Research Article
BibTex RIS Cite

INTERPRETATION ON SOME POSSIBLE DEPICTIONS OF THE HITTITE TUTELARY DEITY OF THE COUNTRYSIDE

Year 2023, Volume: 38 Issue: 1, 61 - 80, 01.09.2023
https://doi.org/10.18513/egetid.1333087

Abstract

This paper focuses on the depictions of deities on stag seen in Anatolia and its surroundings during the second millennium BC. DLAMMA.LĺL “Tutelary Deity of the Countryside” can be considered as one of the deities represented by the name rendered as DKAL. Although the deity is identified with the hunting deity and the Stag-god (Ku)Runtiya and Innara/Annari in the Assyrian Colony Period, as suggested earlier, further support for this identification is rendered in this paper. Additionally, there are criticisms on the differentiation in the iconographic appearance of the deity during the second millennium BC and other depictions associated with this deity. Concordantly, the deity is depicted on a stag in the Assyrian Colony Age, with a bird in his hand emphasizing the deity’s hunting character and a lituus in the other hand. The iconographic features of the deity seem to have been preserved during the transition from the Colony Age to the Hittite Period. The depictions associated with the deity in Hittite Period can be divided into three groups. The first group comprises imagery whereby the deity holds a lituus in his hand, which may be related to the deity's rise to prominence in the state cult. The only difference in the second group, which is other similar to the first group, is that the deity stands on the ground instead of standing on a stag. The deity, assumed to be equated with the Tutelary Deity of the Countryside and included in the descriptions that can be called the third group, is depicted in a typical libation scene, sitting on a cross stool and holding a bird in his hand. However, this latter deity must obviously be a different deity in terms of its iconographic features. The Stag-god, who is the deity of wildlife and hunting in the Late Hittite Period art, stands on a stag. However, the hunter title of the deity is represented sometimes by a bird he holds in his hand, and sometimes by a bow and spear. This can also be associated with hunting. It is during this period that the winged sun disk (instead of lituus), can be interpreted as a continuation of the custom also regarding the deity in the state cult, as it began to appear in the depictions of the deity.

References

  • Akurgal 1961 E. Akurgal, Die Kunst der Hethiter, München: Hirmer Verlak.
  • Alkım 1948 U. B. Alkım, “Karatepe Kazıları, Excavations at Karatepe” Belleten 12/47, pp. 533-548.
  • Alp 1983 S. Alp. Beiträge zur Erforschung des hethitischen Tempels. Kultanlagen im Lichte der Keilschrifttexte. Neue Deutungen, Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu Basımevi.
  • Alp 1984 S. Alp, Konya Civarında Karahöyük Kazılarında Bulunan Silindir Ve Damga Mühürleri, Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu Basimevi.
  • Andrae 1924 W. Andrae, Hettitische Inschriften auf Bleistreifen aus Assur, (WVDOG 46). Leipzig: J. C. Hinrichs.
  • Arık 1935 R. O. Arık, Alaca Höyük Hafriyatı: 1935’deki Çalışmalara ve Keşiflere Ait İlk Rapor, Ankara: TTK Yayınları.
  • Beran 1967 T. Beran, Die hethitische Glyptik von Boğazköy 1 Die Siegel und Siegelabdrücke der vor- und althethitischen Perioden und die Siegel der hethitischen Grosskönige (WVDOG 76; Boğazköy-Hattuša 5), Berlin: Gebr. Mann.
  • Beyer 2001 D. Beyer. Emar IV Les sceaux: Mission archéologique de Meskéné-Emar Recherches au pays d‘Aštata. Fribourg, Switzerland/Göttingen, Germany: Editions Universitaires/ Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht.
  • Bittel 1976 K. Bittel, Beitrag zur Kenntnis hethitischer Bildkunst. Sitzungsberichte der Heidelberger Akademie der Wissenschaften, Philosophisch-Historische Klasse, 1976, no. 4. Heidelberg: C. Winter Verlag.
  • Boehmer 1983 R. M. Boehmer, Die Relief Keramik Von Boğazköy. Berlin: Gebr. Mann.
