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Dünyada ve Türkiye’de Uluslararası Öğrenci Hareketliliğinin Mekânsal Perspektiften İncelenmesi

Year 2022, , 139 - 154, 29.06.2022
https://doi.org/10.51800/ecd.1085090

Abstract

Bu çalışma, günümüz insan hareketliliğinin en önemli bileşenlerinden biri olan uluslararası öğrenci hareketliliği üzerine odaklanmaktadır. UNESCO (2000-2019 yılları arası) ve YÖK (2013-2021 yılları arası) verilerinden hareketle uluslararası öğrencilerin mekânsal dağılışları CBS’de tematik yöntemlerle haritalandırılmıştır. Üretilen bu haritalar betimsel analiz yöntemi ile irdelenmiştir. İlk olarak uluslararası öğrencilerin küresel ölçekteki dağılış durumları ele alınmış daha sonra Türkiye’ye gelen öğrencilerin hangi ülkelerden geldiği ortaya konulmuştur. Bununla birlikte Türkiye’deki uluslararası öğrencilerin kent ve üniversite bazındaki dağılışları da incelendi. Buna göre uluslararası öğrenci hareketliliğini belirleyen temel dinamiklerin ülkelerin, bölgelerin, kentlerin ve üniversitelerin gelişmişlik düzeyleri olduğu belirlendi. Dünya genelinde uluslararası öğrenciler daha çok gelişmiş ülkeleri tercih ederlerken kaynak bölgelerinin ise daha çok az gelişmiş ve gelişmekte olan ülkeler olduğu sonucu ortaya çıktı. Özellikle son yıllarda sayıları hızla artan Türkiye’de ise uluslararası öğrenciler, ülkenin batı, orta-batı bölümünde yer alan kentlerde ve üniversitelerde yoğunluk oluşturmaktadır.

