Organic Hydrogeochemical Evidence of Pre-Neogene Petroleum System of Buyuk Menderes Graben and Potential Traps (Western Turkey)

Year 2019, Issue: 16, 325 - 354, 31.08.2019

Adil Özdemir

Abstract

This study is made to evaluate the oil and gas potential of the western part of Buyuk Menderes graben (Western Turkey) with organic hydrogeochemical studies and tectonic data. The study has conducted in three steps. In the first step, the stratigraphic and tectonic characteristics of the study area from the literature were examined. Later, the geological data which required for organic hydrogeochemical and geophysical evaluations has compiled. In the second step, aeromagnetic and gravity maps were prepared. Potential petroleum traps in the study area with this data has determined. Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons (TPH) analysis in water samples taken from the geothermal wells which near to the potential petroleum traps has performed. As a result of this analysis, it has been determined hydrocarbons in water samples. Organic geochemistry and biomarker characteristics have used to determine the source of hydrocarbons in the waters. All of the n-alkane hydrocarbons in water samples are maturing petroleum hydrocarbons. These maturing hydrocarbons are evidence of the petroleum system in the study area. Due to the presence of maturing petroleum hydrocarbons in the waters, the traps which identified in the study area have a high potential.

Keywords

Buyuk Menderes Graben, oil and gas exploration, organic hydrogeochemistry, oil in water analysis (TPH), biomarker

Büyük Menderes Grabeni (Batı Anadolu) Neojen Öncesi Petrol Sisteminin Organik Hidrojeokimyasal Kanıtları ve Potansiyel Kapanlar

Abstract

Bu çalışma, Büyük Menderes
grabeninin (Batı Anadolu) batı kısmının organik hidrojeokimyasal çalışmalar ve
tektonik veriler ile petrol ve doğalgaz potansiyelinin değerlendirilmesi için
yapılmıştır.
Çalışma,
üç aşamada yürütülmüştür. Birinci aşamada, literatürden çalışma alanının
stratigrafik ve tektonik özellikleri incelenmiştir. Böylece, organik
hidrojeokimyasal
ve jeofizik değerlendirmeler için gerekli olan jeolojik veriler derlenmiştir.
İkinci aşamada, manyetik ve gravite haritaları hazırlanmıştır. Bu verilerin
değerlendirilmesi sonucunda, çalışma alanındaki potansiyel petrol kapanları
belirlenmiştir. Üçüncü aşamada ise, belirlenen kapanlara yakın jeotermal
kuyulardan alınan su numunelerinde TPH
(Toplam Petrol Hidrokarbonları) analizleri yapılmıştır. Bu
analizler sonucunda, su numunelerin tamamında hidrokarbonlar tespit edilmiştir. Sulardaki tespit edilen hidrokarbonların kaynağının
belirlenmesi için organik jeokimyasal ve biomarker karakteristikler
kullanılmıştır. Su numunelerindeki n-alkan
hidrokarbonların tamamı, olgun petrol hidrokarbonlarıdır. Olgun petrol hidrokarbonları içeren suların varlığı nedeniyle, çalışma
alanında belirlenmiş olan kapanlar
yüksek
petrol ve doğalgaz potansiyeline sahiptir.

Keywords

Büyük Menderes Grabeni, petrol ve doğalgaz arama, organik hidrojeokimya, suda petrol analizi (TPH), Biomarker