  • N. Bolatti Guzzo and M. Marazzi, “Note di geroglifico anatolico.” in Investigationes anatolicae: Gedenkschrift für Erich Neu, edited by J. Klinger, E. Rieken, and C. Rüster, Studien zu den Boğazköy-Texten 52. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag. pp. 11-28.
  • C. A. Burney and G. R. J. Lawson, "Urartian Reliefs at Adilcevaz, on Lake Van, and a Rock Relief from the Karasu, Near Birecik," Anatolian Studies 8, 1958: pp. 211-218.
  • Cammarosano 2018 M. Cammarosano, Foreign Gods in Hatti. A New Edition of CTH 510. KASKAL 12, Firenze; LoGisma editore, pp. 199-244.
  • Canby 2002 J. V. Canby, “Falconry (Hawking) in Hittite Lands”, Journal of Near Eastern Studies 61/3, pp. 161-201.
  • Collins 2010 B. J. Collins, “Hero, Field Master, King: Animal Mastery in Hittite Texts and Iconography”, in The Master of Animals in Old World Iconography, edited by Derek B. Counts and Bettina Arnold, Budapest: Archaeolingua Alpítvány, pp. 59-74.
  • Contenau 1922 G. Contenau, La glyptique syro-hittite, Paris: P. Geuthner.
  • Darga 1992 M. Darga, Hitit Sanatı, İstanbul: Akbank Kültür ve Sanat Kitapları.
  • Dinçol 1983 A. M. Dinçol, “Adana, Hatay ve İstanbul Müzelerinde Bulunan Hitit Hieroglif Mühürleri”, Anadolu Araştırmaları 9, pp. 173-284.
  • Erkut 2002 S. Erkut, “Hititçe GIŠEya- ve Onun Türkçe Karşılığı Hakkında”, XIV. Türk Tarih Kongresi, 09-13 Eylül 2002, Ankara s. 37-42.
  • Ertem 1987 Hayri Ertem, Boğazköy Metinlerine Göre Hititler Devri Anadolu'sunun Florası, Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu.
  • Gessel 1998 B.H.L. van Gessel, Onomasticon of the Hittite Pantheon 2. HdO. Leiden: Brill.
  • Güterbock 1943 H. G. Güterbock, “Eti Tanrı Tasvirleri ile Tanrı Adları, Belleten 7/26, pp. 273-293.
  • Güterbock 1983 H. G. Güterbock, "Hethitische Götterbilder und Kultobjekte", Beiträge zur Alterturmskunde: Kleinasiens (Fs. Bittel), Mainz, pp. 203-217.
  • Güterbock 1989 H. G.Güterbock, “The Hittite Kursa ‘Hunting Bag’”, in Essays in Ancient Civilization Presented to Helene J. Kantor. Edited by A. Leonard, B. B. Williams, The Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, pp. 113-124.
  • Güterbock 1981 H. G. Güterbock, “A Note on the Frieze of the Stag Rhyton in the Schimmel Collection”, Anadolu 22, pp. 1-5.
  • Hawkins 2000 J. D. Hawkins, Corpus of Hieroglyphic Luwian Inscriptions, Vol 1, Berlin: de Gruyter.
  • Hawkins 2005 J. D. Hawkins, A Hieroglyphic Luwian Inscription on a Silver Bowl in the Museum of Anatolian Civilisations, Ankara. Studia Troica 15, 193-205.
  • Hawkins 2006 J. D. Hawkins, “Tudḫaliya the Hunter”, The Life and Times of Ḫattušili III and Tutḫaliya IV – Proceedings of a Symposioum held in Honour of J. De Roos, 12-13 December 2003, Leiden, Hout Th.P.J. van den (ed.), Leiden, ss. 49-76.
  • H. Hellenkemper and J. Wagner, "The God on the Stag: A Late Hittite Rock-Relief on the River Karasu," Anatolian Studies 27, pp. 167-73.
  • Hogarth 1920 D. Hogarth, Hittite Seals, With Particular Reference to the Ashmolean Collection, Oxford: Clarendon Press.
