Research Article
BibTex RIS Cite

NEW DATA ON THE BRONZE AGE/IRON AGE TRANSITION IN OLD SMYRNA

Year 2024, Volume: 1 Issue: 32, 67 - 84, 30.04.2024
https://doi.org/10.51493/egearkeoloji.1400435

Abstract

Smyrna, one of the few centers in Western Anatolia with continuous layers from the Bronze Age to the end of the Classical Period, holds significant importance due to its ability to reflect the traces of cultural change in Western Anatolia. The city, which witnessed settlement in the Early Bronze Age, entered a cultural transformation process with the arrival of Hellenic communities in the late 11th-early 10th century BC. During his excavations conducted between 1948 and 1951, Akurgal observed this change and identified a new layer in Old Smyrna, which he referred to as the "Aeol Settlement," representing the end of the Bronze Age and the beginning of the Iron Age. Resurveyed in 2017, the Late Bronze Age-Early Iron Age cultural layers in Trench S-XVI confirmed the existence of a level as reported by Akurgal, but also showed that it had a different character than the one reported. Based on the research carried out in Trench S-XVI in 2017-18, this study aims to describe the cultural change during the transition from the Bronze Age to the Iron Age in Old Smyrna.

References

  • Ainian vd. 2020: A.M. Ainian, I.S. Lemos, V. Vlachou, Ανασκαφές Ωρωπού Πρωτογεωμετρική-Υποπρωτογεωμετρική Περίοδος (10ος – 9ος αι. π.Χ.), Πανεπιστημιακές Εκδόσεις Θεσσαλίας, Βολοσ.
  • Akurgal 1950: E. Akurgal, “Bayraklı Kazısı Ön Rapor”, Ankara Üniversitesi Dil ve Tarih-Coğrafya Fakültesi Dergisi, VIII/1, 1-97.
  • Akurgal 1997: E. Akurgal, Eski İzmir I Yerleşme Katları ve Athena Tapınağı, Ankara.
  • Allen, 1993: A. Allen, The Fragments of Mımnermus Text and Commentary, Franz Steiner Verlag, Stuttgart.
  • Aslan 2009: C. Aslan, “End or Beginning? The Late Bronze Age to Early Iron Age Transformation at Troia”, Forces of Transformation The End of the Bronze Age in the Mediterranean, St. John’s College, University of Oxford, 25–6th March 2006, 144-151.
  • Aslan vd. 2014: C. Aslan, L. Kealhofer, P. Grave, “The Early Iron Age at Troy Reconsidered”, Oxford Journal of Archaeology, Vol.33/3, 275-310.
  • Aslan 2019: C. Aslan, “The West Sanctuary at Troy in the Protogeometric, Geometric and Archaic Periods” in The West Sanctuary I: Iron Age-Classical (eds. C. Aslan, K. Lynch, M. Lawall), Studia Troica 10, 28-421.
  • Aykurt 1999: A. Aykurt, Panaztepe Gri Minyas Seramiği (Yayınlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi), Hacettepe Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Ankara.
  • Aykurt 2020: A. Aykurt, Liman Tepe I: Orta Tunç Çağı Seramiği ve Küçük Buluntuları / Middle Bronze Age Ceramics and Small Finds, Ankara.
  • Bayne 2000: N. Bayne, The Grey Wares of North-West Anatolia in the Middle and Late Bronze Age and the Early Iron Age and Their Relation to the Early Greek Settlements, Bonn.
  • Bayne ve Spencer 2007: N. Bayne ve N. Spencer, “The Ceramics of the Northeast Aegean Region from the Middle Bronze Age to the Early Iron Age”, The Madra River Delta: Regional Studies on the Aegean Coast of Turkey 1, Ankara, 79-89.
  • Blegen 1921: C. W. Blegen, Korakou a Prehistoric Settlement near Corinth, Boston and New York.
  • Blegen vd. 1953: C.W. Blegen, J.L. Caskey, M. Rawson, Troy III: The Sixth Settlement, Princeton.