References

• Aydın, A., 1997. Gravite Verilerinin Normalize Edilmiş Tam Gradyan, Varyasyon ve İstatistik Yöntemleri ile Hidrokarbon Açısından Değerlendirilmesi, Model Çalışmalar ve Hasankale-Horasan (Erzurum) Havzasına Uygulanması. Karadeniz Teknik Üniversitesi, Doktora Tezi, 151 s.
• Aldanmaz, E., Altunkaynak, Ş., Güçtekin, A., 2018. Some remarks on the nature of mantle metasomatism beneath western Anatolian-Aegean region: Contrasting isotopic signatures recorded in the Miocene lavas from the Söke Basin. Geological Journal, 1-18. DOI: 10.1002/gj.338
• Banga, T., Capuano, R.M. and Bissada, K.K., 2011. Petroleum generation in the southeast Texas basin: Implications for hydrocarbon occurrence at the South Liberty salt dome. AAPG Bulletin, 95(7), 1257-1291
• Biester, H., Keppler, F., Putschew, A., Martinez-Cortizas, A., Petri, M., 2004. Halogen retention, organohalogens, and the role of organic matter decomposition on halogen enrichment in two Chilean peat bogs. Environ. Sci. Technol. 38, 1984-1991
• Bozkurt, E., 2003. Origin of NE-trending basins in western Turkey: Geodinamica Acta, v. 16, p. 61-81
• Bray, E.E. and Evans, E.D., 1961. Distribution of n-paraffins as a clue to recognition of source rocks. Geochim. Cosmochim, Acta. 22, 2-15
• Bray, E.E. and Evans, E.D., 1965. Hydrocarbons in non-reservoir-rock source beds: Part 1. American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, 49, 248-257
• Brinkmann, R., 1966. Geotektoniche gliederung von West Anatolien, N. Jb. Geol. Paleon. Mh., 10, 603-618
• Cai, C. F., Mei, B. W., Li, W. and Fan, G., 1997. Water-rock interaction in Tarim Basin: Constraints from oilfield water geochemistry. Chinese Journal of Geochemistry, 16, 289-303
• Collins, A. G., Bennett, J. H. and Manuel, O. H., 1971. Iodine and algae in sedimentary rocks associated with iodine rich brines. Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 82, 2607-2610
• Cosgrove, M.E., 1970. Iodine in bituminous Kimmeridge shale of the Dorset coast in England. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 34, 830-836
• Çiftçi, B., Temel, R.O. and Iztan, H.Y.., 2010. Hydrocarbon occurrences in the western Anatolian (Aegean) grabens, Turkey: Is there a working petroleum system?. AAPG Bulletin, 94, 12, 1827-1857
• Çorbacıoğlu, H., Kırman, Z.D., Yılmazer, P., Doğan, S., Tokoğlu, E.E., Araç, B., Türesin, F.M., Huvaj, N.Y., Elmacı, A., Türkecan, A.T., Çevik, T., Bahtiyar, İ., Sarıkaya, H., Aydın, MG., Bakırhan, B. ve Yüksel, M., 2018. Hakkâri-Yüksekova-Hisardağı Bölgesi’nden Alınan Su, Emare ve Kayaç Örneklerinin Değerlendirme Raporu. TPAO Rapor No: 4297 (Yayımlanmamış)
• Didyk, B.M., Simoneit, B.R.T., Brassel, S.C. and Englington, G., 1978. Organic geochemical indicators of paleoenvironmental conditions of sedimentation. Nature, 272, 216-222
• Dora, O. Ö., Kun, N., Candan, O., 1992. Menderes Masifi’nin metamorfik tarihçesi ve jeotektonik konumu, TJK Bülteni, 35, 1-14
• Engle, M.A., Reyes, F.R., Varonka, M.S., Orem, W.H., Ma, L., Ianno, A.J., Schell, T.M., Xu, P. and Carroll, K.C., 2016. Geochemistry of formation waters from the Wolfcamp and “Cline” shales: Insights into brine origin, reservoir connectivity, and fluid flow in the Permian Basin, USA. Chemical Geology, 425, 76-92
• Erentöz, C. ve Ternek, Z., 1959. Türkiye sedimantasyon havzalarında petrol imkânları. MTA Dergisi, 53, 21-36
• Feng, Q.Y., and Han, B.P., 2002. Hydrogeochemical simulation of water-rock interaction under water flood recovery in Renqiu oilfield, Hebei Province, China. Chinese Journal of Geochemistry, 21, 156-162
• Filho, A.T., Pimentel, A.M. and Antonioli, L., 2008. Magmatism and petroleum exploration in the Brazilian Paleozoic basins. Marine and Petroleum Geology, 25, 143-151
