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Amerikan Merkez Bankası FED’in Para Politikası Araçları ve Bağımsızlığı

Year 2020, , 421 - 447, 30.12.2020
https://doi.org/10.35342/econder.665074

Abstract

Fed ’in fiyat istikrarını sağlamak ve istihdamı artırmak gibi iki temel görevi bulunmaktadır. Fed, söz konusu hedeflerine ulaşmak için açık piyasa işlemleri, rezerv faizleri, iskonto oranı ve rezervlere faiz ödenmesi olmak üzere dört farklı para politikası aracı uygulamaktadır. Fed ’in bağımsızlığı mutlak anlamda olmayıp bu bağımsızlık, Başkan ve Kongre arasındaki işbirliğine dayanmaktadır. Fed’ in bağımsızlığının hukuki, mali, federal sistem ve kamuoyu olmak üzere dört kaynağı vardır. Fed’ in para politikası araçları zaman zaman tartışma konusu olmuş ve Fed ile ABD başkanı ve Kongre arasında görüş ayrılıkları yaşanmıştır. Fed ’in bağımsızlığını savunanlar, Fed’ in popülerlikten uzak, uzun vadeli politikalar uygulayacağını savunurken; karşı çıkanlar ise Fed ’in seçimle gelmemiş olmasını anti demokratik olarak nitelendirmiş ve bu durumu anayasaya aykırı bulmuştur.