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Project Number

Yok

Thanks

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References

  • Altbach P. G., & Knight, J. (2007). The internationalization of higher education: Motivations and realities. Journal of Studies in International Education, 11(3/4), 290-305. DOI: 10.1177/1028315307303542
  • Altbach, P. G. (1998). Comparative higher education: Knowledge, the university, and development. Hong Kong: Comparative Education Research Centre, The University of Hong Kong.
  • Altbach, P. G. (2002). Knowledge and education as international commodities: The collapse of the common good. International Higher Education, 28, 2-5.
  • Altbach, P. G. (2003). Globalization and the university: Myths and realities in an unequal world. Journal of Educational Planning and Administration, 17(2), 227-247.
  • Altbach, P. G. (2004). Higher education crosses borders. Change, 36(2), 18-24.
  • Andrade, M. S. (2006). International students in English-speaking universities: Adjustment factors. Journal of Research in International Education, 5(2), 131- 154. https://doi.org/10.1177/1475240906065589
  • Arkalı Olcay, G., & Nasır, V. A. (2016). Yükseköğretimde uluslararasılaşma: En çok öğrenci alan ülkeler ve Türkiye perspektifinden 1999-2013 yıllarına bakış. Yükseköğretim ve Bilim Dergisi, 6(3), 288-297.
  • Barber, E. G., & Morgan, R. P. (1987). The impact of foreign graduate students on engineering education in the United States, Science, 236(4797), 33-37.
  • Bergerhoff, J., Borghans, L., Seegers, P.K., & van Veen, T. (2013). International education and economic growth. Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA). Retrieved from: http://ftp.iza.org/dp7354.pdf
  • Bryła, P. (2015). Self-reported effects of and satisfaction with international student mobility: A large-scale survey among Polish former erasmus students. Procedia Social and Behavioral Sciences, 191, 2074-2082.
  • Bryła, P. (2019) International student mobility and subsequent migration: The case of Poland, Studies in Higher Education, 44(8), 1386-1399. doi:10.1080/03075079.2018.1440383
  • Byun, K., & Kim, M. (2011). Shifting patterns of the government’s policies for the internationalization of Korean higher education. Journal of Studies in International Education, 15(5), 467-486.
  • Choudaha, R. (2017) Three waves of international student mobility (1999–2020). Studies in Higher Education, 42(5), 825-832. doi: 10.1080/03075079.2017.1293872
  • Collins, F. L. (2012). Researching mobility and emplacement: Examining transience and transnationality in international student lives. Area, 44(3), 296-304.
  • Donati, P. (2009). Beyond multiculturalism: Recognition through the relational reason. Polish Sociological Review, 166(2), 147-177.
  • Edward, A., Baryla, J. R., & Dotterweich, D. (2001) Student migration: Do significant factors vary by region? Education Economics, 9(3), 269-280. doi: 10.1080/09645290110086135
  • Erken, M. (2021) Türkiye’de uluslararası öğrencilik çalışmaları. İstanbul Üniversitesi Uluslararası Öğrenci Uygulama ve Araştırma Merkezi.
  • Gribble, C. (2008). Policy options for managing international student migration: The sending country’s perspective. Journal of Higher Education Policy and Management, 30(1), 25-39.
  • Hıra, İ. H., & Karaca, K. (Haz.). (2021). Sivil toplum kuruluşları için bir rehber: Türkiye’de uluslararası öğrenciler. Türkiye Gençlik STK’ları Platformu, Ankara.
  • Kapur, D., & Crowley, M. (2008). Beyond the ABCs: Higher education and developing countries. Center for Global Development Working Papers, No. 139. https://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1099934
  • Karakullukçu, A. (2020). Uluslararası öğrenci hareketliliğinin Türkiye’de eğitim ekonomisinin gelişimi üzerine etkisi. Yayınlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi, İstanbul Gelişim Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, İstanbul.
  • King, R., & Raghuram, P. (2013). International student migration: Mapping the field and new research agendas. Population, Space and Place, 19(2), 127-137.
  • Knight, J. (2002). Trade in higher education services: The ımplications of GATS: report. The Observatory on Borderless Higher Education, London.
  • Kondakçı, Y., Çapa Aydın, Y., Oldaç, İ. Y., & Ertem, Y. H. (2017). Türkiye’de uluslararası öğrenci hareketliliği: uluslararası öğrencilerin yaşam doyumları ve yükseköğrenim için Türkiye'yi tercih sebeplerinin modellemesi. Tübitak Projesi (Proje No: 114K721), Ankara.
  • Larsen, K., Martin, J. P., & Morris, R. (2002). Trade in educational services: Trends and emerging issues. World Economy, 25(6), 849-868.