• Frimmel, A., Oschmann, W. and Schwark, L. 2004. Chemostratigraphy of the Posidonia Black Shale, SW Germany: I. Influence of sea-level variation on organic facies evolution. Chemical Geology, 206, 199-230
• Flores, E.M.M., Mesko, M.F., Moraes, D.P., Pereira, J.S.F., Mello, P.A., Barin, J.S. and Knapp, G., 2008. Determination of halogens in coal after digestion using the microwave-induced combustion technique. Anal. Chem., 80, 1865-1870.
• Fuge, R. and Johnson, C.C., 1986. The geochemistry of iodine - a review. Environ. Geochem. Health. 8(2), 31-54
• Gadirov, V.G., Eppelbaum, L.V., Kuderavets, R.S., Menshov, O.I. and Gadirov, K.V., 2018. Indicative features of local magnetic anomalies from hydrocarbon deposits: examples from Azerbaijan and Ukraine, Acta Geophysica, doi: 10.1007/s11600-018-0224-0
• Gadirov, V.G. and Eppelbaum, L.V., 2012. Detailed gravity, magnetics successful in exploring Azerbaijan onshore areas. Oil and Gas Journal, 5, 60-73
• Gadirov, V.G., 1994. The physical-geological principles of application of gravity and magnetic prospecting in searching oil and gas deposits. Proceed. of 10th Petroleum Congress and Exhibition of Turkey, Ankara, pp. 197-203
• Geist, E.L., Childs, J.R. and Scholl, D.W., 1987. Evolution and petroleum geology of Amlia and Amukta intra-arc summit basins, Aleutian Ridge. Marine and Petroleum Geology, 4, 334-352
• Griffin, W.R., 1949. Residual gravity in theory and practice. Geophysics, 14, 39-58
• Gürer, Ö.F., Sarıca-Filoreau, N., Özburan, M., Sangu, E., Doğan, B., 2009. Progressive development of the Büyük Menderes Graben based on new data, western Turkey. Geol. Mag., 146(5), 652-673
• Gürgey, K., Simoneit, B.R.T., Batı, Z., Karamanderesi, İ.H. and Varol, B., 2007. Origin of petroliferous bitumen from the Büyük Menderes-Gediz geothermal graben system, Denizli-Sarayköy, western Turkey. Applied Geochemistry, 22, 1393-1415
• Hakimi, M.H., Al-Matary, A.M. and Ahmed, A.., 2017. Bulk geochemical characteristics and carbon isotope composition of oils from the Sayhut sub-basin in the Gulf of Aden with emphasis on organic matter input, age and maturity. Egyptian Journal of Petroleum, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpe.2017.06.002
• Haklıdır T.F.S., Uzun, A. and Şengün, R., 2012. Investigation of reservoir characteristics of high enthalpy geothermal fields on Büyük Menderes Graben and sulphate variations of geothermal fluids in the graben. Proceedings of International Earth Science Colloquium on the Aegean Region (IESCA), 1-5 October 2012, Dokuz Eylül University, İzmir, Turkey.
• Hartkopf-Fröder, C., Kloppisch, M., Mann, U., Neumann-Mahlkau, P., Schaefer, R.G. and Wilkes, H., 2007. The end-Frasnian mass extinction in the Eifel Mountains, Germany: new insights from organic matter composition and preservation. Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 278, 173-196. doi: 10.1144/SP278.8
• Heroux, Y., Chagnon, A.G. and Bertrand, R., 1979. Compilation and correlation of major thermal maturation indicators. AAPG Bulletin, 63, 2128-2144
• Hitchon, B. and Filby, R.H. 1983. Trace Elements in Alberta Crude Oils. Open File Report, 1983-02, Alberta Research Council, Edmonton. 37 p.
• Hummel, S., 2011. The Use of Iodine to Characterize Formation Waters in Oil and Gas Fields. Syracuse University. MSc. Thesis, 66 p.
• Hunt, J.M., 1995. Petroleum Geochemistry and Geology. W.H. Freeman and Company, New York. 743 p.
• Ivakhnenko, O.P, Abirov, R. and Logvinenko, A., 2015. New method for characterisation of petroleum reservoir fluid-mineral deposits using magnetic analysis. Energy Procedia, 76, 454-462