  • Hutter 2003 M. Hutter “Aspects of Luwian Religion”, in H.C. Melchert (ed.), The Luwians (Handbuch der Orientalistik I/68), Leiden-Boston, 211-280.
  • Jakob-Rost 1973 L. Jakob-Rost, "Zu den hethitischen Bildbeschreibungen I," Mitteilungen des Instituts für Orientforschung 8.
  • Jakob-Rost 1974 L. Jakob-Rost, “Zu den hethitischen Bildbeschreibungen II," Mitteilungen des Instituts für Orientforschung 9.
  • Kulakoğlu 1999 F. Kulakoğlu, “Late-Hittite Sculptures from the Şanlıurfa Region”, Bulletin of the Middle Eastern Culture Center in Japan 11, pp. 167-181.
  • B. Landsberger and C. Miguel, Materialien Zum Sumerischen Lexikon, Vol: IX. The Series HAR-ra=Hubullu. Tablet XV and Related Texts, with Additions and Corrections to MSL II, III, V and VII Hardcover.
  • Laroche 1952 E. Laroche. “Le Panteon de Yazilikaya”, Journal of Cuneiform Studies, vol.6, no.3: 115–123.
  • Laroche 1957 E. Laroche, “Études de vocabulaire VI”, Revue hittite et asianique 15/60, pp. 66-68.
  • Laroche 1959 E. Laroche, Dictionnaire De La Langue Louvite, ‎ Paris:Librairie Adrien-Maisonneuve.
  • Laroche 1960 E. Laroche, Les Hiéroglyphes Hittites, Paris: Première Partie L'écriture Éditıons Du Centre National De La Recherche Scientifique, Quai Anatole.
  • Leinwand 1984 N. W. Leinwand, A Study o f Anatolian Weathergods of the Old Assyrian Colony Period. Dissertation (Doctoral Thesis in Bryn Mawr College), Ann Arbor.
  • Muscarella 1974 O. W. Muscarella, Ancient Art: The Norbert Schimmel Collection, Mainz: von Zabern.
  • Müller-Karpe 2003 A. Müller-Karpe, “Die Stele von Altınyayla-Ein neues Relief der hethitischen Großreichszeit”, in: Köyden Kente – Yakındoğu’da İlk Yerleşimler (From Villages to Cities – Early Villages in the Near East). Studies Presented to Ufuk Esin. Edited by M. Özdoğan, H. Hauptmann, N. Başgelen, Istanbul: Arkeoloji ve Sanat Publications, pp. 313-319.
  • Matthiae 1965 P. Matthiae, “Le figurine in terracotta”, in Missione archeologica in Siria. Rapporto preliminare della campagna 1964, edited by. P. Matthiae, Roma, pp. 143-208.
  • McMahon 1991 G. McMahon, The Hittite State Cult of the Tutelary Deities, Assyriological Studies 25, Chicago:The Oriental Institute.
  • Messerschmidt 1900 L. Messerschmidt, Corpus Inscriptionum Hethiticarum, Mitt. d. Vord. Gess. 4. Berlin.
  • Orthmann 1971 W. Orthmann, Untersuchungen zur späthethitischen Kunst, Bonn: Rudolf Habelt.
  • Özgüç 1965 N. Özgüç, Kültepe Mühür Baskılarına Anadolu Grubu, Ankara: TTK Basımevi.
  • Özgüç 2015 N. Özgüç, Acemhöyük-Burušhaddum I: Silindir Mühürler ve Mühür Baskılı Bullalar/Cylinder Seals and Bullae with Cylinder Seal Impressions, Ankara:TTK Yayınları.
  • Özgüç 1988 T. Özgüç, İnandıktepe. Eski Hitit Çağında Önemli Bir Kült Merkezi, Ankara: TTK Yayınları.
  • Özgüç 1971 T. Özgüç, Demir devrinde Kültepe ve civarı = Kültepe and its vicinity in the iron age. Ankara: TTK Yayınları.
  • Puhvel 2011 J. Puhvel, Hittite Etymological Dictionary, Volume 4 Words beginning with K, Berlin, New York: De Gruyter Mouton.