  • Lee, K. H., & Tan, J. P. (1984). The international flow of third level lesser developed country students to developed countries: Determinants and implications. Higher Education, 13(6), 687-707.
  • Levent, F., & Karaevli, Ö. (2013). Uluslararası öğrencilerin eğitimine yönelik politikalar ve Türkiye için öneriler. Eğitim Bilimleri Dergisi, 38, 97-117. doi: 10.15285/EBD.2013385569
  • Li, M., & Bray, M. (2007). Cross-border flows of students for higher education: Push–pull factors and motivations of mainland Chinese students in Hong Kong and Macau. Higher Education, 53(6), 791-818.
  • Mazzarol, T., & Soutar, G. (2002) Push-pull factors influencing international students destination choice. International Journal of Educational Management, 16(2), 82-90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09513540210418403
  • Mazzarol, T., Kemp, S., & Savery, L. K. (Eds.). (1996). International students who choose not to study in Australia: An examination of Taiwan and Indonesia. AEIF Policy, Research and Analysis Section.
  • Naidoo, V. (2006). International education: A tertiary-level industry update. Journal of Research in International Education, 5(3), 323-345.
  • Ortiz, A., Chang, L., & Fang, Y. (2015). International student mobility trends 2015: An economic perspective. World Education News and Reviews, 1. https://ssrn.com/abstract=2571491 adresinden alındı.
  • Özoğlu, M., Gür, B. S., & Coşkun, İ. (2012). Küresel eğilimler ışığında Türkiye’de uluslararası öğrenciler. SETA Yayınları, Ankara.
  • Peterson, D. M., Briggs, P., Dreasher, L., Horner, D. D., & Nelson, T. (1999). Contributions of international students and programs to campus diversity. New Directions for Student Services, 86, 67-77.
  • Raghuram, P. (2013). Theorising the spaces of student migration. Population, Space and Place, 19(2), 138-154. Saleh, A. M. (2020). Türkiye’deki yabancı uyruklu yükseköğrenim öğrencilerinin yaşam memnuniyeti, sosyo-ekonomik ve mesleki problemleri. Yayınlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Selçuk Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Konya.
  • Scott, P. (2000). Globalisation and higher education: Challenges for the 21st century. Journal of Studies in International Education, 4(1), 3-10.
  • Shields, R. (2013). Globalization and ISM: A network analysis. Comparative Education Review, 57(4), 609–636.
  • Soo, K. T., & Elliott, C. (2010). Does price matter? Overseas students in UK higher education. Economics of Education Review, 29, 553–565.
  • Soon, J. J. (2012) Home is where the heart is? Factors determining international students' destination country upon completion of studies abroad. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 38(1), 147-162. doi: 10.1080/1369183X.2012.640026
  • Suter, B., & Jandl, M. (2006). Comparative study on policies towards foreign graduates: Study on admission and retention policies towards foreign students in ındustrialised countries. International Centre of Migration Policy Development, Vienna.
  • Tsuneyoshi, R. (2005). Internationalization strategies in Japan: The dilemmas and possibilities of study abroad programs using English. Journal of Research in International Education, 4(1), 65-86.
  • UNESCO. (2021). UIS.Stat sitesinden alınan uluslararası öğrencilere ilişkin veriler. Kasım 2, 2021 tarihinde UNESCO: http://data.uis.unesco.org/# adresinden alındı
  • Vickers, P., & Bekhradnia, B. (2007). The economic costs and benefits of international students. Higher Education Policy Institute, Oxford.
  • Wilkinson, A., Merwood, P., & Masgoret, A. M. (2010). Life after study: International students’ settlement experiences in New Zealand. Department of Labour, Wellington.
  • World Bank. (2022). Ülkelerin gelir grubuna göre sınıflandırılması. Nisan 15, 2022 tarihinde World Bank: https://datatopics.worldbank.org/world-development-indicators/the-world-by-income-and-region.html adresinden alındı
  • Yıldıran, C., Özkan, D., & Büyükyılmaz, O. (2016). Yabancı uyruklu lisans öğrencilerinin durum analizi: Karabük Üniversitesi. Uluslararası Bilimsel Araştırmalar Dergisi (IBAD), 1(1), 20-34.
  • Yılmaz, G., & Güçlü, N. (2021). Türkiye’de uluslararası öğrenci hareketliliğinin görünümü. Yükseköğretim ve Bilim Dergisi, 11(1), 244-256.
  • YÖK. (2017). Yükseköğretimde uluslararasılaşma strateji belgesi 2018-2022.
  • https://www.yok.gov.tr/Documents/AnaSayfa/Yuksekogretimde_Uluslararasilasma_Strateji_Belgesi_2018_2022.pdf
  • YÖK. (2021). YÖK’ün uluslararası öğrencilere ilişkin verileri. Ekim 26, 2021 tarihinde YÖK: https://istatistik.yok.gov.tr/ adresinden alındı