References

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  • Afsar B. (2006), Seçilmiş Dünya Merkez Bankalarına Örnekler (ABD Merkez Bankası-Almanya Merkez Bankası-İngiltere Merkez Bankası İtalya Merkez Bankası-Fransa Merkez Bankası- Japonya Merkez Bankası Hollanda Merkez Bankası, Konya Ticaret Odası Etüt-Araştırma Servisi, http://docplayer.biz.tr/1430718-Arastirma-raporu-konya-ticaret-odasi-etud-arastirma-servisi-tarih-01-02-2006.html (18.07.2019)
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  • Aldrich, P., “American History from Revoluaiton to Reconstruction and Beyond”, http://www.let.rug.nl/usa/essays/general/a-brief-history-of-central-banking/aldrich-plan-(1910).php., (21.09.2019).
  • Barria, C., (2019), https://theconversation.com. https://theconversation.com/why-federal-reserve-independence-matters-119215: https://theconversation.com/why-federal-reserve-independenc e-matters-119215 (15.07.2019).
  • Buffie, E. F., Airaudo ve M., Zanna, F. (2018), “Inflation targeting and exchange rate management in less developed countries”. Journal of International Money and Finance. Vol. 81. ss. 159-184. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0261560617301900 / 10/09/2018 (06.06.2019)
  • Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System. (2019), Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System: https://www.federalreserve.gov/monetarypolicy/bsd-monetary-policy-tools-201808.htm (26.07.2019)
  • Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System. (2019). Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System: https://www.federalreserve.gov/aboutthefed/structure-federal-reserve system.htm (26.09.2019)
  • Board Of Governors of the Federal Reserve System. (2019). https://www.federalres erv e.gov/aboutthefed/structure-federal-reserve-system.htm (15.08.2019)
  • Board Of Governors of the Federal Reserve System. (2019), Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System: https://www.federalreserve.gov/monetarypolicy/fomc. (05.08.2019)
  • Bull, A. (2019),https://www.bloomberg.com, https://www.bloomb erg.com/news/articles/2019-06-19/powell-says-he-plans-to-serve-full-fed-term-amid-trump-pressure (02.10.2019)
  • Conti-Brown, P. (2015), The Institutions of Federal Reserve Independence, Yale Journal on Regulation (2), 257-310.
  • Durmuş, M. (2016), Merkez Bankası Bağımsızlığı”, Para ve Faiz: Kapitalizmde Finansın Ekonomi Politiği, Artvin Çoruh Üniversitesi Uluslararası Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi (3), 22-61.
  • Cengiz, V. (2019), Merkez Bankalarının İletişimi ve Para Politikası: Avrupa Merkez Bankası Örneği, Balkan Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 8(15), 53-59.
  • Central Banking İn USA, (2019), “American History from Revoluaiton to Reconstruction and Beyond”, http://www.let.rug.nl/usa/essays/general/a-brief-history-of-central-banking/central-banking-in-the-united-states.php, (23.09.2014).
  • Dedola, L., Rivolta, G., Stracca, L. (2017), “If the Fed sneezes, who catches a cold?”. Journal of International Economics. Vol. 108. ss. 23-41. https://www.sciencedire ct.com/scien ce/article/pii /S0022199617300041/ (10/09/2018)
  • Eğilmez, M., Kumcu, E. (2006), Ekonomi Politikası Teori ve Türkiye Uygulaması, Remzi Kitabevi, İstanbul.
  • Eğilmez, M. ve Kumcu, E. (2010), Ekonomi Politikası Teori Ve Türkiye Uygulaması, Remzi Kitabevi, İstanbul
  • Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis. Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis: https://www.stlouisfed.org/in-plain-english/how-monetary-policy-works, (17, 09 2019).
  • Federal Reserve Bank of New York. Federal Resrve Bank of New York: https://www.newyorkfed.org/markets/international-market-operations/central-bank-swap-arrangements (12.09.2019)
  • Referans21 Yılmaz. G ve Alganer, Y, (2014), Amerikan Merkez Bankası (Fed)’nın Oluşumu, Tarihsel Seyri, İşleyişi ve Küresel Etkinliği, Finans Politik & Ekonomik Yorumlar dergisi 2014 Cilt: 51 Sayı: 595
