Historical Development of National Human Rights Institutions in the Context of International and Supranational Law

Year 2024, Volume: 28 Issue: 1, 1 - 37, 28.06.2024

İlke Göçmen , Gündüz Alp Aslan

https://doi.org/10.60002/ebyuhfd.1428257

Abstract

National human rights institutions have become increasingly widespread and regulated by international and supranational law. This article examines the historical development of national human rights institutions in the context of rules in international and supranational law, dividing the subject into two periods: before and after the 2000s. In this respect, the United Nations (on a global scale) and the Council of Europe (on a regional scale) are taken as basis in terms of international law, and the European Union (on a regional scale) is taken as basis in terms of supranational law. As a result, it appears that international and supranational law is assuming an increasing role in the historical development of national human rights institutions. More specifically, three trends are observed: (i) National human rights institutions may be compulsorily established in order to give effect to some aspects of international or supranational legal instruments, (ii) although the minimum standards of national human rights institutions are mainly determined by the United Nations, efforts are being made to move them forward by the Council of Europe and the European Union, (iii) the documents that determine these minimum standards are moving from soft law to hard law and therefore towards uniformity.

Keywords

National Human Rights Institutions, United Nations, Paris Principles, Council of Europe, European Union

Uluslararası ve Ulusüstü Hukuk Bağlamında Ulusal İnsan Hakları Kurumlarının Tarihsel Gelişimi

Abstract

Ulusal insan hakları kurumları, bir yandan git gide daha yaygın biçimde görülmeye, diğer yandan uluslararası ve ulusüstü hukuk tarafından git gide daha çok düzenlenmeye başlamıştır. Bu çalışma, ulusal insan hakları kurumlarının tarihsel gelişimini uluslararası ve ulusüstü hukuktaki düzenlemeler bağlamında, 2000’ler öncesi ve sonrası dönem olarak konuyu ikiye ayırarak, incelemektedir. Bu yönden, uluslararası hukuk açısından (küresel çapta) Birleşmiş Milletler ve (bölgesel çapta) Avrupa Konseyi ve ulusüstü hukuk açısından (bölgesel çapta) Avrupa Birliği temel alınmıştır. Sonuç olarak, uluslararası ve ulusüstü hukukun, ulusal insan hakları kurumlarının tarihsel gelişiminde git gide artan bir rol üstlenmekte olduğu görülmektedir. Daha spesifik olarak ise üç eğilim gözlenmektedir: (i) Ulusal insan hakları kurumları, uluslararası veya ulusüstü hukuki belgelere bazı yönlerden etki vermek üzere zorunlu olarak kurdurulabilmektedir, (ii) ulusal insan hakları kurumlarının asgari standartları, temel olarak Birleşmiş Milletler tarafından belirlense de Avrupa Konseyi ve Avrupa Birliği tarafından ileri taşınmaya çalışılmaktadır, (iii) bu asgari standartları belirleyen belgeler, esnek hukuktan bağlayıcı hukuka, dolayısıyla da yeknesaklaşmaya doğru gitmektedir.

Keywords

Ulusal İnsan Hakları Kurumları, Birleşmiş Milletler, Paris İlkeleri, Avrupa Konseyi, Avrupa Birliği

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