ÜNİVERSİTE EĞİTİMİ DÖNEMİNDE YAŞAM DOYUMU: YALNIZ KURT KİŞİLİK VE POZİTİFLİK İLE İLİŞKİSİNİN İNCELENMESİ
Year 2023,
Volume: 5 Issue: 1, 166 - 184, 25.06.2023
Nezir Ekinci
,
Ozan Korkmaz
References
- Alessandri, G., Caprara, G. V., & Tisak, J. (2012). Further explorations on the unique contribution of positive orientation to optimal functioning. European Psychologist, 17(1), 44-54. https://doi.org/10.1027/1016-9040/a000070
- Alorani, O. I., & Alradaydeh, M. T. F. (2018). Spiritual well-being, perceived social support, and life satisfaction among university students. International Journal of Adolescence and Youth, 23(3), 291-298. https://doi.org/10.1080/02673843.2017.1352522
- Atilla, G., & Yildirim, G. (2023). The effect of hope on life satisfaction and positive future expectation. Mehmet Akif Ersoy University Journal of Economics and Administrative Sciences Faculty, 10(1), 341-359. https://doi.org/10.30798/makuiibf.1097548
- Avsaroglu, S., & Koc, H. (2019). The mediating effect of optimism in the relationship between life satisfaction and distress tolerance. Turkish Psychological Counselling and Guidance Journal, 9(53), 565-588. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/tpdrd/issue/46427/583284
- Barr, T. F., Dixon, A. L., & Gassenheimer, J. B. (2005). Exploring the “lone wolf” phenomenon in student teams. Journal of Marketing Education, 27(1), 81-90. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0273475304273459
- Boyaci, M. (2019). Prediction of well-being levels of university students according to PERMA model: The role of social support and positivity. Medeniyet Eğitim Araştırmaları Dergisi, 3(2), 109-116. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/920208
- Boyaci, M., & Ozhan, M. B. (2021). School burnout in university students: The role of psychological resilience, hope, and positivity. The Journal of Turkish Educational Sciences, 19(2), 1178-1198. https://doi.org/10.37217/tebd.896692
- Bradley, R., & Corwyn, R. (2004). Life satisfaction among european american, african american, chinese american, mexican american, and dominican american adolescents. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 28(5), 385-400. https://doi.org/10.1080/01650250444000072
- Cabras, C., & Mondo, M. (2018). Future orientation as a mediator between career adaptability and life satisfaction in university students. Journal of Career Development, 45(6), 597-609. https://doi.org/10.1177/0894845317727616
- Caprara, G. V., Alessandri, G., Eisenberg, N., Kupfer, A., Steca, P., Caprara, M. G., Yamaguchi, S., Fukuzawa, A., & Abela, J. (2012). The Positivity Scale. Psychological Assessment, 24(3), 701–712. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0026681
- Caprara, G. V., Alessandri, G., Trommsdorff, G., Heikamp, T., Yamaguchi, S., & Suzuki, F. (2012b). Positive orientation across countries. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 43(1), 77–83 https://doi.org/10.1177/0022022111422257
- Caprara, G. V., Fagnani, C., Alessandri, G., Steca, P., Gigantesco, A., Sforza, L. L. C., & Stazi, M. A. (2009). Human optimal functioning: The genetics of positive orientation towards self, life, and the future. Behavior genetics, 39, 277-284. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10519-009-9267-y
- Caprara, G. V., Steca, P., Alessandri, G., Abela, J. R., & McWhinnie, C. M. (2010). Positive orientation: Explorations on what is common to life satisfaction, self-esteem, and optimism. Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences, 19(1), 63-71. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1121189X00001615
- Cikrikci, O. Ciftci, M., & Gencdogan, B. (2015). The psychometric properties of the Turkish Form of the Positivity Scale. The Journal of Happiness & Well-Being, 3(1), 57–76. https://atif.sobiad.com/index.jsp?modul=makale-goruntule&id=AWcqmsEKHDbCZb_mQ2Xv