  • Blegen vd. 1958: C.W. Blegen, C.G. Boulter, J.L. Caskey, M. Rawson, Troy vol. IV. Settlements VIIa, VIIb and VIII, Princeton.
  • Boehlau ve Schefold 1942: J. Boehlau ve K. Schefold, Larisa am Hermos. Die Ergebnisse der Ausgrabungen 1902-1934, Berlin.
  • Brann 1961: E. Brann, “Protoattic Well Groups form the Athenian Agora”, Hesperia, Vol.30/4, 305-379.
  • Colelli 2021a: C. Colelli, Studi su Kyme eolica VII. Kyme Eolica al Tempo di Esiodo Gli Scavi Nell’area Centrale Della Citta, Laruffa Editore, Calabria.
  • Colelli 2021b: C. Colelli, “Piccoli Dischi in Ceramica o Pietra da Kyme Eolica. Sprazzi di Vita Quotidiana nel Mondo Greco in eta Geometrica e Arcaia”, Thiasos. Rivista di Archeologia e Architettura Antica, 3-25.
  • Cook 1952: J. M. Cook, “Archaeology in Greece”, The Journal of Hellenic Studies, Vol.72, 92-112.
  • Cook 1958/59: J. M. Cook, “Old Smyrna, 1948-1951”, The Annual of the British School at Athens, Vol.53/54, 1-34.
  • Çınardalı-Karaaslan 2008: N. Çınardalı-Karaaslan, “Recent Investigations at Panaztepe Harbour Town Panaztepe Liman Kentte Yapılan Son Çalışmalar”, Batı ve Doğu Akdeniz Geç Tunç Çağı Kültürleri Üzerine Yeni Araştırmalar (ed. Erkanal, A.Ö., Günel, S., Deniz, U.), 24.04.2007- 25.04.2007, Ankara, 59-68.
  • Dakoronia ve Kounouklas 2015: F. Dakoronia ve P. Kounouklas, “Fishing Technology: The Kynos Contribution”, Ein Mioner im Exil. Festschrift für Wolf-Dietrich Niemeier (ed. Panagiotopoulos, D., Kaiser, I., Koukla, O.), Bonn, 35-50.
  • Danile 2015: L. Danile, “The Indigenous Culture of Hephaestia (Lemnos) at the Beginning of the Iron Age”, Nostoi. Indigenous Culture”, Migration, Integration in the Aegean Island, Western Anatolia During the Late Bronze Age Early Iron Ages (ed. Stampolidis, N., Maner, Ç., Koanias, K.), Koç University Press, İstanbul, 441-461.
  • Deger-Jalkotzy 1977: S. Deger-Jalkotzy, Fremde Zuwanderer im Spätmykenischen Griechenland. Zu einer Gruppe handgemachter Keramik aus Myk. III C Siedlungsschichten von Aigeira, Wien.
  • D’Onofrio 2007: A.M. D’Onofrio, “Tallies, Tokens & Counters: An Introduction”, Tallies, Tokens & Counters from the Mediterranean to India (ed. D’Onofrio, A.M.), Università degli Studi di Napoli, Napoli, 1-7.
  • Erdem 2016a: A.Ü. Erdem, “2015 Yılı Bayraklı Höyük Kazıları: Tunç Çağı Çalışmalarına Dair Ön Rapor”, Arkeoloji Dergisi, Sayı 21, 1-9.
  • Erdem 2016b: A.Ü. Erdem, “Bayraklı/Smyrna Makaraları ve Ege Arkeolojisindeki Yeri”, TÜBA-AR, Sayı 19, 69-77.
  • Erdem 2017: A.Ü. Erdem, “İzmir Bayraklı Höyüğü 2015 Yılı Tunç Çağ Çalışmaları”, 38. Kazı Sonuçları Toplantısı, Cilt: 2, 417-426.
  • Erdem 2021: A.Ü. Erdem, “İzmir-Bayraklı Höyük’te Bulunan Gümüş Takılara Dair İlk Gözlemler”, Arkeoloji Dergisi, Sayı 26, 83-90.
  • Erdem ve Sümer-Eroğlu 2023: A.Ü. Erdem, G. Sümer-Eroğlu, “İzmir-Bayraklı Höyüğü’nde Bulunan Antropomorfik Kap Parçaları ve Batı Anadolu Tunç Çağ Arkeolojisindeki Yeri”, TÜBA-AR, Sayı 27, 31-49.
  • Erdem vd. 2023: A.Ü. Erdem, G. Sümer-Eroğlu, K. Gürgen, “Bronze Age Relief-Decorated Pottery in Western Turkey: New Evidence From İzmir-Bayraklı Mound”, Mediterranean Archaeology and Archaeometry, Vol.23, 89-107.
  • Erdem 2023: M.A. Erdem, Orta Tunç Çağı’nda Yassıtepe Höyüğü (Yayınlanmamış Doktora Tezi), Ege Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, İzmir.
  • Erkanal 1999: H. Erkanal, “1997 Liman Tepe Kazıları”, Kazı Sonuçları Toplantısı, Sayı:20/1, Ankara, 325-226.
