial and developing countries: an empirical exploration. Journal of International Economics 59, 47–76.
  • Çalışkan Çavdar, Ş. ve Karaman, F. (2013). Cari Açık Ve Bütçe Açığını Etkileyen Faktörlerin Nedensellik İlişkilerinin Diyagram Yoluyla Gösterimi: Türkiye Örneği Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi, İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, C.18, S.1, s.405-416.
  • Davis, J. S., Mack A., Phoa, W. Ve Vandenabeele, A. (2016). Credit Booms, Banking Crises, And The Current Account. Journal of International Money and Finance 60, 360–377.
  • Demirgüç-Kunt, A. ve Detragiache, E. (1997). The Determinants of Banking Crises: Evidence from Industrial and Developing Countries. World Bank Policy Research Working Paper No. 1828. Available at SSRN: http://ssrn.com/abstract=604932
  • Dolado, J. L. ve H. Lütkepohl (1996). Making Wald Tests Work for Cointegrated VAR Systems. Econometric Reviews, 15, 369-386.
  • Duncan, R. (2016). Does The Us Current Account Show A Symmetric Behavior Over The Business Cycle?. International Review of Economics and Finance 41, 202–219.
  • Eichengreen, B. ve Arteta, C. (2000). Banking Crises in Emerging Markets: Presumptions and Evidence. Center for International and Development Economics Research UC Berkeley.
  • Ertuğrul, H.M., Gerni, C. and Karamollaoğlu, N.T., (2013). A Dynamic Investigation of the Impact of Credit Growth on the Current Account of Turkey. SSRN: http://ssrn.com/abstract=2349545
  • EVDS (TCMB Elektronik Veri Dağıtım Sistemi), <http://evds.tcmb.gov.tr/>
  • Ganioğlu, A. (2012). Rapid Credit Growth and Current Account Deficit as the Leading Determinants of Financial Crises. Economics, The Open Access, Open-Assessment E-Journel, Discussion Paper, No. 2013-35, July 08, http://www.economics-ejournal.org/economics/discussionpapers/2013-35
  • Gervais, O., Schembri, L. Ve Suchanek, L. (2011). External Stability, Real Exchange Rate Adjustment and the Exchange Rate Regime in Emerging-Market Economies. Bank of Canada Discussion Paper, June, International Economic Analysis Department Bank of Canada.
  • Gourinchas, P. O., ve Obstfeld, M. (2011). Stories Of The Twentieth Century For The Twenty-First (No. w17252). National Bureau of Economic Research.
  • Göçer, İ., Mercan, M., ve Peker, O. (2013). Kredi Hacmi Artışının Cari Açığa Etkisi: Çoklu Yapısal Kırılmalı Eşbütünleşme Analizi. Ekonometri ve İstatistik e-Dergisi, (18), 1-17.
  • Gruber, J.W. ve Kamin, S.B. (2007). Explaining The Global Pattern Of Current Account Imbalances. Journal of International Money and Finance 26, 500-522.
  • Hume, M. ve Sentance, A. (2009). The Global Credit Boom: Challenges For Macroeconomics And Policy. Journal of International Money and Finance 28, 1426–1461.
  • Huntington, H. G. (2015). Crude Oil Trade And Current Account Deficits. Energy Economics 50, 70–79.
  • IMF (2009) Balance of Payments and International Investment Position Manual Sixth Edition (BPM6) <http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/bop/2007/pdf/BPM6.pdf>
  • IMF (2009) Balance of Payments and International Investment Position Manual Sixth Edition (BPM6) <http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/bop/2007/pdf/BPM6.pdf>
  • IMF (2015) Data, International Money Fund (Uluslararası Para Fonu) http://data.imf.org/
  • Jordà, Ò., Schularick, M. H., & Taylor, A. M. (2011). When Credit Bites Back: Leverage, Business Cycles, And Crises. (No. w17621). National Bureau of Economic Research.
  • Jordà, Ò., Schularick, M. H., & Taylor, A. M. (2013). Sovereigns Versus Banks: Credit, Crises, and Consequences. CESIFO Workıng Paper No. 4431.
  • Kamas, L., & Joyce, J. P. (1993). Money, İncome And Prices Under Fixed Exchange Rates: Evidence From Causality Tests And VARs. Journal of Macroeconomics, 15(4), 747-768.
  • Kaminsky, G. L. ve Reinhart, C.M. (1999). The Twin Crises: The Causes of Banking and Balance-Of-Payments Problems. The American Economic Review, Vol. 89, No. 3 (Jun., 1999), pp. 473-500.
  • Lane, P.R. and Milesi-Ferretti, G.M. (2012). External Adjustment And The Global Crisis, European Central Bank. Journal of International Economics 88, 252–265.
  • Laven, L. ve Valencia, F. (2012). Systemic Banking Crises Database: An Update. IMF Working Paper No. 12/163.