- Civitci, A. (2012). The relationships between global life satisfaction and psychological needs in university students. Çukurova Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 21(2), 321-336. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/50773
- Datu, J. A. D., & King, R. B. (2016). Prioritizing positivity optimizes positive emotions and life satisfaction: A three-wave longitudinal study. Personality and Individual Differences, 96, 111-114. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2016.02.069
- Demir, R., & Fulya, T. (2020). Positive psychology: history, basic concepts, therapeutic process, criticisms and contributions. Humanistic Perspective, 2(2), 108-125. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/1154707
- Demir, R., & Murat, M. (2017). Investigating teacher candidates’ happiness, optimism, meaning in life and life satisfaction. OPUS International Journal of Society Researches, 7(13), 347-378. https://doi.org/10.26466/opus.347656
- Diener, E. (1984). Subjective well-being. Psychological Bulletin, 95(3), 542. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.95.3.542
- Diener, E. D., Emmons, R. A., Larsen, R. J., & Griffin, S. (1985). The satisfaction with life scale. Journal of Personality Assessment, 49(1), 71-75. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327752jpa4901_13
- Diener, E., Suh, E. M., Lucas, R. E., & Smith, H. L. (1999). Subjective well-being: Three decades of progress. Psychological Bulletin, 125(2), 276. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.125.2.276
- Dixon, A. L., Gassenheimer, J. B., & Barr, F. T. (2003). Identifying the lone wolf: A team perspective. Journal of Personal Selling & Sales Management, 23(3), 205-219. https://doi.org/10.1080/08853134.2003.10748999
- Dost, M. T. (2007). Examining life satisfaction levels of university students in terms of some variables. Pamukkale Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 22(22), 132-143. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/114706
- Ekinci, N., & Koc, H. (2023). Grit, general self‐efficacy, and life satisfaction: The mediating role of hope. Journal of Community Psychology, 51, 1288–1299. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcop.22962
- Eryilmaz, A., & Atak, H. (2011). Investigation of starting romantic intimacy in emerging adulthood in terms of self-esteem, gender and gender roles. Educational Sciences: Theory and Practice, 11(2), 595-600. https://eric.ed.gov/?id=EJ927367
- Hausmann, N., Mueller, K., Hattrup, K., & Spiess, S. O. (2013). An investigation of the relationships between affective organisational commitment and national differences in positivity and life satisfaction. Applied Psychology, 62(2), 260-285. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1464-0597.2012.00500.x
- Hair, J.F., Black, W.C., Babin, B.J., & Anderson, R.E. (2010). Multivariate data analysis: A global perspective. Prentice Hall.
- Hayes, A. F. (2013). Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis: A regression-based approach. Guilford Press.
- Hefferon, K., & Boniwell, I. (2011). Positive psychology: Theory, research and applications. McGraw-Hill.
Hu, L. T., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cut off criteria for fit indices in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling, 6, 1–55. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705519909540118
- Isik, N. A. (2021). The relationship between perceived parental attitude and life satisfaction among university students. Galician Medical Journal, 28(2), E202128-E202128. https://doi.org/10.21802/gmj.2021.2.8
Katzenbach, J. R. (1997). The myth of the top management team. Harvard Business Review, 75, 82-92. https://www.kipp.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/The_Myth_of_the_Top_Management_Team_Jon_R_Katzenbach.pdf
- Kline, R.B. (2011). Methodology in the Social Sciences: Principles and practice of structural equation modeling. Guilford Press.