  • Shevoroshkin 1978 V. Shevoroshkin, “Studies in Hittite-Luwian Names”, A Journal of Onomastics Volume 26, Issue 3. pp. 231–257.
  • Sir Gavaz 2015 Ö. Sir Gavaz, “Hititçe Çivi Yazılı Metinlerde Geçen KUŠ kurša Üzerine Bir Değerlendirme (An Evaluation of KUŠ kurša Which was Mentioned in Hittite Cuneiform Text)”, Fs Günbatti, pp.99-111.
  • Soden 1981 W. von Soden, Akkadisches Handwörterbuch. 3 vols. Wiesbaden:Harrassowitz.
  • South 1995 A. South, ‘’Kalavasos-Ayios Dimitrios’’, Les dossiers d'archéologie 205, pp. 36-41.
  • Tischler 1978 J. Tischler, Hethitisches Etymologisches Glossar, Lieferung 2, Innsbruck: Institut für Sprachwissenschaft der Universität Innsbruck.
  • Taracha 1996 P. Taracha, “Two Spears on the Stag Rhyton in the Schimmel Collection”, Anadolu Arşivleri/Archivum Anatolicum 2, pp. 71-77.
  • von Brandenstein 1943 C. G. von Brandenstein, “Hethitische Gotter nach Bildbeschreibungen in Keilschrifttexten”, Mitteilungen der Vorderasiatisch-Aigyptischen Gesellschaft 46/2, Leipzig: J. C. Hinrichs.
  • van Gesel 1998 B. H.L. van Gesel, Onomasticon of The Hittite Pantheon Part 1, Leiden, Boston, Köln: Bril.
  • van Gesel 2001 B. H.L. van Gesel, Onomasticon of The Hittite Pantheon Part 3, Leiden, Boston, Köln: Bril.
  • Wagner et al. 1975 J. Wagner, C. Vincent and H. Hellenkemper, “Der Gott auf dem Hirsch: Ein späthethitisches Felsrelief am Karasu.” in Kommagene: Geschichte und Kultur einer antiken Landschaft, edited by F.K. Dörner, pp.10–15. AntW6. Zurich: Raggi.
  • Weeden 2011 M. Weeden, Hittite Logograms and Hittite Scholarship. StBoT 54. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.

Hitit Kırların Koruyucu Tanrısının Tasvirleri Hakkında Bazı Yorumlar

Year 2023, Volume: 38 Issue: 1, 61 - 80, 01.09.2023
https://doi.org/10.18513/egetid.1333087

Abstract

Bu makalede, MÖ II. binyıl boyunca Anadolu ve yakın çevresinde görülen geyik üstündeki tanrı betimleri üzerinde durulmuştur. DLAMMA.LĺL “Kırların Koruyucu Tanrısı”, DKAL lologramı ile gösterilen tanrılardan birisi olarak değerlendirilebilir. Bu bağlamda konuya ilkişkin daha önce ileri sürülen ve Koloni Çağı’ndaki avcı tanrı ve Geyikli Tanrı (Ku)Runtiya ve Innara/Annari ile bu tanrının eşitliği bu makale içerisinde kabul edilmekle birlikte, bu görüş bazı yeni fikirlerle desteklenmektedir. Tanrının ikonografik görünümünde meydana gelen değişim ve yine bu tanrı ile ilişkili görülen bazı betimler üzerine değerlendirmelerde bulunulmuştur. Buna göre tanrı, Koloni Çağı’nda bir geyik üstünde, elinde avcı karakterini vugulayan bir kuş ve diğer elinde bir lituus ile betimlenmektedir. Tanrının ikonografik özellikleri Koloni Dönemi’nden Hitit Çağı’na geçilirken korunmuş görünmektedir. Hitit Çağı’nda, tanrı ile ilişkilendirilen betimler üç gruba ayrılabilir. İlk grupta tanrı, kraliyet kültü içerisinde önem kazanmasına paralel olarak elinde lituus tutarken betimlenmiştir. İlk gruptaki ikonografinin büyük ölçüde korunduğu ikinci grup betimlemelerdeki temel farklılık tanrının bir geyik üzerinde durmak yerine zemine basar vaziyette betimlenmesidir. Kırların Koruyucu Tanrısı ile eşitlenmek istenen ve üçüncü grup olarak adlandırabileceğimiz betimlemelerde yer alan tanrı, standart diyebileceğimiz bir libasyon sahnesinde betimlenmiştir ve çapraz bir tabureye oturarak ve elinde bir kuş ile betimlenmiştir. Ancak ikonografik açıdan sahip olduğu özellikler itibariyle açıkçası farklı bir tanrı olmalıdır. Geç Hitit Dönemi sanatı içerisinde yer alan vahşi yaşam ve av tanrısı olan Geyik Tanrı betimlemelerinde, tanrı yine bir geyik üstünde durmakla birlikte, tanrının avcı sıfatı bazen elinde tuttuğu bir kuş bazen de yine avla ilişkilendirilebilecek yay ve mızrakla yapılmıştır. Önceki dönemlerde tanrının devlet kültüne dahil edilmesinin bağlamında yorumlanabilecek kanatlı güneş motifi, geç dönem betimlemelerinde yer almaktadır.