  • Loayza, V. ve Rancière, R. (2006). Financial Development, Financial Fragility, and Growth. Journal of Money, Credit and Banking, Vol. 38, No. 4 (Jun., 2006), pp. 1051-1076
  • McKinnon, R. I., vr Pill, H. (1996). Credible Liberalizations and International Capital Flows: The Overborrowing Syndrome. National Bureau of Economic Research, Kitap Bölümü: Financial Deregulation and Integration in East Asia, NBER-EASE, (5), University of Chicago Press, Volume URL: http://www.nber.org/books/ito_96-1
  • Mendoza, E.G. and Terrones, M.E. (2008). An Anatomy Of Credit Booms: Evidence From Macro Aggregates And Micro Data. Working Paper 14049, http://www.nber.org/papers/w14049
  • Narayan, P. K. (2005). The Saving And İnvestment Nexus For China: Evidence From Cointegration Tests. Applied Economics, 37(17), 1979-1990.
  • Narayan, P. K., & Smyth, R. (2006). What Determınes Mıgratıon Flows From Low‐Income To Hıgh‐Income Countrıes? An Empırıcal Investıgatıon Of Fıjı–Us Mıgratıon 1972–2001. Contemporary Economic Policy, 24(2), 332-342.
  • Paya, M. (2007). Makro İktisat Filiz Kitabevi, 3.Baskı, İstanbul.
  • Pesaran, M. H., Shin, Y., & Smith, R. J. (2001). Bounds testing approaches to the analysis of level relationships. Journal of Applied Econometrics, 16(3), 289-326. doi:10.1002/jae.616
  • Saçık Y. S. ve Karaçayır, E. (2014). Küresel Kriz Sonrasında Cari Açık ve Kredi Hacmi Arasındaki İlişki: Türkiye Örneği. International Conference On Eurasian Economies, Skopje–Macedonia, 507-514.
  • Sadiku, L., Fetahi-Vehapia, M., Sadiku, M. ve Berisha, N. (2015). The Persistence and Determinants of Current Account Deficit of FYROM: An Empirical Analysis. 7th International Conference, The Economies of Balkan and Eastern Europe Countries in the changed world, EBEEC 2015, Procedia Economics and Finance 33, 90 – 102.
  • Saito, A. T., Savoia, J. and Lazier, L. (2013). Determinants of Private Credit in OECD Developed, BRIC's and LAC Countries. http://ssrn.com/abstract=2291689 or http:// dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2291689,
  • Toda, H.Y. & Yamamoto, T. (1995). Statistical Inferences in Vector Autoregressions with Possibly Integrated Processes. Journal of Econometrics, 66, 225-50.
  • Togan, S. ve Berument, H. (2011). Cari İşlemler Dengesi, Sermaye Hareketleri ve Krediler. Bankacılık Dergisi, Sayı 78.
  • WDI (2016). World Bank World Development Indicator (Dünya Bankası Kalkınma Göstergeleri) http://databank.worldbank.org/data/home.aspx
  • Yurdakul, F. ve Cevher, E. (2015). Determinants of Current Account Deficit in Turkey: The Conditional and Partial Granger Causality Approach. 4th World Conference on Business, Economics and Management, WCBEM, Procedia Economics and Finance 26, 92 – 100.
There are 50 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Economics
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Ömer Akçayır

Publication Date March 22, 2021
Published in Issue Year 2021 Volume: 7 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Akçayır, Ö. (2021). Kredi Genişlemesi Temelinde Türkiye’de Cari Açıkların Potansiyel Bileşenleri. Uluslararası Ekonomik Araştırmalar Dergisi, 7(1), 37-58.
AMA Akçayır Ö. Kredi Genişlemesi Temelinde Türkiye’de Cari Açıkların Potansiyel Bileşenleri. UEAD. March 2021;7(1):37-58.
Chicago Akçayır, Ömer. “Kredi Genişlemesi Temelinde Türkiye’de Cari Açıkların Potansiyel Bileşenleri”. Uluslararası Ekonomik Araştırmalar Dergisi 7, no. 1 (March 2021): 37-58.
EndNote Akçayır Ö (March 1, 2021) Kredi Genişlemesi Temelinde Türkiye’de Cari Açıkların Potansiyel Bileşenleri. Uluslararası Ekonomik Araştırmalar Dergisi 7 1 37–58.
IEEE Ö. Akçayır, “Kredi Genişlemesi Temelinde Türkiye’de Cari Açıkların Potansiyel Bileşenleri”, UEAD, vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 37–58, 2021.
ISNAD Akçayır, Ömer. “Kredi Genişlemesi Temelinde Türkiye’de Cari Açıkların Potansiyel Bileşenleri”. Uluslararası Ekonomik Araştırmalar Dergisi 7/1 (March 2021), 37-58.
JAMA Akçayır Ö. Kredi Genişlemesi Temelinde Türkiye’de Cari Açıkların Potansiyel Bileşenleri. UEAD. 2021;7:37–58.
MLA Akçayır, Ömer. “Kredi Genişlemesi Temelinde Türkiye’de Cari Açıkların Potansiyel Bileşenleri”. Uluslararası Ekonomik Araştırmalar Dergisi, vol. 7, no. 1, 2021, pp. 37-58.
Vancouver Akçayır Ö. Kredi Genişlemesi Temelinde Türkiye’de Cari Açıkların Potansiyel Bileşenleri. UEAD. 2021;7(1):37-58.