Potential of medical herbal products to be used in aquaculture

Year 2018, Volume: 4 Issue: 2, 16 - 23, 01.11.2018

Ebru Yılmaz , Oğuz Taşbozan , Celal Erbaş

Abstract

The use of antibiotics
as feed additives were limited in the European union member countries in 1998
with concerns that they may cause bacterial resistance and threat human health
through residues in animal products. In 2006, these additives were completely
banned. As a result, natural growth factors such as probiotic, organic acid,
prebiotic and enzymes started to be used to replace antibiotics. In addition,
medical plants, spices and essential oils of medical plants that are produced
through the water distillation became alternatives to antibiotics. Several
studies have been conducted on the growth, appetite, nutrition composition,
immunity, resistance to diseases, stress, bacteria, fungi, viruses, parasites,
sex inversion, larval development, blood serum and haematology of the plants
used in commercial important cultured fish species. The fact that the plants
used in these studies are antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral and
antiparasitic in addition to having qualities to strengthen immunity and to
improve hematologic and biochemical criteria through the various compounds they
contained prove that they can be an alternative to synthetic products. This
presentation, which examines the properties of herbal products and their
benefits to aquaculture, intends to evaluate the use of the said products in
the field of aquaculture.

Keywords

aquaculture, medicinal herbs, diet, phytoadditives, herbal extracts

References

• ABDEL-TAWWAB, M., AHMAD, M.H., SEDEN, M.E.A., SAKR, F.M.S (2010). Use of green tea, Camellia sinensis L., in practical diet for growth and protection of Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus (L.), against Aeromonas hydrophila infection, Journal of the World Aquaculture Society, 41(2): 203-213.
• AHILAN, B., NITHIYAPRIYATHARSHINI, A., RAVANESHWARAN, K. (2010). Influence of certain herbal additives on the growth, survival and disease resistance of goldfish, Carassius auratus (Linnaeus), Tamilnadu J. Vet. Ani. Sciences, 6(1): 5-11.
• AHMAD, I., AGIL, F., OWASİS, M. (2006). Modern Phytomedicine: Turning Medicinal Plants into Drugs. West-Sussex England: John Wiley and Sons. 404 p.
• AHMAD, M.H., ABDEL-TAWWAB, M. (2011). The use of caraway seed meal as a feed additive in fish diets: growth performance, feed utilization, and whole-body composition of Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus (L.) fingerlings, Aquaculture, 314(1-2): 110–114.
• ALY, S.M., ATTI, N.M.A., MOHAMED F.M. (2008). Effect of Garlic on the Survival, Growth, Resistance and Quality of Oreochromis niloticus, 8th international symposium on Tilapia in aquaculture, Cairo, Egypt, 277–295.
• ANUSHA, P., THANGAVIJI, V., VELMURUGAN, S., MICHAELBABU M., CITARASU T. (2014). Protection of ornamental gold fish Carassius auratus against Aeromonas hydrophila by treating Ixora coccinea active principles, Fish Shellfish Immunol., 36(2):485-493.
• ARDO, L., YIN, G., XU, P., VARADI, L., SZIGETI, G., JENEY, Z., JENEY, G. (2008). Chinese herbs (Astragalus membranaceus and Lonicera japonica) and boron enhance the non-specific immune response of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) and resistance against Aeromonas hydrophila, Aquaculture, 275(1-4):26–33.
• AWAD, E.S. (2010). Studies on plant based dietary supplements for control of Aeromonas hydrophila infections in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss Walbaum), PhD Thesis, Heriot Watt University, UK.
• BALASUBRAMANIAN, G., SARATHI, M., KUMAR, S.R., HAMEED, A.S.S. (2007). Screening the antiviral activity of Indian medicinal plants against white spot syndrome virus in shrimp, Aquaculture, 263(1-4):15-19.
• CHITMANAT, C., TONGDONMUAN, K., KHANOM, P., PACHONTIS P., NUNSONG, W. (2005a). Antiparasitic, antibacterial, and antifungal activities derived from a Terminalia catappa solution against some tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) Pathogens, Songklanakarin J. Sci. Technol., 27: 359-364.