References

  • Akurgal 1961 E. Akurgal, Die Kunst der Hethiter, München: Hirmer Verlak.
  • Alkım 1948 U. B. Alkım, “Karatepe Kazıları, Excavations at Karatepe” Belleten 12/47, pp. 533-548.
  • Alp 1983 S. Alp. Beiträge zur Erforschung des hethitischen Tempels. Kultanlagen im Lichte der Keilschrifttexte. Neue Deutungen, Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu Basımevi.
  • Alp 1984 S. Alp, Konya Civarında Karahöyük Kazılarında Bulunan Silindir Ve Damga Mühürleri, Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu Basimevi.
  • Andrae 1924 W. Andrae, Hettitische Inschriften auf Bleistreifen aus Assur, (WVDOG 46). Leipzig: J. C. Hinrichs.
  • Arık 1935 R. O. Arık, Alaca Höyük Hafriyatı: 1935’deki Çalışmalara ve Keşiflere Ait İlk Rapor, Ankara: TTK Yayınları.
  • Beran 1967 T. Beran, Die hethitische Glyptik von Boğazköy 1 Die Siegel und Siegelabdrücke der vor- und althethitischen Perioden und die Siegel der hethitischen Grosskönige (WVDOG 76; Boğazköy-Hattuša 5), Berlin: Gebr. Mann.
  • Beyer 2001 D. Beyer. Emar IV Les sceaux: Mission archéologique de Meskéné-Emar Recherches au pays d‘Aštata. Fribourg, Switzerland/Göttingen, Germany: Editions Universitaires/ Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht.
  • Bittel 1976 K. Bittel, Beitrag zur Kenntnis hethitischer Bildkunst. Sitzungsberichte der Heidelberger Akademie der Wissenschaften, Philosophisch-Historische Klasse, 1976, no. 4. Heidelberg: C. Winter Verlag.
  • Boehmer 1983 R. M. Boehmer, Die Relief Keramik Von Boğazköy. Berlin: Gebr. Mann.
  • N. Bolatti Guzzo and M. Marazzi, “Note di geroglifico anatolico.” in Investigationes anatolicae: Gedenkschrift für Erich Neu, edited by J. Klinger, E. Rieken, and C. Rüster, Studien zu den Boğazköy-Texten 52. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag. pp. 11-28.
  • C. A. Burney and G. R. J. Lawson, "Urartian Reliefs at Adilcevaz, on Lake Van, and a Rock Relief from the Karasu, Near Birecik," Anatolian Studies 8, 1958: pp. 211-218.
  • Cammarosano 2018 M. Cammarosano, Foreign Gods in Hatti. A New Edition of CTH 510. KASKAL 12, Firenze; LoGisma editore, pp. 199-244.
  • Canby 2002 J. V. Canby, “Falconry (Hawking) in Hittite Lands”, Journal of Near Eastern Studies 61/3, pp. 161-201.