- Kim, H. S. (2019). The influence of academic emotional burnout on academic adjustment among college students: The mediating effect of a grateful disposition. Journal of Asia Pacific Counseling, 9(2), 57-72. https://doi.org/10.18401/2019.9.2.4
- Koker, S. (1991). Normal ve sorunlu ergenlerin yaşam doyumu düzeyinin karşılaştırılması [Master's thesis, Ankara University]. Ankara. https://tez.yok.gov.tr/UlusalTezMerkezi/giris.jsp
- Korkmaz, O. (2022). The Lone Wolf Scale: A validity and reliability study of the measurement of acting and working lone. EKEV Akademi Dergisi, 89, 211-228. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6346526
- Korkmaz, O. (2023). Lone wolf personality, career adapt-abilities, proactive career behaviors, and life satisfaction: A serial mediation analyses through the career construction model of adaptation. Journal of Ahmet Kelesoğlu Education Faculty, 5(1), 194-212. https://doi.org/10.38151/akef.2023.50
- Lauriola, M., & Iani, L. (2017). Personality, positivity and happiness: A mediation analysis using a bifactor model. Journal of Happiness Studies, 18(6), 1659-1682. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-016-9792-3
- Lord, D., Deem, A., Pitchford, P., Bray-Richardson, E., & Drennon, M. (2019). A 6-week worksite positivity program leads to greater life satisfaction, decreased inflammation, and a greater number of employees with A1C levels in range. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 61(5), 357-372. https://doi.org/10.1097/JOM.0000000000001527
- Mao, Y., Xie, M., Li, M., Gu, C., Chen, Y., Zhang, Z., & Peng, C. (2022). Promoting academic self-efficacy, positive relationships, and psychological resilience for Chinese university students’ life satisfaction. Educational Psychology, 1-20. https://iris.uniroma1.it/handle/11573/1667932
- Moroń, M. (2018). Perceived emotional intelligence and life satisfaction: the mediating role of the positivity ratio. Current Issues in Personality Psychology, 6(3), 212-223. https://doi.org/10.5114/cipp.2018.75650
- Orkibi, H., & Brandt, Y. I. (2015). How positivity links with job satisfaction: Preliminary findings on the mediating role of work-life balance. Europe's Journal of Psychology, 11(3), 406-418. https://doi.org/10.5964/ejop.v11i3.869
- Ozben, S. (2013). Social skills, life satisfaction, and loneliness in Turkish university students. Social Behavior and Personality: An International Journal, 41(2), 203-213. https://doi.org/10.2224/sbp.2013.41.2.203
- Ozhan, M. B. & Uzbe-Atalay, N. (2022). Mediating role of hope in the relationship between university students’ positivity and psychological well-being. Educational Academic Research, 46, 1-10. https://doi.org/10.5152/AUJKKEF.2022.1009767
- Ryff, C. D. (1989). Happiness is everything, or is it? Explorations on the meaning of psychological well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 57(6), 1069–1081. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.57.6.1069.
- Ryff, C. D., & Keyes, C. L. M. (1995). The structure of psychological well-being revisited. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69(4), 719-727. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.69.4.719
- Sapmaz, F., & Dogan, T. (2012). İyimserliğin mutluluk ve yaşam doyumuna etkisinin incelenmesi. Mersin Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 8(3), 63-69. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/160817
- Schalock, R. L., & Felce, D. (2004). Quality of life and subjective well-being: Conceptual and measurement issues. In E. Emerson, C. Hatton, T. Thompson, & T. R. Parmenter (Eds.). International Handbook of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities (pp. 261–279). Wiley.
- Seligman, M. (2018). PERMA and the building blocks of well-being. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 13(4), 333-335. https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760.2018.1437466
- Seligman, M. E. (2002a). Authentic happiness: Using the new positive psychology to realize your potential for lasting fulfillment. Simon and Schuster.
- Seligman, M.E.P. (2002b). Positive psychology, positive prevention and positive therapy. In C.R. Snyder and S.J. Lopez (Ed.). Handbook of Positive Psychology. Oxford University Press.