  • Ersoy 2004: Y.E. Ersoy, “Klazomenai: 900-500 BC. History and Settlement Evidence”, Klazomenai, Teos and Abdera: Metropoleis and Colony Proceedings of the International Symposium held at the Archaeological Museum of Abdera (eds. Moustaka, A, Skarlatidou, E, Tzannes, M.C, Ersoy, Y.E.), Thessaloniki, 43-76.
  • Forstenpointner vd. 2008: G. Forstenpointner, M. Kerschner, U. Muss, “Das Artemision in der späten Bronzezeit und der frühen Eisenzeit”, Die Archäologie der ephesischen Artemis Gestalt und Ritual eines Heiligtums, Phoibos Verlag, Wien, 33-46.
  • French ve Rutter 1977: E. French, J.B. Rutter, “The Handmade Burnished Ware of the Late Helladic IIIC Period: Its Modern Historical Context”, American Journal of Archaeology, Vol. 81, 111-112.
  • Günel 1999: S. Günel, Panaztepe. MÖ 2. Bine Tarihlendirilen Panaztepe Seramiğinin Batı Anadolu ve Ege Arkeolojisindeki Yeri ve Önemi, Ankara.
  • Herodotos The LOEB Classical Library (Ed. Goold, G.P., Çev. Godley A. D), London, 1975.
  • Hnila 2007: P. Hnila, Pottery of Troy VIIB. Chronology, Classification, Context and Implications of Trojan Ceramic Assemblages in the Late Bronze Age/Early Iron Age Transition (Yayınlanmamış Doktora Tezi), Universtät Tübingen, Tübingen.
  • Joukowsky 1986: M.S. Joukowsky, Prehistoric Aphrodisias. An Account of the Excavations and Artifact Studies, Louvain.
  • Kearsley 1989: R. Kearsley, The Pendent Semi-Circle Skyphos, Bulletin Supplement 44, London.
  • Kerschner 2014: M. Kerschner, “Euboean Imports to the Eastern Aegean and Eastern Aegean Production of Pottery in the Euboean Style: New Evidence from Neutron Activation Analyses”, Archaeometric Analyses of Euboean and Euboean Related Pottery: New Results and their Interpretations (eds. Kerschner, M. ve Lemos, I.S), Proceedings of the Round Table Conference held at the Austrian Archaeological Institute in Athens 15 and 16 April 2011, OAI, Wien, 9-140.
  • Konakçı 2012: E. Konakçı, Büyük ve Küçük Menderes Havzalarındaki MÖ 2. Binyıl Kültürlerinin Yeni Veriler Işığında Değerlendirilmesi (Yayınlanmamış Doktora Tezi), Ege Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, İzmir.
  • Kull 1988: B. Kull, Demircihüyük V. Die Mittelbronzezeitliche Siedlung, Mainz.
  • Lalonde 1968: G.V. Lalonde, “A Fifth Century Hieron Southwest of the Athenian Agora”, Hesperia, Vol.37/2, 123-133.
  • Lemos 2002: I.S. Lemos, The Protogeometric Aegean, Oxford.
  • Liddell ve Scott 1940: H.G. Liddell, R. Scott, A greek-english lexicon, Oxford.
  • Lloyd ve Mellaart 1965: S. Lloyd ve J. Mellaart, Beycesultan Vol. II: Middle Bronze Age Architecture and Pottery, Ankara.
  • Mangaloğlu-Votruba 2012: S. Mangaloğlu-Votruba, Geç Tunç Çağı’nda Liman Tepe ve Çevre Kültür Bölgeleri ile Olan Bağlantısı (Yayınlanmamış Doktora Tezi), Ankara Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Ankara.
  • Manzo 2017: A. Manzo, “Tokens, Pottery Discs, and Other Administrative Devices: Two Case Studies Between Nubia And Ethiopia”, Tallies, Tokens & Counters from the Mediterranean to India (ed. D’Onofrio, A.M.), Università degli Studi di Napoli, Napoli, 51-61.
  • Meriç 2022: R. Meriç, Bademgediği Tepe (Puranda) Metropolis İonia IV, İstanbul.
  • Nicholls 1958/1959: R.V. Nicholls, “Site Plan of Old Smyrna”, The Annual of the British School at Athens, Vol.53-54.