• CHITMANAT, C., TONGDONMUAN, K., NUNSONG, W. (2005b). The use of crude extracts from traditional medicinal plants to eliminate trichodina sp. in tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) fingerlings, Songklanakarin J. Sci. Technol., 27(Suppl. 1): 359-364.
• CITARASU, T. (2010). Herbal biomedicines: a new opportunity for aquaculture industry, Aquaculture International, 18(3): 403–414.
• EL-DAKAR, A.Y., HASSANIAN, G.D., GAD, S.S., SAKR, S.E. (2008). Use of dried basil leaves as a feeding attractant for hybrid tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus X Oreochromis aureus, fingerlings, Mediterranean Aquaculture Journal,1(1): 35- 44.
• DIREKBUSARAKOM, S. (2004). Application of medicinal herbs to aquaculture in Asia, Walailak. J Sci Tech, 1(1):7–14.
• DIREKBUSARAKOM, S., RUANGPAN, L., EZURA, Y., YOSHIMIZU, M. (1996b). Protective efficacy of Clinacanthus nutans on yellow-head disease in Black Tiger Shrimp (Penaeus monodon), Fish Pathol, 33(4):404–410.
• DIREKBUSARAKOM, S., HERUNSALEE, A., YOSHIMIZU, M., EZURA, Y. (1996a). Antiviral activity of several Thai traditional herb extracts against fish pathogenic viruses, Fish Pathol, 31(4):209–213.
• EKANEM, A.P., OBIEKEZIE, A., KLOAS, W., KNOPF, K. (2004). Effects of crude extracts of Mucuna pruriens (Fabaceae) and Carica papaya (Caraciaceae) against the protozoan fish parasite Ichthyophthirius multifilis. Parasitol. Res., 92(5):361–366.
• ERTURK, O., DEMIRBAG, Z., BELDUZ, A.O. (2000). Antiviral activity of some plant extracts on the replication of Autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus, Turkish Journal of Biology, 24, 833–844.
• FRANCIS, G., MAKKAR, H.P.S., BECKER, K. (2001). Effects of Quillaja Saponins on growth, metabolism, egg production and muscle cholesterol in individually Reared Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus), Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part C, 129(2): 105-114.
• FRANCIS, G., MAKKAR, H.P.S., BECKER, K. (2002b). Effects of cyclic and regular feeding of a Quillaja Saponin supplemented diet on growth and metabolism of common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.), Fish Physiology and Biochemistry, 24: 343–350.
• FRANCIS, G., SIVAN, B.L., AVITAN, A., BECKER, K. (2002a). Effects of long term feeding of Quillaja Saponins on sex ratio, muscle and serum cholesterol and LH levels in Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus (L.)), Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part C, 133: 593-603.
• GODA, A.M.A.S. (2008). Effect of dietary ginseng herb (Ginsana G115) supplementation on growth, feed utilization, and hematological indices of Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus (L.), fingerlings, Journal of the World Aquaculture Society, 39(2): 205-214.
• GORMEZ, O., DILER, O. (2014). In vitro antifungal activity of essential oils from Tymbra, Origanum, Satureja species and some pure compounds on the fish pathogenic fungus, Saprolegnia parasitica, Aquaculture Research, 45(7):1196-1201.
• HARIKRISHNAN, R., BALASUNDARAM, C. (2008). In vitro and in vivo studies of the use of some medicinal herbals against the pathogen Aeromonas hydrophila in goldfish, J Aquat Ani Health, 20(3):165-176.
• HARIKRISHNAN, R., BALASUNDARAM, C., DHARANEEDHARAN, S., MOON, Y.G., KIM, M.C., KIM, J.S., HEO, M.S. (2009). Effect of plant active compounds on immune response and disease resistance in Cirrhina mrigala infected with fungal fish pathogen, Aphanomyces invadans, Aquaculture Research, 40(10): 1170-1181.
• HARIKRISHNAN, R., BALASUNDARAM, C., HEO, M.S. (2011). Influence of diet enriched with green tea on innate humoral and cellular immune response of kelp grouper 179 (Epinephelus bruneus) to Vibrio carchariae infection, Fish & Shellfish Immunol., 30(3): 972-979.