- Seligman, M. E., & Csikszentmihalyi, M. (2000). Positive psychology: An introduction. American Psychologist, 55(1), 5–14. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.55.1.5
- van Zyl, Y., & Dhurup, M. (2018). Self-efficacy and its relationship with satisfaction with life and happiness among university students. Journal of Psychology in Africa, 28(5), 389-393. https://doi.org/10.1080/14330237.2018.1528760
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LIFE SATISFACTION DURING UNIVERSITY EDUCATION PERIOD: EXAMINATION OF ITS RELATIONSHIP WITH LONE WOLF PERSONALITY, AND POSITIVITY
Year 2023,
Volume: 5 Issue: 1, 166 - 184, 25.06.2023
Nezir Ekinci
,
Ozan Korkmaz
Abstract
Life satisfaction is one of the essential goals of individuals in life. Today, the effects of increasingly lonely working and acting behaviors on life satisfaction have not been sufficiently studied. This study investigated the mediating role of positivity in the relationship between university students' life satisfaction and the tendency to act and work alone (i.e., lone wolf personality). The participants of the research are 249 people. The age of the participants is between 18-29 (Mean = 22.28, SD = 4.00). The Life Satisfaction with Life Scale, Lone Wolf Scale, and Positivity Scale were used as data collection tools in the study. The data were analyzed with the structural equation modeling method. According to the results, the lone wolf personality affects life satisfaction. In addition, it has been determined that positivity has a fully mediating role in the relationship between life satisfaction and lone wolf personality. The findings were discussed in the context of the literature.
References
- Alessandri, G., Caprara, G. V., & Tisak, J. (2012). Further explorations on the unique contribution of positive orientation to optimal functioning. European Psychologist, 17(1), 44-54. https://doi.org/10.1027/1016-9040/a000070
- Alorani, O. I., & Alradaydeh, M. T. F. (2018). Spiritual well-being, perceived social support, and life satisfaction among university students. International Journal of Adolescence and Youth, 23(3), 291-298. https://doi.org/10.1080/02673843.2017.1352522
- Atilla, G., & Yildirim, G. (2023). The effect of hope on life satisfaction and positive future expectation. Mehmet Akif Ersoy University Journal of Economics and Administrative Sciences Faculty, 10(1), 341-359. https://doi.org/10.30798/makuiibf.1097548
- Avsaroglu, S., & Koc, H. (2019). The mediating effect of optimism in the relationship between life satisfaction and distress tolerance. Turkish Psychological Counselling and Guidance Journal, 9(53), 565-588. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/tpdrd/issue/46427/583284
- Barr, T. F., Dixon, A. L., & Gassenheimer, J. B. (2005). Exploring the “lone wolf” phenomenon in student teams. Journal of Marketing Education, 27(1), 81-90. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0273475304273459
- Boyaci, M. (2019). Prediction of well-being levels of university students according to PERMA model: The role of social support and positivity. Medeniyet Eğitim Araştırmaları Dergisi, 3(2), 109-116. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/920208
- Boyaci, M., & Ozhan, M. B. (2021). School burnout in university students: The role of psychological resilience, hope, and positivity. The Journal of Turkish Educational Sciences, 19(2), 1178-1198. https://doi.org/10.37217/tebd.896692
- Bradley, R., & Corwyn, R. (2004). Life satisfaction among european american, african american, chinese american, mexican american, and dominican american adolescents. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 28(5), 385-400. https://doi.org/10.1080/01650250444000072
- Cabras, C., & Mondo, M. (2018). Future orientation as a mediator between career adaptability and life satisfaction in university students. Journal of Career Development, 45(6), 597-609. https://doi.org/10.1177/0894845317727616
- Caprara, G. V., Alessandri, G., Eisenberg, N., Kupfer, A., Steca, P., Caprara, M. G., Yamaguchi, S., Fukuzawa, A., & Abela, J. (2012). The Positivity Scale. Psychological Assessment, 24(3), 701–712. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0026681
- Caprara, G. V., Alessandri, G., Trommsdorff, G., Heikamp, T., Yamaguchi, S., & Suzuki, F. (2012b). Positive orientation across countries. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 43(1), 77–83 https://doi.org/10.1177/0022022111422257
- Caprara, G. V., Fagnani, C., Alessandri, G., Steca, P., Gigantesco, A., Sforza, L. L. C., & Stazi, M. A. (2009). Human optimal functioning: The genetics of positive orientation towards self, life, and the future. Behavior genetics, 39, 277-284. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10519-009-9267-y