Investigation of International Student Mobility in the World and Turkey from a Spatial Perspective

Year 2022, , 139 - 154, 29.06.2022
https://doi.org/10.51800/ecd.1085090

Abstract

This study focuses on international student mobility, which is one of the most important components of today's human mobility. Based on the data of UNESCO (between 2000-2019) and The Council of Higher Education (YÖK) (between 2013-2021), the spatial distribution of international students was mapped in GIS using thematic methods. These produced maps were analyzed with the descriptive analysis method. Firstly, the global distribution of international students was discussed. Afterward, it was revealed from which countries the students came to Turkey. In addition, the distribution of international students in Turkey by city and university was also examined. Accordingly, it was determined that the main dynamics that determine international student mobility are the development levels of countries, regions, cities, and universities. While international students prefer more developed countries around the world, the source regions are mostly underdeveloped and developing countries. Especially in Turkey, whose numbers have increased rapidly in recent years, international students are concentrated in the cities and universities located in the western, mid-western part of the country.

Project Number

Yok

References

  • Altbach P. G., & Knight, J. (2007). The internationalization of higher education: Motivations and realities. Journal of Studies in International Education, 11(3/4), 290-305. DOI: 10.1177/1028315307303542
  • Altbach, P. G. (1998). Comparative higher education: Knowledge, the university, and development. Hong Kong: Comparative Education Research Centre, The University of Hong Kong.
  • Altbach, P. G. (2002). Knowledge and education as international commodities: The collapse of the common good. International Higher Education, 28, 2-5.
  • Altbach, P. G. (2003). Globalization and the university: Myths and realities in an unequal world. Journal of Educational Planning and Administration, 17(2), 227-247.
  • Altbach, P. G. (2004). Higher education crosses borders. Change, 36(2), 18-24.
  • Andrade, M. S. (2006). International students in English-speaking universities: Adjustment factors. Journal of Research in International Education, 5(2), 131- 154. https://doi.org/10.1177/1475240906065589
  • Arkalı Olcay, G., & Nasır, V. A. (2016). Yükseköğretimde uluslararasılaşma: En çok öğrenci alan ülkeler ve Türkiye perspektifinden 1999-2013 yıllarına bakış. Yükseköğretim ve Bilim Dergisi, 6(3), 288-297.
  • Barber, E. G., & Morgan, R. P. (1987). The impact of foreign graduate students on engineering education in the United States, Science, 236(4797), 33-37.
  • Bergerhoff, J., Borghans, L., Seegers, P.K., & van Veen, T. (2013). International education and economic growth. Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA). Retrieved from: http://ftp.iza.org/dp7354.pdf
  • Bryła, P. (2015). Self-reported effects of and satisfaction with international student mobility: A large-scale survey among Polish former erasmus students. Procedia Social and Behavioral Sciences, 191, 2074-2082.
  • Bryła, P. (2019) International student mobility and subsequent migration: The case of Poland, Studies in Higher Education, 44(8), 1386-1399. doi:10.1080/03075079.2018.1440383
  • Byun, K., & Kim, M. (2011). Shifting patterns of the government’s policies for the internationalization of Korean higher education. Journal of Studies in International Education, 15(5), 467-486.
  • Choudaha, R. (2017) Three waves of international student mobility (1999–2020). Studies in Higher Education, 42(5), 825-832. doi: 10.1080/03075079.2017.1293872
  • Collins, F. L. (2012). Researching mobility and emplacement: Examining transience and transnationality in international student lives. Area, 44(3), 296-304.
  • Donati, P. (2009). Beyond multiculturalism: Recognition through the relational reason. Polish Sociological Review, 166(2), 147-177.
  • Edward, A., Baryla, J. R., & Dotterweich, D. (2001) Student migration: Do significant factors vary by region? Education Economics, 9(3), 269-280. doi: 10.1080/09645290110086135
  • Erken, M. (2021) Türkiye’de uluslararası öğrencilik çalışmaları. İstanbul Üniversitesi Uluslararası Öğrenci Uygulama ve Araştırma Merkezi.
  • Gribble, C. (2008). Policy options for managing international student migration: The sending country’s perspective. Journal of Higher Education Policy and Management, 30(1), 25-39.
  • Hıra, İ. H., & Karaca, K. (Haz.). (2021). Sivil toplum kuruluşları için bir rehber: Türkiye’de uluslararası öğrenciler. Türkiye Gençlik STK’ları Platformu, Ankara.
  • Kapur, D., & Crowley, M. (2008). Beyond the ABCs: Higher education and developing countries. Center for Global Development Working Papers, No. 139. https://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1099934
  • Karakullukçu, A. (2020). Uluslararası öğrenci hareketliliğinin Türkiye’de eğitim ekonomisinin gelişimi üzerine etkisi. Yayınlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi, İstanbul Gelişim Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, İstanbul.
  • King, R., & Raghuram, P. (2013). International student migration: Mapping the field and new research agendas. Population, Space and Place, 19(2), 127-137.
  • Knight, J. (2002). Trade in higher education services: The ımplications of GATS: report. The Observatory on Borderless Higher Education, London.