  • Özgünel 1983: C. Özgünel, “Batı Anadolu ve İçlerinde Miken Etkinlikleri”, Belleten, Cilt/Sayı 47/187, 697-744.
  • Özgünel 2003: C. Özgünel, “Geometrische Keramik von Alt-Smyrna aus der Akurgal-Grabung”, Probleme der Keramikchronologiedes Südlichen und Westlichen Kleinasiens in Geometrischer und Archaischer Zeit, Internationales Kolloquium, Tübingen 24.3-26.3 1998, Bonn, 69-89.
  • Papadopoulos 2017: J.K. Papadopoulos, The Athenian Agora 37: The Early Iron Age. The Cemeteries, Princeton.
  • Pavúk 2002: P. Pavúk, “Troia VI and VIIa. The Blegen Pottery Shapes: Towards a Typology.” Studia Troica 12, 35-71.
  • Pavúk 2014: P. Pavúk, “Troia VI Früh und Mitte. Keramik, Stratigraphie, Chronologie”, Studia Troica 3.
  • Popham vd. 1980: M.R. Popham, L.H. Sackett, P.G. Themelis, J. Boardman, M.J. Price, H.W. Catling, E.A. Catling, V.R. d’A. Desborough, O.T.P.K. Dickinson, R.A. Higgins, L.H. Jeffery, Lefkandi I. The Iron Age. The Settlement. The Cemeteries, The British School at Athens, Supplementary Volumes 11.
  • Popham ve Lemos 1996: M.R. Popham ve I.S. Lemos, Lefkandi III: The Toumba Cemetery: The Excavations of 1981, 1984, 1986 and 1992-4, The British School at Athens, Supplementary Volumes 29.
  • Raymond 2005: A. Raymond, “Importing Culture at Miletus: Minoans and Anatolians at Middle Bronze Age Miletus”, Emporia: Aegeans in the Central and Eastern Mediterranean Proceedings of the 10th International Aegean Conference/10e Rencontre égéenne internationale, Athens, Italian School of Archaeology, 14–18 April 2004, 185-191.
  • Rahmstorf 2015: L. Rahmstorf, M. Siennicka, E.A. Strand, M.L. Nosch, J. Cutler, “Textile Tools from Tiryns”, Tools, Textiles and Contexts. Investigating textile production in the Aegean and Eastern Mediterranean Bronze Age (eds. E.A. Strand ve M.L. Nosch), Oxford, 267-278.
  • Rose 2008: C. B. Rose, “Seperating Fact from Fiction in the Aiolian Migration”, Hesperia, Vol.77/3, 399-430.
  • Rutter 1975: J.B. Rutter, “Ceramic Evidence for Northern Intruders in Southern Greece at the Beginning of the LH III C Period”, American Journal of Archaeology, Vol. 79, 17-32.
  • Sazcı ve Çalış-Sazcı 2020: G. Sazcı ve D. Çalış-Sazcı, “Maydos Kilisetepe Höyüğü”, Maydos I (ed. Sazcı, G.), İstanbul.
  • Strabon The LOEB Classical Library (Ed. Page, T.E, Capps, E, Rouse, W.H.D, Post, L.A, Warmington, E.H. Çev. Jones, H.L.), London, 1960.
  • Tanrıver vd. 2022: C. Tanrıver, B. Ertüzün, A.Ü. Erdem, D.S. Tanrıver, “Eski Smyrna (Bayraklı Ören Yeri) Kazısı 2019-2020”, 2019-2020 Yılı Kazı Çalışmaları, Cilt 1, 495-512.
  • Tanrıver vd. 2023: C. Tanrıver, B. Ertüzün, A.Ü. Erdem, D.S. Tanrıver, “Eski Smyrna (Bayraklı Ören Yeri) Kazısı 2021 Yılı Çalışmaları”, Kazı Sonuçları Toplantısı, Sayı 42, Cilt 2, 53-69.
  • Vaessen 2014: R. Vaessen, Cultural Dynamics in Ionia at the End of the Second Millennium BCE: New Archaeological Perspectives and Prospects (Yayınlanmamış Doktora Tezi), The University of Sheffield.
  • Verdan 2013: S. Verdan, Eretria XXII Fouilles et Recherches Le Sanctuaire D’Apollon Daphnéphoros À L’Époque Géométrique Volume I, Gollion.
  • West 1972: M. L. West, Lambi et Elegi Graeci: Ante Alexandrum Cantati 2: Callinus, Mimnermus, Semonides, Solon, Tyrtaeus, Minora Adespota, Oxford.
  • West 1978: M. L. West, Hesiod. Works and Days, Oxford.
  • Young 1939: R.S. Young, “Late Geometric Graves and a Seventh Century Well in the Agora”, Hesperia Supplement, Vol.2, 1-250.