- Caprara, G. V., Steca, P., Alessandri, G., Abela, J. R., & McWhinnie, C. M. (2010). Positive orientation: Explorations on what is common to life satisfaction, self-esteem, and optimism. Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences, 19(1), 63-71. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1121189X00001615
- Cikrikci, O. Ciftci, M., & Gencdogan, B. (2015). The psychometric properties of the Turkish Form of the Positivity Scale. The Journal of Happiness & Well-Being, 3(1), 57–76. https://atif.sobiad.com/index.jsp?modul=makale-goruntule&id=AWcqmsEKHDbCZb_mQ2Xv
- Civitci, A. (2012). The relationships between global life satisfaction and psychological needs in university students. Çukurova Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 21(2), 321-336. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/50773
- Datu, J. A. D., & King, R. B. (2016). Prioritizing positivity optimizes positive emotions and life satisfaction: A three-wave longitudinal study. Personality and Individual Differences, 96, 111-114. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2016.02.069
- Demir, R., & Fulya, T. (2020). Positive psychology: history, basic concepts, therapeutic process, criticisms and contributions. Humanistic Perspective, 2(2), 108-125. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/1154707
- Demir, R., & Murat, M. (2017). Investigating teacher candidates’ happiness, optimism, meaning in life and life satisfaction. OPUS International Journal of Society Researches, 7(13), 347-378. https://doi.org/10.26466/opus.347656
- Diener, E. (1984). Subjective well-being. Psychological Bulletin, 95(3), 542. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.95.3.542
- Diener, E. D., Emmons, R. A., Larsen, R. J., & Griffin, S. (1985). The satisfaction with life scale. Journal of Personality Assessment, 49(1), 71-75. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327752jpa4901_13
- Diener, E., Suh, E. M., Lucas, R. E., & Smith, H. L. (1999). Subjective well-being: Three decades of progress. Psychological Bulletin, 125(2), 276. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.125.2.276
- Dixon, A. L., Gassenheimer, J. B., & Barr, F. T. (2003). Identifying the lone wolf: A team perspective. Journal of Personal Selling & Sales Management, 23(3), 205-219. https://doi.org/10.1080/08853134.2003.10748999
- Dost, M. T. (2007). Examining life satisfaction levels of university students in terms of some variables. Pamukkale Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 22(22), 132-143. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/114706
- Ekinci, N., & Koc, H. (2023). Grit, general self‐efficacy, and life satisfaction: The mediating role of hope. Journal of Community Psychology, 51, 1288–1299. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcop.22962
- Eryilmaz, A., & Atak, H. (2011). Investigation of starting romantic intimacy in emerging adulthood in terms of self-esteem, gender and gender roles. Educational Sciences: Theory and Practice, 11(2), 595-600. https://eric.ed.gov/?id=EJ927367
- Hausmann, N., Mueller, K., Hattrup, K., & Spiess, S. O. (2013). An investigation of the relationships between affective organisational commitment and national differences in positivity and life satisfaction. Applied Psychology, 62(2), 260-285. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1464-0597.2012.00500.x
- Hair, J.F., Black, W.C., Babin, B.J., & Anderson, R.E. (2010). Multivariate data analysis: A global perspective. Prentice Hall.
- Hayes, A. F. (2013). Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis: A regression-based approach. Guilford Press.
- Hefferon, K., & Boniwell, I. (2011). Positive psychology: Theory, research and applications. McGraw-Hill.
Hu, L. T., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cut off criteria for fit indices in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling, 6, 1–55. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705519909540118
- Isik, N. A. (2021). The relationship between perceived parental attitude and life satisfaction among university students. Galician Medical Journal, 28(2), E202128-E202128. https://doi.org/10.21802/gmj.2021.2.8
Katzenbach, J. R. (1997). The myth of the top management team. Harvard Business Review, 75, 82-92. https://www.kipp.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/The_Myth_of_the_Top_Management_Team_Jon_R_Katzenbach.pdf
- Kline, R.B. (2011). Methodology in the Social Sciences: Principles and practice of structural equation modeling. Guilford Press.