  • Referans22 FED, 2019a, Purposes & Functions https://www.federalreserve.gov/aboutthefed/pf.htm (25.09.2019)
  • Referans23 FED, 2019b, Conducting Monetary Policy, https://www.federalreserve.gov/aboutthefed /files/pf_3.pdf (25. 09.2019)
  • Referans24 FED, 2019c, Structure of the Federal Reserve System, https://www.federalreserve.gov/aboutthefed/structure-federal-reserve-board.htm (24.09.2019)
  • Referans25 FED, 2019d, Structure of the Federal Reserve System, https://www.federalr eserve.gov/aboutthefed/structure-federal-open-market-committee.htm (25.09.2019)
  • Referans26 Garriga, Ana Carolina. 2016, "Central Bank Independence in the World: A New Data Set." International Interactions 42 (5): 849-868
  • Referans27 Hixson, W. F., (1993), Triumph of the Bankers: Money and Banking in the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries,: Praeger, London.
  • Referans28 John Pierpont Morgan; “Famous Financer”, 2014, http:// www.biography.com/people/jp-morgan-9414735#synopsis (24.09.2019).
  • Referans29 Heakal, R. (2018), “Forces Behind Interest Rates”. Investopedia, https://www.investopedia.com/insights/forces-behind-interest-rates/ (07/10/2018)
  • Referans30 Iacoviello, M., Navarro, G. (2018). “Foreign Effects of Higher U.S. Interest Rates. FED. Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System” . Federal Reserve s. 1-39 (Çevrimiçi), https://www.federalreserve.gov/econres/ifdp/files/ifdp1237.pdf / (10/08/2018) Investopedia: https://www.investopedia.com/articles/inv esting/041515/why-federal-reserve-independent.asp adresinden alındı (17.08.2019)
  • Referans31 Lijphart, A. (2016), Demokrasi Modelleri Otuzaltı Ülkede Yönetim Biçimleri ve Performansları, (Çev. Ayas G., Bulsun U. U.,) İthaki Yayınları, İstanbul.
  • Referans32 Lewis, D. J., Makridis, C., ve Mertens, K. (2019), Do Monetary Policy Announcements Shift Household Expectations? Federal Reserve Bank of New York. New York: Federal Reserve Bank of New York Staff Reports, no. 897. 09 20, 2019 tarihinde https://www.newyorkfed.org/medialibrary/media/research/staff_reports/sr897.pdf (05.09.2019)
  • Referans33 McBride, J., ve Chatzky, A., The Role of the U.S. Federal Reserve, The Role of the U.S. Federal Reserve: https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/role-us-federal-reserve (15.08.2019)
  • Referans34 Öztürk, S., & Pınar, E. F. (2012), Merkez Bankacılığnda Bağımsızlık, Şeffaflık ve Hesap verilebilirlik Açısından Üç Merkez Bankası: Fed, Ecb, Tcmb. KAÜ İİBF Dergisi, 3(4), 70-88.
  • Referans35 TCMB, Türkiye Cumhuriyet Merkez Bankası: http://www.tcmb.gov.t r/wps/wcm/connect/TR/TCMB+TR/Main+Menu/Temel+Faaliyetler/Piyasalar/Acik+Piyasa+Islemleri/ (09.08.2019)
  • Referans36 TCMB, Türkiye Cumhuriyet Merkez Bankası: https://www.tcmb.gov.tr /wps/wcm/conn ect/2d9f2c1d-18eb-4124-8fd9a4ea189a24ad/100+Soru da+TCMB+web.pdf?MO D=AJPERES&CACHEID=ROOTW ORKSPACE-2d9f2c1d-18eb-4124-8fd9-a4ea189a24ad-mR8fxaz (10.08.2019)
  • Referans37 Tatlıyer, M. (2018), Siyasileşen Finans ve Finansallaşan Siyaset Ekseninde Finansal Spekülesyonlar, SETA yayınları, İstanbul.
  • Referans38 Timberlake, B. R., (2019), The Library of Economics and Liberty, The Library of Economics and Liberty: https://www.econlib.org/library/Enc/FederalReserveSystem. (15.08.2019)
  • Referans39 Valton, J. (2019), www.investopedia.com. www.investopedia.com: https://www.investoped ia.com/ask/answers/082115/why-do-some-people-claim-federal-reserve-unconstitutional.asp (09.09.2019)
  • Referans40 Önder, T. (2015), Para Politikası: Araçları, Amaçları ve Türkiye Uygulaması, Uzmanlık Yeterlilik Tezi, Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Merkez Bankası Genel müdürlüğü, Ankara.
  • Referans41 Phalle Thibaut de Saint, The Federal Reserve: An Intentional Mystery, New York: Praeger, 1985
  • Referans42 Turna, F. (2014), Geçmişten Günümüze Merkez Bankaları ve Modern Merkez Bankacılığının Bir Örneği: Avrupa Merkez Bankası, Journal of life economics, 1(1), 41-56.
  • Referans43 Yazıcı, M. (2013), Bankacılığa Giriş, Beta Yayınları, 2.baskı, İstanbul.