• HARIKRISHNAN, R., HEO, J., BALASUNDARAM, C., KIM, M.C., KIM, J.S., HAN, Y.J., HEO, M.S. (2010). Effect of traditional Korean medicinal (TKM) triherbal extract on the innate immune system and disease resistance in Paralichthys olivaceus against Uronema marinum, Vet. Parasitol., 170(1-2): 1-7.
• HARIKRISHNAN, R., RANI, M.N., BALASUNDARAM, C. (2003). Hematological and biochemical parameters in common carp, Cyprinus carpio, following herbal treatment for Aeromonas hydrophila infection, Aquaculture, 221(1-4):41–50.
• HEATH, A.G. (1995). Water Pollution and Fish Physiology (2nd ed.). CRC Lewis Publishers,London. 359 p.
• HERMANN, J.R., HONEYMAN, M.S., ZIMMERMAN, J.J., THACKER, B.J., HOLDEN, P.J., CHANG, C.C. (2003). Effect of dietary Echinacea purpurea on viremia and performance in porcine reptoductive and respiratory syndrome virüs-infected nursery pigs, Journal of Animal Science, 81(9): 2139-2144.
• HUANG, X.L., LIU, R.J., WHYTE, S., DU, Z.J., CHEN, D.F., DENG, Y.Q., WANG, K.Y., GENG, Y. (2015). The in vitro antifungal activity of 30 Chinese herb extracts to Saprolegnia sp, Journal of Applied Ichthyology,31:681-686.
• IMMANUEL, G., UMA, R.P., IYAPPARAJ, P., CITARASU, T., PETER, S.M., BABU, M.M., PALAVESAM, A. (2009). Dietary medicinal plant extracts improve growth, immune activity and survival of tilapia Oreochromis mossambicus, Journal of Fish Biology,74(7):1462–1475.
• KESER, O., BILAL, T. (2008). The effects of beta-glucan on immune system and performance in animal nutrition, Erciyes Üniv Veterinary Journal, 5(2):107-119.
• KUMARAN, T., MICHAELBABU, A., SELVARAJ, T., ALBINDHAS, S., CITARASU, T. (2010). Production of anti WSSV IgY edible antibody using herbal immunoadjuvant Asparagus racemosus and its immunological influence against WSSV infection in Penaeus monodon, J. Aquaculture Feed Sci. Nutr, 2(1):1–5.
• KUMARAN, T., THIRUMALAIKUMAR, E., LELIN, C., PALANIKUMAR, P., MICHAELBABU, M., CITARASU, T. (2018). Physicochemical properties of anti Vibrio harveyi egg yolk antibody (IgY) and its immunological influence in Indian white shrimp Fenneropenaeus indicus, Fish Shellfish Immunol., 74:349-362.
• MADSEN, H.C., BUCHMANN, K., MELLERGAARD, S. (2000). Trichodina sp. (Ciliophora: Peritrichida) in eel Anguilla anguilla in recirculation systems in denmark: host-parasite relations, Disease of Aquatic Organisms, 42(2): 149-152.
• MASELLA, R., DI BENEDETTO, R., VARI, R., FILESI, C., GIOVANNINI,C. (2005). Novel mechanisms of natural antioxidant compounds in biological systems: involvement of glutathione and glutathione-related enzymes, J Nutr Biochem,16(10):577–86.
• MIRA, L., FERNANDEZ, M.T., SANTOS, M., ROCHA, R., FLORENCIO, M.H., JENNINGS, K.R. (2002). Interactions of flavonoids with iron and copper ions: a mechanism for their antioxidant activity. Free Radic Res, 36(11):1199 –208.
• NYA, E.J., AUSTIN, B. (2009). Use of garlic, Allium sativum, to control Aeromonas hydrophila ınfection in rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum), Journal of Fish Diseases, 32(11): 963–970.
• PALACIOS, M.E., DABROWSKI, K., ABIADO, M.A.G., LEE, K.J., KOHLER, C.C.(2006). Effect of Diets Formulated with Native Peruvian Plants on Growth and Feeding Efficiency of Red Pacu (Piaractus brachypomus) Juveniles, Journal of the World Aquaculture Society, 37(3): 246-255.
• PARIDA, M.M., PANDYA, G., BHARGAVA, R., JANA, A.M. (1997). Assessment of in vitro antiviral activity of certain indigenous plants against poliovirus type-3. Indian Journal of Virology, 13(2): 101-105.
• PATEL, K.D., PATEL, P.M., PATEL, B.N. (2000). Inhibition of tobacco mosaic virüs infection by some plant extracts, Journal of Mycologyand Plant Pathology, 30(2): 229–230.
• PATIL, R.H.S., KEKUDA, P.R.T., MAKARI, H.K., GURUMURTHY, H. (2007). Invitro antibacterial activity of ethanol extract of Thevetia peruviana, BıoTechnology An Indıan Journal, 2(1):5-7.
• PAUL, B.N., SARKAR, S., MUKHOPADHYAY, P.K., MOHANTY, S.N. (2004). Effect of dietary attractant on feed utilisation and growth of rohu Labeo rohita (Ham.) fry, Animal Nutrition and Feed Technology, 4:145-152.