  • Collins 2010 B. J. Collins, “Hero, Field Master, King: Animal Mastery in Hittite Texts and Iconography”, in The Master of Animals in Old World Iconography, edited by Derek B. Counts and Bettina Arnold, Budapest: Archaeolingua Alpítvány, pp. 59-74.
  • Contenau 1922 G. Contenau, La glyptique syro-hittite, Paris: P. Geuthner.
  • Darga 1992 M. Darga, Hitit Sanatı, İstanbul: Akbank Kültür ve Sanat Kitapları.
  • Dinçol 1983 A. M. Dinçol, “Adana, Hatay ve İstanbul Müzelerinde Bulunan Hitit Hieroglif Mühürleri”, Anadolu Araştırmaları 9, pp. 173-284.
  • Erkut 2002 S. Erkut, “Hititçe GIŠEya- ve Onun Türkçe Karşılığı Hakkında”, XIV. Türk Tarih Kongresi, 09-13 Eylül 2002, Ankara s. 37-42.
  • Ertem 1987 Hayri Ertem, Boğazköy Metinlerine Göre Hititler Devri Anadolu'sunun Florası, Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu.
  • Gessel 1998 B.H.L. van Gessel, Onomasticon of the Hittite Pantheon 2. HdO. Leiden: Brill.
  • Güterbock 1943 H. G. Güterbock, “Eti Tanrı Tasvirleri ile Tanrı Adları, Belleten 7/26, pp. 273-293.
  • Güterbock 1983 H. G. Güterbock, "Hethitische Götterbilder und Kultobjekte", Beiträge zur Alterturmskunde: Kleinasiens (Fs. Bittel), Mainz, pp. 203-217.
  • Güterbock 1989 H. G.Güterbock, “The Hittite Kursa ‘Hunting Bag’”, in Essays in Ancient Civilization Presented to Helene J. Kantor. Edited by A. Leonard, B. B. Williams, The Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, pp. 113-124.
  • Güterbock 1981 H. G. Güterbock, “A Note on the Frieze of the Stag Rhyton in the Schimmel Collection”, Anadolu 22, pp. 1-5.
  • Hawkins 2000 J. D. Hawkins, Corpus of Hieroglyphic Luwian Inscriptions, Vol 1, Berlin: de Gruyter.
  • Hawkins 2005 J. D. Hawkins, A Hieroglyphic Luwian Inscription on a Silver Bowl in the Museum of Anatolian Civilisations, Ankara. Studia Troica 15, 193-205.
  • Hawkins 2006 J. D. Hawkins, “Tudḫaliya the Hunter”, The Life and Times of Ḫattušili III and Tutḫaliya IV – Proceedings of a Symposioum held in Honour of J. De Roos, 12-13 December 2003, Leiden, Hout Th.P.J. van den (ed.), Leiden, ss. 49-76.
  • H. Hellenkemper and J. Wagner, "The God on the Stag: A Late Hittite Rock-Relief on the River Karasu," Anatolian Studies 27, pp. 167-73.
  • Hogarth 1920 D. Hogarth, Hittite Seals, With Particular Reference to the Ashmolean Collection, Oxford: Clarendon Press.
  • Hutter 2003 M. Hutter “Aspects of Luwian Religion”, in H.C. Melchert (ed.), The Luwians (Handbuch der Orientalistik I/68), Leiden-Boston, 211-280.
  • Jakob-Rost 1973 L. Jakob-Rost, "Zu den hethitischen Bildbeschreibungen I," Mitteilungen des Instituts für Orientforschung 8.
  • Jakob-Rost 1974 L. Jakob-Rost, “Zu den hethitischen Bildbeschreibungen II," Mitteilungen des Instituts für Orientforschung 9.
  • Kulakoğlu 1999 F. Kulakoğlu, “Late-Hittite Sculptures from the Şanlıurfa Region”, Bulletin of the Middle Eastern Culture Center in Japan 11, pp. 167-181.
  • B. Landsberger and C. Miguel, Materialien Zum Sumerischen Lexikon, Vol: IX. The Series HAR-ra=Hubullu. Tablet XV and Related Texts, with Additions and Corrections to MSL II, III, V and VII Hardcover.