  • Kondakçı, Y., Çapa Aydın, Y., Oldaç, İ. Y., & Ertem, Y. H. (2017). Türkiye’de uluslararası öğrenci hareketliliği: uluslararası öğrencilerin yaşam doyumları ve yükseköğrenim için Türkiye'yi tercih sebeplerinin modellemesi. Tübitak Projesi (Proje No: 114K721), Ankara.
  • Larsen, K., Martin, J. P., & Morris, R. (2002). Trade in educational services: Trends and emerging issues. World Economy, 25(6), 849-868.
  • Lee, K. H., & Tan, J. P. (1984). The international flow of third level lesser developed country students to developed countries: Determinants and implications. Higher Education, 13(6), 687-707.
  • Levent, F., & Karaevli, Ö. (2013). Uluslararası öğrencilerin eğitimine yönelik politikalar ve Türkiye için öneriler. Eğitim Bilimleri Dergisi, 38, 97-117. doi: 10.15285/EBD.2013385569
  • Li, M., & Bray, M. (2007). Cross-border flows of students for higher education: Push–pull factors and motivations of mainland Chinese students in Hong Kong and Macau. Higher Education, 53(6), 791-818.
  • Mazzarol, T., & Soutar, G. (2002) Push-pull factors influencing international students destination choice. International Journal of Educational Management, 16(2), 82-90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09513540210418403
  • Mazzarol, T., Kemp, S., & Savery, L. K. (Eds.). (1996). International students who choose not to study in Australia: An examination of Taiwan and Indonesia. AEIF Policy, Research and Analysis Section.
  • Naidoo, V. (2006). International education: A tertiary-level industry update. Journal of Research in International Education, 5(3), 323-345.
  • Ortiz, A., Chang, L., & Fang, Y. (2015). International student mobility trends 2015: An economic perspective. World Education News and Reviews, 1. https://ssrn.com/abstract=2571491 adresinden alındı.
  • Özoğlu, M., Gür, B. S., & Coşkun, İ. (2012). Küresel eğilimler ışığında Türkiye’de uluslararası öğrenciler. SETA Yayınları, Ankara.
  • Peterson, D. M., Briggs, P., Dreasher, L., Horner, D. D., & Nelson, T. (1999). Contributions of international students and programs to campus diversity. New Directions for Student Services, 86, 67-77.
  • Raghuram, P. (2013). Theorising the spaces of student migration. Population, Space and Place, 19(2), 138-154. Saleh, A. M. (2020). Türkiye’deki yabancı uyruklu yükseköğrenim öğrencilerinin yaşam memnuniyeti, sosyo-ekonomik ve mesleki problemleri. Yayınlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Selçuk Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Konya.
  • Scott, P. (2000). Globalisation and higher education: Challenges for the 21st century. Journal of Studies in International Education, 4(1), 3-10.
  • Shields, R. (2013). Globalization and ISM: A network analysis. Comparative Education Review, 57(4), 609–636.
  • Soo, K. T., & Elliott, C. (2010). Does price matter? Overseas students in UK higher education. Economics of Education Review, 29, 553–565.
  • Soon, J. J. (2012) Home is where the heart is? Factors determining international students' destination country upon completion of studies abroad. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 38(1), 147-162. doi: 10.1080/1369183X.2012.640026
  • Suter, B., & Jandl, M. (2006). Comparative study on policies towards foreign graduates: Study on admission and retention policies towards foreign students in ındustrialised countries. International Centre of Migration Policy Development, Vienna.
  • Tsuneyoshi, R. (2005). Internationalization strategies in Japan: The dilemmas and possibilities of study abroad programs using English. Journal of Research in International Education, 4(1), 65-86.
  • UNESCO. (2021). UIS.Stat sitesinden alınan uluslararası öğrencilere ilişkin veriler. Kasım 2, 2021 tarihinde UNESCO: http://data.uis.unesco.org/# adresinden alındı
  • Vickers, P., & Bekhradnia, B. (2007). The economic costs and benefits of international students. Higher Education Policy Institute, Oxford.
  • Wilkinson, A., Merwood, P., & Masgoret, A. M. (2010). Life after study: International students’ settlement experiences in New Zealand. Department of Labour, Wellington.
  • World Bank. (2022). Ülkelerin gelir grubuna göre sınıflandırılması. Nisan 15, 2022 tarihinde World Bank: https://datatopics.worldbank.org/world-development-indicators/the-world-by-income-and-region.html adresinden alındı
  • Yıldıran, C., Özkan, D., & Büyükyılmaz, O. (2016). Yabancı uyruklu lisans öğrencilerinin durum analizi: Karabük Üniversitesi. Uluslararası Bilimsel Araştırmalar Dergisi (IBAD), 1(1), 20-34.
  • Yılmaz, G., & Güçlü, N. (2021). Türkiye’de uluslararası öğrenci hareketliliğinin görünümü. Yükseköğretim ve Bilim Dergisi, 11(1), 244-256.
  • YÖK. (2017). Yükseköğretimde uluslararasılaşma strateji belgesi 2018-2022.
  • https://www.yok.gov.tr/Documents/AnaSayfa/Yuksekogretimde_Uluslararasilasma_Strateji_Belgesi_2018_2022.pdf
  • YÖK. (2021). YÖK’ün uluslararası öğrencilere ilişkin verileri. Ekim 26, 2021 tarihinde YÖK: https://istatistik.yok.gov.tr/ adresinden alındı
There are 50 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Human Geography
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Mehmet Kadri Tekin 0000-0002-0667-6648

Project Number Yok
Publication Date June 29, 2022
Submission Date March 9, 2022
Acceptance Date June 1, 2022
Published in Issue Year 2022

Cite

APA Tekin, M. K. (2022). Dünyada ve Türkiye’de Uluslararası Öğrenci Hareketliliğinin Mekânsal Perspektiften İncelenmesi. Ege Coğrafya Dergisi, 31(1), 139-154. https://doi.org/10.51800/ecd.1085090