American Central Bank FED’s Monetary Policy Tools and Independence

Year 2020, , 421 - 447, 30.12.2020
https://doi.org/10.35342/econder.665074

Abstract

The Fed has two main tasks, such as ensuring price stability and increasing employment. To achieve these targets, the Fed implements four different monetary policy instruments: open market operations, reserve interest rates, discount rate and payment of interest to reserves. The Fed's independence is not absolute, but it is based on mutual cooperation between the President and Congress. The Fed's independence has four sources: legal, financial, federal and public. The Fed's monetary policy instruments have been the subject of controversy from time to time and there have been differences of opinion between the Fed and the US president or Congress. Those defending the independence of the Fed argue that, contrary to political authority, the Fed will implement long-term policies that are far from popular; and those who objected to the fact that the Fed did not come to the polls as anti-democratic and dictated the decisions to the public as unconstitutional.

References

  • Acemoglu D. Johnson S ve Diğerleri, 2008. "When Does Policy Reform Work? The Case of Central Bank Independence," Brookings Papers on Economic Activity, Economic Studies Program, The Brookings Institution, vol. 39(1 (Spring), pages 351-429.Acharya, V. V. (2018), On the Importance of Independent Regulatory Institutions–The Case of the Central Bank, Current Statistics 67, 21.
  • Afsar B. (2006), Seçilmiş Dünya Merkez Bankalarına Örnekler (ABD Merkez Bankası-Almanya Merkez Bankası-İngiltere Merkez Bankası İtalya Merkez Bankası-Fransa Merkez Bankası- Japonya Merkez Bankası Hollanda Merkez Bankası, Konya Ticaret Odası Etüt-Araştırma Servisi, http://docplayer.biz.tr/1430718-Arastirma-raporu-konya-ticaret-odasi-etud-arastirma-servisi-tarih-01-02-2006.html (18.07.2019)
  • Akyazı, H. (2001), T.C. Merkez Bankası ile Federal Rezerv Sisteminin (FED) Karşılaştırması, bankacılar dergisi sayı: 36. https://www.tbb.org.tr/Dosyalar/Arastirm a_ve_Raporlar/HaydarAkyazis.3_Mart2001.doc (29.05.2019).
  • Aldrich, P., “American History from Revoluaiton to Reconstruction and Beyond”, http://www.let.rug.nl/usa/essays/general/a-brief-history-of-central-banking/aldrich-plan-(1910).php., (21.09.2019).
  • Barria, C., (2019), https://theconversation.com. https://theconversation.com/why-federal-reserve-independence-matters-119215: https://theconversation.com/why-federal-reserve-independenc e-matters-119215 (15.07.2019).
  • Buffie, E. F., Airaudo ve M., Zanna, F. (2018), “Inflation targeting and exchange rate management in less developed countries”. Journal of International Money and Finance. Vol. 81. ss. 159-184. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0261560617301900 / 10/09/2018 (06.06.2019)
  • Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System. (2019), Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System: https://www.federalreserve.gov/monetarypolicy/bsd-monetary-policy-tools-201808.htm (26.07.2019)
  • Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System. (2019). Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System: https://www.federalreserve.gov/aboutthefed/structure-federal-reserve system.htm (26.09.2019)
  • Board Of Governors of the Federal Reserve System. (2019). https://www.federalres erv e.gov/aboutthefed/structure-federal-reserve-system.htm (15.08.2019)
  • Board Of Governors of the Federal Reserve System. (2019), Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System: https://www.federalreserve.gov/monetarypolicy/fomc. (05.08.2019)
  • Bull, A. (2019),https://www.bloomberg.com, https://www.bloomb erg.com/news/articles/2019-06-19/powell-says-he-plans-to-serve-full-fed-term-amid-trump-pressure (02.10.2019)
  • Conti-Brown, P. (2015), The Institutions of Federal Reserve Independence, Yale Journal on Regulation (2), 257-310.
  • Durmuş, M. (2016), Merkez Bankası Bağımsızlığı”, Para ve Faiz: Kapitalizmde Finansın Ekonomi Politiği, Artvin Çoruh Üniversitesi Uluslararası Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi (3), 22-61.
  • Cengiz, V. (2019), Merkez Bankalarının İletişimi ve Para Politikası: Avrupa Merkez Bankası Örneği, Balkan Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 8(15), 53-59.
  • Central Banking İn USA, (2019), “American History from Revoluaiton to Reconstruction and Beyond”, http://www.let.rug.nl/usa/essays/general/a-brief-history-of-central-banking/central-banking-in-the-united-states.php, (23.09.2014).
  • Dedola, L., Rivolta, G., Stracca, L. (2017), “If the Fed sneezes, who catches a cold?”. Journal of International Economics. Vol. 108. ss. 23-41. https://www.sciencedire ct.com/scien ce/article/pii /S0022199617300041/ (10/09/2018)
  • Eğilmez, M., Kumcu, E. (2006), Ekonomi Politikası Teori ve Türkiye Uygulaması, Remzi Kitabevi, İstanbul.
  • Eğilmez, M. ve Kumcu, E. (2010), Ekonomi Politikası Teori Ve Türkiye Uygulaması, Remzi Kitabevi, İstanbul
  • Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis. Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis: https://www.stlouisfed.org/in-plain-english/how-monetary-policy-works, (17, 09 2019).
  • Federal Reserve Bank of New York. Federal Resrve Bank of New York: https://www.newyorkfed.org/markets/international-market-operations/central-bank-swap-arrangements (12.09.2019)
  • Referans21 Yılmaz. G ve Alganer, Y, (2014), Amerikan Merkez Bankası (Fed)’nın Oluşumu, Tarihsel Seyri, İşleyişi ve Küresel Etkinliği, Finans Politik & Ekonomik Yorumlar dergisi 2014 Cilt: 51 Sayı: 595
  • Referans22 FED, 2019a, Purposes & Functions https://www.federalreserve.gov/aboutthefed/pf.htm (25.09.2019)
  • Referans23 FED, 2019b, Conducting Monetary Policy, https://www.federalreserve.gov/aboutthefed /files/pf_3.pdf (25. 09.2019)
  • Referans24 FED, 2019c, Structure of the Federal Reserve System, https://www.federalreserve.gov/aboutthefed/structure-federal-reserve-board.htm (24.09.2019)
  • Referans25 FED, 2019d, Structure of the Federal Reserve System, https://www.federalr eserve.gov/aboutthefed/structure-federal-open-market-committee.htm (25.09.2019)
  • Referans26 Garriga, Ana Carolina. 2016, "Central Bank Independence in the World: A New Data Set." International Interactions 42 (5): 849-868
  • Referans27 Hixson, W. F., (1993), Triumph of the Bankers: Money and Banking in the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries,: Praeger, London.
  • Referans28 John Pierpont Morgan; “Famous Financer”, 2014, http:// www.biography.com/people/jp-morgan-9414735#synopsis (24.09.2019).
  • Referans29 Heakal, R. (2018), “Forces Behind Interest Rates”. Investopedia, https://www.investopedia.com/insights/forces-behind-interest-rates/ (07/10/2018)
  • Referans30 Iacoviello, M., Navarro, G. (2018). “Foreign Effects of Higher U.S. Interest Rates. FED. Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System” . Federal Reserve s. 1-39 (Çevrimiçi), https://www.federalreserve.gov/econres/ifdp/files/ifdp1237.pdf / (10/08/2018) Investopedia: https://www.investopedia.com/articles/inv esting/041515/why-federal-reserve-independent.asp adresinden alındı (17.08.2019)
  • Referans31 Lijphart, A. (2016), Demokrasi Modelleri Otuzaltı Ülkede Yönetim Biçimleri ve Performansları, (Çev. Ayas G., Bulsun U. U.,) İthaki Yayınları, İstanbul.
  • Referans32 Lewis, D. J., Makridis, C., ve Mertens, K. (2019), Do Monetary Policy Announcements Shift Household Expectations? Federal Reserve Bank of New York. New York: Federal Reserve Bank of New York Staff Reports, no. 897. 09 20, 2019 tarihinde https://www.newyorkfed.org/medialibrary/media/research/staff_reports/sr897.pdf (05.09.2019)
  • Referans33 McBride, J., ve Chatzky, A., The Role of the U.S. Federal Reserve, The Role of the U.S. Federal Reserve: https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/role-us-federal-reserve (15.08.2019)
  • Referans34 Öztürk, S., & Pınar, E. F. (2012), Merkez Bankacılığnda Bağımsızlık, Şeffaflık ve Hesap verilebilirlik Açısından Üç Merkez Bankası: Fed, Ecb, Tcmb. KAÜ İİBF Dergisi, 3(4), 70-88.
  • Referans35 TCMB, Türkiye Cumhuriyet Merkez Bankası: http://www.tcmb.gov.t r/wps/wcm/connect/TR/TCMB+TR/Main+Menu/Temel+Faaliyetler/Piyasalar/Acik+Piyasa+Islemleri/ (09.08.2019)
  • Referans36 TCMB, Türkiye Cumhuriyet Merkez Bankası: https://www.tcmb.gov.tr /wps/wcm/conn ect/2d9f2c1d-18eb-4124-8fd9a4ea189a24ad/100+Soru da+TCMB+web.pdf?MO D=AJPERES&CACHEID=ROOTW ORKSPACE-2d9f2c1d-18eb-4124-8fd9-a4ea189a24ad-mR8fxaz (10.08.2019)
  • Referans37 Tatlıyer, M. (2018), Siyasileşen Finans ve Finansallaşan Siyaset Ekseninde Finansal Spekülesyonlar, SETA yayınları, İstanbul.
  • Referans38 Timberlake, B. R., (2019), The Library of Economics and Liberty, The Library of Economics and Liberty: https://www.econlib.org/library/Enc/FederalReserveSystem. (15.08.2019)
  • Referans39 Valton, J. (2019), www.investopedia.com. www.investopedia.com: https://www.investoped ia.com/ask/answers/082115/why-do-some-people-claim-federal-reserve-unconstitutional.asp (09.09.2019)
  • Referans40 Önder, T. (2015), Para Politikası: Araçları, Amaçları ve Türkiye Uygulaması, Uzmanlık Yeterlilik Tezi, Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Merkez Bankası Genel müdürlüğü, Ankara.
  • Referans41 Phalle Thibaut de Saint, The Federal Reserve: An Intentional Mystery, New York: Praeger, 1985
  • Referans42 Turna, F. (2014), Geçmişten Günümüze Merkez Bankaları ve Modern Merkez Bankacılığının Bir Örneği: Avrupa Merkez Bankası, Journal of life economics, 1(1), 41-56.
  • Referans43 Yazıcı, M. (2013), Bankacılığa Giriş, Beta Yayınları, 2.baskı, İstanbul.
There are 43 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Business Administration
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Ayhan Koç 0000-0003-0326-3204

Samet Gürsoy 0000-0003-1020-7438

Publication Date December 30, 2020
Published in Issue Year 2020

Cite

APA Koç, A., & Gürsoy, S. (2020). Amerikan Merkez Bankası FED’in Para Politikası Araçları ve Bağımsızlığı. Econder Uluslararası Akademik Dergi, 4(2), 421-447. https://doi.org/10.35342/econder.665074

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