• Kendrick, M.A., Phillips, D., Wallace, M. and Miller, J.McL., 2011. Halogens and noble gases in sedimentary formation waters and Zn-Pb deposits: A case study from the Lennard Shelf, Australia. Applied Geochemistry, 26, 2089-2100
• Li, M., Lou, Z. H., Zhu, R., Jin, A. M. and Ye, Y., 2014. Distribution and geochemical characteristics of fluids in ordovician marine carbonate reservoirs of the Tahe oilfield. Journal of Earth Science, 25, 486–494
• Liu, S., Qi, S., Luo, Z., Liu, F., Ding, Y., Huang, H., Chen, Z., Cheng, S., 2018. The origin of high hydrocarbon groundwater in shallow Triassic aquifer in Northwest Guizhou, China. Environmental Geochemistry and Health, 40(1), 415-433
• Lyatsky, H.V., Thurston, J.B., Brown, R.J. and Lyatsky, V.B., 1992. Hydrocarbon exploration applications of potential field horizontal gradient vector maps. Canadian Society of Exploration Geophysicists Recorder, 17(9), 10-15
• Mathur, S., Jain, V.K., Tripathi, G.K., Jassal, J.K. & Chandra, K. 1988. Biological marker geochemistry of crude oils of Cambay Basin, India. In: Kumar, R.K., Dwivedi, P., Banerjie, V. & Gupta, V. (eds) Petroleum Geochemistry and Exploration in the Afro-Asian Region. Balkema, Rotterdam, 459-473
• Means, J.L. and Hubbard, N.J., 1987. Short-chain aliphatic acid anions in deep subsurface brines: A review of their origin, occurrence, properties, and importance and new data on their distribution and geochemical implications in the Palo Duro Basin, Texas. Org. Geochem. 11(3), 177-191
• Nettleton, L.L., 1976. Gravity and Magnetics in Oil Prospecting. McGraw-Hill, 464 p.
• Okay, A., 2001. Stratigraphic and metamorphic inversions in the Central Menderes Massif: A new structural model, International Journal of Earth Sciences, 89, 709-727
• Onojake, M.C., Osuji, L.C. and Oforka, N.C., 2013. Preliminary hydrocarbon analysis of crude oils from Umutu / Bomu fields, south west Niger Delta Nigeria. Egyptian Journal of Petroleum, 22, 217-224
• Özçelik, O., Altunsoy, M., Hökerek, S., Ünal, N. and Erik, N.Y., 2013. Organic geochemical characteristics of the coaly Miocene units in the Şahinali (Aydın) region, Büyük Menderes Graben, Turkey, Goldschmidt2013 Conference Abstracts, DOI:10.1180/minmag.2013.077.5.15
• Öner, Z. and Dilek, Y., 2013. Fault kinematics in supradetachment basin formation, Menderes core complex of western Turkey. Tectonophysics, 608, 1394-1412
• Özdemir, A., 2018a. Hasanoğlan (Ankara) petrol sisteminin organik hidrojeokimyasal kanıtları. Pamukkale Üniversitesi Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi. doi: 10.5505/pajes.2018.12316
• Özdemir, A., 2018b. Suda TPH (Toplam Petrol Hidrokarbonları) analizinin petrol ve doğalgaz arama amaçlı kullanımı: Türkiye’den ilk önemli sonuçlar. Mühendislik Bilimleri ve Tasarım Dergisi, 6(4), 615-636
• Özdemir, A., 2018c. Türkiye’nin iyotça zengin suları ve kara alanlarının petrol ve doğalgaz potansiyeli. Sürdürülebilir Mühendislik Uygulamaları ve Teknolojik Gelişmeler Dergisi, 1(2), 103-150
• Özdemir, A., 2018d. İyotça zengin yüzey ve yeraltı sularının oluşum mekanizmaları ve petrol ve doğalgaz yatakları ile ilişkileri. Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi, 4(2), 149-185
• Özdemir, A., 2018e. Relationships of formation, migration and trapping between petroleum and iodine. Natural and Engineering Sciences, 3(3), 110-153
• Özdemir, A., 2018f. Güneydoğu Anadolu havzasında petrol ile iyot ilişkisi. MTA Dergisi, http://dx.doi.org/10.19076/mta.464160
• Özdemir, A. ve Şahinoğlu, A., 2018. Ulukışla (Niğde) petrol sisteminin hidrojeokimyasal kanıtları. Afyon Kocatepe Üniversitesi Fen ve Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi (hakemde)