Eski Smyrna’da Tunç Çağı-Demir Çağı Geçişine İlişkin Yeni Veriler

Year 2024, Volume: 1 Issue: 32, 67 - 84, 30.04.2024
https://doi.org/10.51493/egearkeoloji.1400435

Abstract

Eski Smyrna, Batı Anadolu’da Tunç Çağı’ndan Klasik Dönem’in sonuna kadar kesintisiz kültür tabakalarına sahip az sayıdaki merkezden biridir. Bu özelliği, kenti Batı Anadolu’daki kültürel değişimin izlerini taşımasından dolayı önemli bir yere koyar. İlk kez Erken Tunç Çağı’nda iskân edilen kent MÖ 11. yüzyılın sonu-10. yüzyılın başında bölgeye ulaşan Hellen topluluklarıyla kültürel bir değişim sürecine girmiştir. 1948-51 yıllarında yürüttüğü çalışmalar sırasında Akurgal, bu değişimi gözlemlemiş ve Eski Smyrna’da Tunç Çağı’nın sonunu Demir Çağı’nın ise başlangıcını temsil eden “Aiol yerleşimi” olarak adlandırdığı yeni bir yapı katı tespit etmiştir. 2017 yılında yeniden araştırılmaya başlanan Geç Tunç Çağı-Erken Demir Çağı kültür tabakaları, S-XVI Açmasında Akurgal’ın aktardığı gibi bir yapı katının varlığını doğrulamış ancak aktarılandan daha farklı bir karaktere sahip olduğunu da göstermiştir. Bu çalışma 2017-18 yıllarında S-XVI Açmasında yürütülen araştırmalardan yola çıkarak Eski Smyrna’da Tunç Çağı’ndan Demir Çağı’na geçiş sürecindeki kültürel değişimi yorumlamayı amaçlamaktadır.