  • Laroche 1952 E. Laroche. “Le Panteon de Yazilikaya”, Journal of Cuneiform Studies, vol.6, no.3: 115–123.
  • Laroche 1957 E. Laroche, “Études de vocabulaire VI”, Revue hittite et asianique 15/60, pp. 66-68.
  • Laroche 1959 E. Laroche, Dictionnaire De La Langue Louvite, ‎ Paris:Librairie Adrien-Maisonneuve.
  • Laroche 1960 E. Laroche, Les Hiéroglyphes Hittites, Paris: Première Partie L'écriture Éditıons Du Centre National De La Recherche Scientifique, Quai Anatole.
  • Leinwand 1984 N. W. Leinwand, A Study o f Anatolian Weathergods of the Old Assyrian Colony Period. Dissertation (Doctoral Thesis in Bryn Mawr College), Ann Arbor.
  • Muscarella 1974 O. W. Muscarella, Ancient Art: The Norbert Schimmel Collection, Mainz: von Zabern.
  • Müller-Karpe 2003 A. Müller-Karpe, “Die Stele von Altınyayla-Ein neues Relief der hethitischen Großreichszeit”, in: Köyden Kente – Yakındoğu’da İlk Yerleşimler (From Villages to Cities – Early Villages in the Near East). Studies Presented to Ufuk Esin. Edited by M. Özdoğan, H. Hauptmann, N. Başgelen, Istanbul: Arkeoloji ve Sanat Publications, pp. 313-319.
  • Matthiae 1965 P. Matthiae, “Le figurine in terracotta”, in Missione archeologica in Siria. Rapporto preliminare della campagna 1964, edited by. P. Matthiae, Roma, pp. 143-208.
  • McMahon 1991 G. McMahon, The Hittite State Cult of the Tutelary Deities, Assyriological Studies 25, Chicago:The Oriental Institute.
  • Messerschmidt 1900 L. Messerschmidt, Corpus Inscriptionum Hethiticarum, Mitt. d. Vord. Gess. 4. Berlin.
  • Orthmann 1971 W. Orthmann, Untersuchungen zur späthethitischen Kunst, Bonn: Rudolf Habelt.
  • Özgüç 1965 N. Özgüç, Kültepe Mühür Baskılarına Anadolu Grubu, Ankara: TTK Basımevi.
  • Özgüç 2015 N. Özgüç, Acemhöyük-Burušhaddum I: Silindir Mühürler ve Mühür Baskılı Bullalar/Cylinder Seals and Bullae with Cylinder Seal Impressions, Ankara:TTK Yayınları.
  • Özgüç 1988 T. Özgüç, İnandıktepe. Eski Hitit Çağında Önemli Bir Kült Merkezi, Ankara: TTK Yayınları.
  • Özgüç 1971 T. Özgüç, Demir devrinde Kültepe ve civarı = Kültepe and its vicinity in the iron age. Ankara: TTK Yayınları.
  • Puhvel 2011 J. Puhvel, Hittite Etymological Dictionary, Volume 4 Words beginning with K, Berlin, New York: De Gruyter Mouton.
  • Shevoroshkin 1978 V. Shevoroshkin, “Studies in Hittite-Luwian Names”, A Journal of Onomastics Volume 26, Issue 3. pp. 231–257.
  • Sir Gavaz 2015 Ö. Sir Gavaz, “Hititçe Çivi Yazılı Metinlerde Geçen KUŠ kurša Üzerine Bir Değerlendirme (An Evaluation of KUŠ kurša Which was Mentioned in Hittite Cuneiform Text)”, Fs Günbatti, pp.99-111.
  • Soden 1981 W. von Soden, Akkadisches Handwörterbuch. 3 vols. Wiesbaden:Harrassowitz.
  • South 1995 A. South, ‘’Kalavasos-Ayios Dimitrios’’, Les dossiers d'archéologie 205, pp. 36-41.
  • Tischler 1978 J. Tischler, Hethitisches Etymologisches Glossar, Lieferung 2, Innsbruck: Institut für Sprachwissenschaft der Universität Innsbruck.