- Kim, H. S. (2019). The influence of academic emotional burnout on academic adjustment among college students: The mediating effect of a grateful disposition. Journal of Asia Pacific Counseling, 9(2), 57-72. https://doi.org/10.18401/2019.9.2.4
- Koker, S. (1991). Normal ve sorunlu ergenlerin yaşam doyumu düzeyinin karşılaştırılması [Master's thesis, Ankara University]. Ankara. https://tez.yok.gov.tr/UlusalTezMerkezi/giris.jsp
- Korkmaz, O. (2022). The Lone Wolf Scale: A validity and reliability study of the measurement of acting and working lone. EKEV Akademi Dergisi, 89, 211-228. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6346526
- Korkmaz, O. (2023). Lone wolf personality, career adapt-abilities, proactive career behaviors, and life satisfaction: A serial mediation analyses through the career construction model of adaptation. Journal of Ahmet Kelesoğlu Education Faculty, 5(1), 194-212. https://doi.org/10.38151/akef.2023.50
- Lauriola, M., & Iani, L. (2017). Personality, positivity and happiness: A mediation analysis using a bifactor model. Journal of Happiness Studies, 18(6), 1659-1682. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-016-9792-3
- Lord, D., Deem, A., Pitchford, P., Bray-Richardson, E., & Drennon, M. (2019). A 6-week worksite positivity program leads to greater life satisfaction, decreased inflammation, and a greater number of employees with A1C levels in range. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 61(5), 357-372. https://doi.org/10.1097/JOM.0000000000001527
- Mao, Y., Xie, M., Li, M., Gu, C., Chen, Y., Zhang, Z., & Peng, C. (2022). Promoting academic self-efficacy, positive relationships, and psychological resilience for Chinese university students’ life satisfaction. Educational Psychology, 1-20. https://iris.uniroma1.it/handle/11573/1667932
- Moroń, M. (2018). Perceived emotional intelligence and life satisfaction: the mediating role of the positivity ratio. Current Issues in Personality Psychology, 6(3), 212-223. https://doi.org/10.5114/cipp.2018.75650
- Orkibi, H., & Brandt, Y. I. (2015). How positivity links with job satisfaction: Preliminary findings on the mediating role of work-life balance. Europe's Journal of Psychology, 11(3), 406-418. https://doi.org/10.5964/ejop.v11i3.869
- Ozben, S. (2013). Social skills, life satisfaction, and loneliness in Turkish university students. Social Behavior and Personality: An International Journal, 41(2), 203-213. https://doi.org/10.2224/sbp.2013.41.2.203
- Ozhan, M. B. & Uzbe-Atalay, N. (2022). Mediating role of hope in the relationship between university students’ positivity and psychological well-being. Educational Academic Research, 46, 1-10. https://doi.org/10.5152/AUJKKEF.2022.1009767
- Ryff, C. D. (1989). Happiness is everything, or is it? Explorations on the meaning of psychological well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 57(6), 1069–1081. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.57.6.1069.
- Ryff, C. D., & Keyes, C. L. M. (1995). The structure of psychological well-being revisited. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69(4), 719-727. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.69.4.719
- Sapmaz, F., & Dogan, T. (2012). İyimserliğin mutluluk ve yaşam doyumuna etkisinin incelenmesi. Mersin Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 8(3), 63-69. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/160817
- Schalock, R. L., & Felce, D. (2004). Quality of life and subjective well-being: Conceptual and measurement issues. In E. Emerson, C. Hatton, T. Thompson, & T. R. Parmenter (Eds.). International Handbook of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities (pp. 261–279). Wiley.
- Seligman, M. (2018). PERMA and the building blocks of well-being. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 13(4), 333-335. https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760.2018.1437466
- Seligman, M. E. (2002a). Authentic happiness: Using the new positive psychology to realize your potential for lasting fulfillment. Simon and Schuster.
- Seligman, M.E.P. (2002b). Positive psychology, positive prevention and positive therapy. In C.R. Snyder and S.J. Lopez (Ed.). Handbook of Positive Psychology. Oxford University Press.
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