References

  • Ainian vd. 2020: A.M. Ainian, I.S. Lemos, V. Vlachou, Ανασκαφές Ωρωπού Πρωτογεωμετρική-Υποπρωτογεωμετρική Περίοδος (10ος – 9ος αι. π.Χ.), Πανεπιστημιακές Εκδόσεις Θεσσαλίας, Βολοσ.
  • Akurgal 1950: E. Akurgal, “Bayraklı Kazısı Ön Rapor”, Ankara Üniversitesi Dil ve Tarih-Coğrafya Fakültesi Dergisi, VIII/1, 1-97.
  • Akurgal 1997: E. Akurgal, Eski İzmir I Yerleşme Katları ve Athena Tapınağı, Ankara.
  • Allen, 1993: A. Allen, The Fragments of Mımnermus Text and Commentary, Franz Steiner Verlag, Stuttgart.
  • Aslan 2009: C. Aslan, “End or Beginning? The Late Bronze Age to Early Iron Age Transformation at Troia”, Forces of Transformation The End of the Bronze Age in the Mediterranean, St. John’s College, University of Oxford, 25–6th March 2006, 144-151.
  • Aslan vd. 2014: C. Aslan, L. Kealhofer, P. Grave, “The Early Iron Age at Troy Reconsidered”, Oxford Journal of Archaeology, Vol.33/3, 275-310.
  • Aslan 2019: C. Aslan, “The West Sanctuary at Troy in the Protogeometric, Geometric and Archaic Periods” in The West Sanctuary I: Iron Age-Classical (eds. C. Aslan, K. Lynch, M. Lawall), Studia Troica 10, 28-421.
  • Aykurt 1999: A. Aykurt, Panaztepe Gri Minyas Seramiği (Yayınlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi), Hacettepe Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Ankara.
  • Aykurt 2020: A. Aykurt, Liman Tepe I: Orta Tunç Çağı Seramiği ve Küçük Buluntuları / Middle Bronze Age Ceramics and Small Finds, Ankara.
  • Bayne 2000: N. Bayne, The Grey Wares of North-West Anatolia in the Middle and Late Bronze Age and the Early Iron Age and Their Relation to the Early Greek Settlements, Bonn.
  • Bayne ve Spencer 2007: N. Bayne ve N. Spencer, “The Ceramics of the Northeast Aegean Region from the Middle Bronze Age to the Early Iron Age”, The Madra River Delta: Regional Studies on the Aegean Coast of Turkey 1, Ankara, 79-89.
  • Blegen 1921: C. W. Blegen, Korakou a Prehistoric Settlement near Corinth, Boston and New York.
  • Blegen vd. 1953: C.W. Blegen, J.L. Caskey, M. Rawson, Troy III: The Sixth Settlement, Princeton.
  • Blegen vd. 1958: C.W. Blegen, C.G. Boulter, J.L. Caskey, M. Rawson, Troy vol. IV. Settlements VIIa, VIIb and VIII, Princeton.
  • Boehlau ve Schefold 1942: J. Boehlau ve K. Schefold, Larisa am Hermos. Die Ergebnisse der Ausgrabungen 1902-1934, Berlin.
  • Brann 1961: E. Brann, “Protoattic Well Groups form the Athenian Agora”, Hesperia, Vol.30/4, 305-379.
  • Colelli 2021a: C. Colelli, Studi su Kyme eolica VII. Kyme Eolica al Tempo di Esiodo Gli Scavi Nell’area Centrale Della Citta, Laruffa Editore, Calabria.
  • Colelli 2021b: C. Colelli, “Piccoli Dischi in Ceramica o Pietra da Kyme Eolica. Sprazzi di Vita Quotidiana nel Mondo Greco in eta Geometrica e Arcaia”, Thiasos. Rivista di Archeologia e Architettura Antica, 3-25.
  • Cook 1952: J. M. Cook, “Archaeology in Greece”, The Journal of Hellenic Studies, Vol.72, 92-112.
  • Cook 1958/59: J. M. Cook, “Old Smyrna, 1948-1951”, The Annual of the British School at Athens, Vol.53/54, 1-34.
  • Çınardalı-Karaaslan 2008: N. Çınardalı-Karaaslan, “Recent Investigations at Panaztepe Harbour Town Panaztepe Liman Kentte Yapılan Son Çalışmalar”, Batı ve Doğu Akdeniz Geç Tunç Çağı Kültürleri Üzerine Yeni Araştırmalar (ed. Erkanal, A.Ö., Günel, S., Deniz, U.), 24.04.2007- 25.04.2007, Ankara, 59-68.
  • Dakoronia ve Kounouklas 2015: F. Dakoronia ve P. Kounouklas, “Fishing Technology: The Kynos Contribution”, Ein Mioner im Exil. Festschrift für Wolf-Dietrich Niemeier (ed. Panagiotopoulos, D., Kaiser, I., Koukla, O.), Bonn, 35-50.
  • Danile 2015: L. Danile, “The Indigenous Culture of Hephaestia (Lemnos) at the Beginning of the Iron Age”, Nostoi. Indigenous Culture”, Migration, Integration in the Aegean Island, Western Anatolia During the Late Bronze Age Early Iron Ages (ed. Stampolidis, N., Maner, Ç., Koanias, K.), Koç University Press, İstanbul, 441-461.
  • Deger-Jalkotzy 1977: S. Deger-Jalkotzy, Fremde Zuwanderer im Spätmykenischen Griechenland. Zu einer Gruppe handgemachter Keramik aus Myk. III C Siedlungsschichten von Aigeira, Wien.
  • D’Onofrio 2007: A.M. D’Onofrio, “Tallies, Tokens & Counters: An Introduction”, Tallies, Tokens & Counters from the Mediterranean to India (ed. D’Onofrio, A.M.), Università degli Studi di Napoli, Napoli, 1-7.