  • Taracha 1996 P. Taracha, “Two Spears on the Stag Rhyton in the Schimmel Collection”, Anadolu Arşivleri/Archivum Anatolicum 2, pp. 71-77.
  • von Brandenstein 1943 C. G. von Brandenstein, “Hethitische Gotter nach Bildbeschreibungen in Keilschrifttexten”, Mitteilungen der Vorderasiatisch-Aigyptischen Gesellschaft 46/2, Leipzig: J. C. Hinrichs.
  • van Gesel 1998 B. H.L. van Gesel, Onomasticon of The Hittite Pantheon Part 1, Leiden, Boston, Köln: Bril.
  • van Gesel 2001 B. H.L. van Gesel, Onomasticon of The Hittite Pantheon Part 3, Leiden, Boston, Köln: Bril.
  • Wagner et al. 1975 J. Wagner, C. Vincent and H. Hellenkemper, “Der Gott auf dem Hirsch: Ein späthethitisches Felsrelief am Karasu.” in Kommagene: Geschichte und Kultur einer antiken Landschaft, edited by F.K. Dörner, pp.10–15. AntW6. Zurich: Raggi.
  • Weeden 2011 M. Weeden, Hittite Logograms and Hittite Scholarship. StBoT 54. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.
There are 62 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Political History (Other)
Journal Section ARTICLES
Authors

Serkan Demirel 0000-0002-7634-1421

Publication Date September 1, 2023
Published in Issue Year 2023 Volume: 38 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Demirel, S. (2023). INTERPRETATION ON SOME POSSIBLE DEPICTIONS OF THE HITTITE TUTELARY DEITY OF THE COUNTRYSIDE. Tarih İncelemeleri Dergisi, 38(1), 61-80. https://doi.org/10.18513/egetid.1333087
AMA Demirel S. INTERPRETATION ON SOME POSSIBLE DEPICTIONS OF THE HITTITE TUTELARY DEITY OF THE COUNTRYSIDE. TID. September 2023;38(1):61-80. doi:10.18513/egetid.1333087
Chicago Demirel, Serkan. “INTERPRETATION ON SOME POSSIBLE DEPICTIONS OF THE HITTITE TUTELARY DEITY OF THE COUNTRYSIDE”. Tarih İncelemeleri Dergisi 38, no. 1 (September 2023): 61-80. https://doi.org/10.18513/egetid.1333087.
EndNote Demirel S (September 1, 2023) INTERPRETATION ON SOME POSSIBLE DEPICTIONS OF THE HITTITE TUTELARY DEITY OF THE COUNTRYSIDE. Tarih İncelemeleri Dergisi 38 1 61–80.
IEEE S. Demirel, “INTERPRETATION ON SOME POSSIBLE DEPICTIONS OF THE HITTITE TUTELARY DEITY OF THE COUNTRYSIDE”, TID, vol. 38, no. 1, pp. 61–80, 2023, doi: 10.18513/egetid.1333087.
ISNAD Demirel, Serkan. “INTERPRETATION ON SOME POSSIBLE DEPICTIONS OF THE HITTITE TUTELARY DEITY OF THE COUNTRYSIDE”. Tarih İncelemeleri Dergisi 38/1 (September 2023), 61-80. https://doi.org/10.18513/egetid.1333087.
JAMA Demirel S. INTERPRETATION ON SOME POSSIBLE DEPICTIONS OF THE HITTITE TUTELARY DEITY OF THE COUNTRYSIDE. TID. 2023;38:61–80.
MLA Demirel, Serkan. “INTERPRETATION ON SOME POSSIBLE DEPICTIONS OF THE HITTITE TUTELARY DEITY OF THE COUNTRYSIDE”. Tarih İncelemeleri Dergisi, vol. 38, no. 1, 2023, pp. 61-80, doi:10.18513/egetid.1333087.
Vancouver Demirel S. INTERPRETATION ON SOME POSSIBLE DEPICTIONS OF THE HITTITE TUTELARY DEITY OF THE COUNTRYSIDE. TID. 2023;38(1):61-80.