• RAO, A.R., SUKUMAR, S., PARAMASIVAM, T.V., KAMALAKSHI, S., PARASHURAMAN, A.R., SHANTHA, M. (1969). Study of antiviral activity of tender leaves of Margosa tree (Melia Azadericta) on vacinna and variola virus: a preliminary report, Indian Journal of MedicalResearch, 57(3):495–502.
• RAO, Y.V., DAS, B.K., JYOTYRMAYEE, P., CHAKRABARTI, R. (2006). Effect of Achyranthes aspera on the immunity and survival of Labeo rohita infected with Aeromonas hydrophila, Fish & Shellfish Immunol, 20(3):263-273.
• SAHU, S., DAS, B.K., MISHRA, B.K., PRADHAN, J., SARANGI, N. (2007a). Effect of Allium sativum on the immunity and survival of Labeo rohita infected with Aeromonas hydrophila, J. Appl. Ichthyol., 23(1): 80–86.
• SAHU, S., DAS, B.K., PRADHAN, J., MOHAPATRA, B.C., MISHRA, B.K., SARANGI, N. (2007b). Effect of Magnifera indica kernel as a feed additive on immunity and resistance to Aeromonas hydrophila in Labeo rohita fingerlings, Fish & Shellfish Immunology, 23(1):109-118.
• SCHNITZLER, P., SCHON, K., REICHLING, J. (2001). Antiviral activity of Australian tea tree oil and eucalyptus oil against herpes simplex virus in cell culture, Pharmazie, 56(4):343–347.
• SHALABY, A.M., KHATTAB, Y.A., ABDEL, R.A.M. (2006). Effects of garlic (Allium sativum) and chloramphenicol on growth performance, physiological parameters and survival of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus), Journal of Venomous Animals and Toxins Including Tropical Diseases, 12(2):172-201.
• SUZUKI, K., MISAKA, N., SAKAI, D.K. (2006). Efficacy of green tea extract on removal of the ectoparasitic flagellate Ichthyobodo necator from chum salmon, Oncorhynchus keta, and masu salmon, O. masou, Aquaculture, 259(1-4):17–27.
• THANGAVIJI,V., MICHAELBABU, M., ANAND, S.B., GUNASEKARAN, P., CITARASU, T. (2012). Immunization with the Aeromonas OMP provides protection against Aeromonas hydrophila in goldfish (Carassius auratus), Journal of Microbial & Biochemical Technology, 4(2): 045-049.
• TURAN, F. (2006). Improvement of growth performance in tilapia (Oreochromıs aureus Linnaeus) by supplementatıon of red clover (Trifolium pratense) in diets, The Israeli Journal of Aquaculture, 58(1): 34-38.
• WU, C.C., LIU, C.H., CHANG, Y.P., HSIEH, S.L. (2010). Effects of hot-water extract of Toona sinensis on immune response and resistance to Aeromonas hydrophila in Oreochromis mossambicus, Fish and Shellfish Immunology, 29(2):258–263.
• XIE, J., LIU, B., ZHOU, Q., SU, Y., HE, Y., PAN, L., GE, X., XU, P. (2008). Effects of anthraquinone extract from rhubarb Rheum officinale Bail on the crowding stress response and growth of common carp Cyprinus carpio var. Jian, Aquaculture, 281(1-4): 5–11.
• YAO, J.Y., SHEN J.Y., LI, X.L., XU, Y., HAO, G.J., PAN, X.Y.,WANG, G.X.,YIN,W.L.(2010). Effect of sanguinarine from the leaves of Macleaya cordata against Ichthyophthirius multifiliis in grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella), Parasitology Research, 107(5):1035–1042.
• YIN, G., ARDO, L., JENEY, Z., XU, P., JENEY, G. (2008). Chinese herbs (Lonicera japonica and Ganoderma lucidum) enhance non-specific immune response of tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus, and protection against Aeromonas hydrophila, Diseases in Asian Aquaculture. VI. Fish Health Section, Asian Fisheries Society, Manila, Philippines, pp. 269–282.
• YIN, G., JENEY, G., RACZ, T., XU, P., JUN, X., JENEY, Z. (2006). Effect of two chinese herbs (Astragalus radix and Scutellaria radix) on non-specific immune response of tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus, Aquaculture, 253(1-4):39–47.
• ZHENG, Z.L., TAN, J.Y.W., LIU, H.Y., ZHOU, X.H., XIANG, X., WANG, K.Y. (2009). Evaluation of oregano essential oil (Origanum heracleoticum L.) on growth, antioxidant effect and resistance against Aeromonas hydrophila in Channel Catfish (Ictalurus punctatus), Aquaculture, 292(3-4):214-218.
• ZILBERG, D., TAL, A., FROYMAN, N., ABUTBUL, S., DUDAI, N., GOLAN‐GOLDHIRSH, A. (2010). Dried leaves of Rosmarinus officinalis as a treatment for Streptococcosis in tilapia, Journal of Fish Diseases, 33(4):361-369.