  • Erdem 2016a: A.Ü. Erdem, “2015 Yılı Bayraklı Höyük Kazıları: Tunç Çağı Çalışmalarına Dair Ön Rapor”, Arkeoloji Dergisi, Sayı 21, 1-9.
  • Erdem 2016b: A.Ü. Erdem, “Bayraklı/Smyrna Makaraları ve Ege Arkeolojisindeki Yeri”, TÜBA-AR, Sayı 19, 69-77.
  • Erdem 2017: A.Ü. Erdem, “İzmir Bayraklı Höyüğü 2015 Yılı Tunç Çağ Çalışmaları”, 38. Kazı Sonuçları Toplantısı, Cilt: 2, 417-426.
  • Erdem 2021: A.Ü. Erdem, “İzmir-Bayraklı Höyük’te Bulunan Gümüş Takılara Dair İlk Gözlemler”, Arkeoloji Dergisi, Sayı 26, 83-90.
  • Erdem ve Sümer-Eroğlu 2023: A.Ü. Erdem, G. Sümer-Eroğlu, “İzmir-Bayraklı Höyüğü’nde Bulunan Antropomorfik Kap Parçaları ve Batı Anadolu Tunç Çağ Arkeolojisindeki Yeri”, TÜBA-AR, Sayı 27, 31-49.
  • Erdem vd. 2023: A.Ü. Erdem, G. Sümer-Eroğlu, K. Gürgen, “Bronze Age Relief-Decorated Pottery in Western Turkey: New Evidence From İzmir-Bayraklı Mound”, Mediterranean Archaeology and Archaeometry, Vol.23, 89-107.
  • Erdem 2023: M.A. Erdem, Orta Tunç Çağı’nda Yassıtepe Höyüğü (Yayınlanmamış Doktora Tezi), Ege Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, İzmir.
  • Erkanal 1999: H. Erkanal, “1997 Liman Tepe Kazıları”, Kazı Sonuçları Toplantısı, Sayı:20/1, Ankara, 325-226.
  • Ersoy 2004: Y.E. Ersoy, “Klazomenai: 900-500 BC. History and Settlement Evidence”, Klazomenai, Teos and Abdera: Metropoleis and Colony Proceedings of the International Symposium held at the Archaeological Museum of Abdera (eds. Moustaka, A, Skarlatidou, E, Tzannes, M.C, Ersoy, Y.E.), Thessaloniki, 43-76.
  • Forstenpointner vd. 2008: G. Forstenpointner, M. Kerschner, U. Muss, “Das Artemision in der späten Bronzezeit und der frühen Eisenzeit”, Die Archäologie der ephesischen Artemis Gestalt und Ritual eines Heiligtums, Phoibos Verlag, Wien, 33-46.
  • French ve Rutter 1977: E. French, J.B. Rutter, “The Handmade Burnished Ware of the Late Helladic IIIC Period: Its Modern Historical Context”, American Journal of Archaeology, Vol. 81, 111-112.
  • Günel 1999: S. Günel, Panaztepe. MÖ 2. Bine Tarihlendirilen Panaztepe Seramiğinin Batı Anadolu ve Ege Arkeolojisindeki Yeri ve Önemi, Ankara.
  • Herodotos The LOEB Classical Library (Ed. Goold, G.P., Çev. Godley A. D), London, 1975.
  • Hnila 2007: P. Hnila, Pottery of Troy VIIB. Chronology, Classification, Context and Implications of Trojan Ceramic Assemblages in the Late Bronze Age/Early Iron Age Transition (Yayınlanmamış Doktora Tezi), Universtät Tübingen, Tübingen.
  • Joukowsky 1986: M.S. Joukowsky, Prehistoric Aphrodisias. An Account of the Excavations and Artifact Studies, Louvain.
  • Kearsley 1989: R. Kearsley, The Pendent Semi-Circle Skyphos, Bulletin Supplement 44, London.
  • Kerschner 2014: M. Kerschner, “Euboean Imports to the Eastern Aegean and Eastern Aegean Production of Pottery in the Euboean Style: New Evidence from Neutron Activation Analyses”, Archaeometric Analyses of Euboean and Euboean Related Pottery: New Results and their Interpretations (eds. Kerschner, M. ve Lemos, I.S), Proceedings of the Round Table Conference held at the Austrian Archaeological Institute in Athens 15 and 16 April 2011, OAI, Wien, 9-140.
  • Konakçı 2012: E. Konakçı, Büyük ve Küçük Menderes Havzalarındaki MÖ 2. Binyıl Kültürlerinin Yeni Veriler Işığında Değerlendirilmesi (Yayınlanmamış Doktora Tezi), Ege Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, İzmir.
  • Kull 1988: B. Kull, Demircihüyük V. Die Mittelbronzezeitliche Siedlung, Mainz.
  • Lalonde 1968: G.V. Lalonde, “A Fifth Century Hieron Southwest of the Athenian Agora”, Hesperia, Vol.37/2, 123-133.
  • Lemos 2002: I.S. Lemos, The Protogeometric Aegean, Oxford.
  • Liddell ve Scott 1940: H.G. Liddell, R. Scott, A greek-english lexicon, Oxford.
  • Lloyd ve Mellaart 1965: S. Lloyd ve J. Mellaart, Beycesultan Vol. II: Middle Bronze Age Architecture and Pottery, Ankara.
  • Mangaloğlu-Votruba 2012: S. Mangaloğlu-Votruba, Geç Tunç Çağı’nda Liman Tepe ve Çevre Kültür Bölgeleri ile Olan Bağlantısı (Yayınlanmamış Doktora Tezi), Ankara Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Ankara.
  • Manzo 2017: A. Manzo, “Tokens, Pottery Discs, and Other Administrative Devices: Two Case Studies Between Nubia And Ethiopia”, Tallies, Tokens & Counters from the Mediterranean to India (ed. D’Onofrio, A.M.), Università degli Studi di Napoli, Napoli, 51-61.
  • Meriç 2022: R. Meriç, Bademgediği Tepe (Puranda) Metropolis İonia IV, İstanbul.
  • Nicholls 1958/1959: R.V. Nicholls, “Site Plan of Old Smyrna”, The Annual of the British School at Athens, Vol.53-54.
  • Özgünel 1983: C. Özgünel, “Batı Anadolu ve İçlerinde Miken Etkinlikleri”, Belleten, Cilt/Sayı 47/187, 697-744.
  • Özgünel 2003: C. Özgünel, “Geometrische Keramik von Alt-Smyrna aus der Akurgal-Grabung”, Probleme der Keramikchronologiedes Südlichen und Westlichen Kleinasiens in Geometrischer und Archaischer Zeit, Internationales Kolloquium, Tübingen 24.3-26.3 1998, Bonn, 69-89.
  • Papadopoulos 2017: J.K. Papadopoulos, The Athenian Agora 37: The Early Iron Age. The Cemeteries, Princeton.
  • Pavúk 2002: P. Pavúk, “Troia VI and VIIa. The Blegen Pottery Shapes: Towards a Typology.” Studia Troica 12, 35-71.
  • Pavúk 2014: P. Pavúk, “Troia VI Früh und Mitte. Keramik, Stratigraphie, Chronologie”, Studia Troica 3.
  • Popham vd. 1980: M.R. Popham, L.H. Sackett, P.G. Themelis, J. Boardman, M.J. Price, H.W. Catling, E.A. Catling, V.R. d’A. Desborough, O.T.P.K. Dickinson, R.A. Higgins, L.H. Jeffery, Lefkandi I. The Iron Age. The Settlement. The Cemeteries, The British School at Athens, Supplementary Volumes 11.
  • Popham ve Lemos 1996: M.R. Popham ve I.S. Lemos, Lefkandi III: The Toumba Cemetery: The Excavations of 1981, 1984, 1986 and 1992-4, The British School at Athens, Supplementary Volumes 29.
  • Raymond 2005: A. Raymond, “Importing Culture at Miletus: Minoans and Anatolians at Middle Bronze Age Miletus”, Emporia: Aegeans in the Central and Eastern Mediterranean Proceedings of the 10th International Aegean Conference/10e Rencontre égéenne internationale, Athens, Italian School of Archaeology, 14–18 April 2004, 185-191.
  • Rahmstorf 2015: L. Rahmstorf, M. Siennicka, E.A. Strand, M.L. Nosch, J. Cutler, “Textile Tools from Tiryns”, Tools, Textiles and Contexts. Investigating textile production in the Aegean and Eastern Mediterranean Bronze Age (eds. E.A. Strand ve M.L. Nosch), Oxford, 267-278.
  • Rose 2008: C. B. Rose, “Seperating Fact from Fiction in the Aiolian Migration”, Hesperia, Vol.77/3, 399-430.
  • Rutter 1975: J.B. Rutter, “Ceramic Evidence for Northern Intruders in Southern Greece at the Beginning of the LH III C Period”, American Journal of Archaeology, Vol. 79, 17-32.
  • Sazcı ve Çalış-Sazcı 2020: G. Sazcı ve D. Çalış-Sazcı, “Maydos Kilisetepe Höyüğü”, Maydos I (ed. Sazcı, G.), İstanbul.
  • Strabon The LOEB Classical Library (Ed. Page, T.E, Capps, E, Rouse, W.H.D, Post, L.A, Warmington, E.H. Çev. Jones, H.L.), London, 1960.
  • Tanrıver vd. 2022: C. Tanrıver, B. Ertüzün, A.Ü. Erdem, D.S. Tanrıver, “Eski Smyrna (Bayraklı Ören Yeri) Kazısı 2019-2020”, 2019-2020 Yılı Kazı Çalışmaları, Cilt 1, 495-512.
  • Tanrıver vd. 2023: C. Tanrıver, B. Ertüzün, A.Ü. Erdem, D.S. Tanrıver, “Eski Smyrna (Bayraklı Ören Yeri) Kazısı 2021 Yılı Çalışmaları”, Kazı Sonuçları Toplantısı, Sayı 42, Cilt 2, 53-69.
  • Vaessen 2014: R. Vaessen, Cultural Dynamics in Ionia at the End of the Second Millennium BCE: New Archaeological Perspectives and Prospects (Yayınlanmamış Doktora Tezi), The University of Sheffield.
  • Verdan 2013: S. Verdan, Eretria XXII Fouilles et Recherches Le Sanctuaire D’Apollon Daphnéphoros À L’Époque Géométrique Volume I, Gollion.
  • West 1972: M. L. West, Lambi et Elegi Graeci: Ante Alexandrum Cantati 2: Callinus, Mimnermus, Semonides, Solon, Tyrtaeus, Minora Adespota, Oxford.
  • West 1978: M. L. West, Hesiod. Works and Days, Oxford.
  • Young 1939: R.S. Young, “Late Geometric Graves and a Seventh Century Well in the Agora”, Hesperia Supplement, Vol.2, 1-250.
There are 72 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Archaeology (Other)
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Bora Ertüzün 0000-0003-4854-3752

Başak Ongar 0000-0001-8295-2088

Carmelo Colelli This is me 0009-0003-9169-7391

Publication Date April 30, 2024
Submission Date December 10, 2023
Acceptance Date March 12, 2024
Published in Issue Year 2024 Volume: 1 Issue: 32

Cite

Chicago Ertüzün, Bora, Başak Ongar, and Carmelo Colelli. “Eski Smyrna’da Tunç Çağı-Demir Çağı Geçişine İlişkin Yeni Veriler”. Arkeoloji Dergisi 1, no. 32 (April 2024): 67-84. https://doi.org/10.51493/egearkeoloji.1400435.