• Özdemir, A., Yaşar, E. and Çevik, G., 2017. An importance of the geological investigations in Kavaklıdere geothermal field (Turkey). Geomechanics, Geophysics, Geo-Energy and Geo-Resources, 3, 29-49
• Özdemir, A. and Şahinoğlu, 2018. Subsurface geology and geothermal potential of the Kavaklıdere geothermal field (Western Turkey). International Journal of Science and Research, 7(3), 1224-1249. Doi: 10.21275/ART2018930
• Pašteka, R., 2000. 2D semi-automated interpretation methods in gravimetry and magnetometry. Acta Geologica Universitatis Comeniana, 55, 5-50
• Peters, K.E., Fraser, T.H., Amris, W., Rustanto, B. and Hermanto, E., 1999. Geochemistry of crude oils from eastern Indonesia. American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, 83, 1927-1942
• Peters, K.E. and Moldowan, J.M., 1993. The Biomarker Guide, Interpreting Molecular Fossils in Petroleum and Ancient Sediments. Englewood Cliffs, Jersey, Prentice Hall, 339-363
• Piskarev, A.L. and Tchernyshev, M.Y., 1997. Magnetic and gravity anomaly patterns related to hydrocarbon fields in northern West Siberia. Geophysics, 62(3), 831-841
• Sakroon, S.A., 2008. Effect of oilfield brine on groundwater quality in Marmul area, Sultanate of Oman. United Arab Emirates University, MSc. Thesis, 146 p.
• Sari, A., Bahtiyar, I., Brenner, R.L. and Dogan, A.U., 2003. Potential source rocks for the crude oils in the Ikizce and Tokaris oil fields, SE Turkey. Petroleum Geoscience, 9, 347-356
• Satyana, A.H., 2015. Subvolcanic hydrocarbon prospectivity of Java: Opportunities and challenges. Proceedings, Indonesian Petroleum Association. Thirty-Ninth Annual Convention & Exhibition, May 2015. IPA15-G-105
• Svancara, J., 1983. Approximate method for direct interpretation of gravity anomalies caused by surface three‐dimensional geologic structures. Geophysics, 48(3), 361-366, https://doi.org/10.1190/1.1441474
• Senger, K., Millett, J., Planke, S., Ogata, K., Eide, C.H., Festøy, M., Galland, O. and Jerram, D.A., 2017. Effects of igneous intrusions on the petroleum system: a review. First Break, 35, 1-10
• Singleton, J.S., 2011. Kinematic and geometric evolution of the Buckskin-Rawhidemetamorphic core complex, west-central Arizona. The University of Texas at Austin. Thesis of Doctor of Philosophy. 235 p.
• Stephen, O.I. and Iduma, U., 2018. Hydrocarbon potential of Nigeria’s Inland Basin: Case study of Afikpo basin. Journal of Applied Geology and Geophysics, 6(4), 1-24
• Şengör, A.M.C., Satır, M., Akkök, R., 1984. Timing of tectonic events in the Menderes Massif, Western Turkey: Implications for tectonic evolution and evidence for Pan-African basement in Turkey, Tectonics, 3(7), 693-707
• Şimşek, Ş., 2003. Hydrogeological and isotopic survey of geothermal fields in the Buyuk Menderes Graben, Turkey, Geothermics, 32, 669-678
• Tissot, B.P. and Welte, D.H., 1984. Petroleum Formation and Occurrence. Springer-Verlag, 699 p.
• Tran, K.L. and Philippe, B., 1993. Oil and rock extract analysis. in Applied Petroleum Geochemistry (M.L., Bordenave, eds.), p. 373-394
• Thompson, J.G., 1982. Hydrocarbon source rock analyses of Pakawau Group and Kapuni Formation sediments, northwest Nelson and offshore South Taranaki, New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics, 25(2), 141-148, DOI:10.1080/00288306.1982.10421406
• Töpfer, K.D., 1977. Improved technique for rapid interpretation of gravity anomalies caused by two-dimensional sedimentary basins. Journal of Geophysics, 43, 645-654 (in Švancara, J., 1983. Approximate method for direct interpretation of gravity anomalies caused by surface three‐dimensional geologic structures. Geophysics, 48(3), 361-366, https://doi.org/10.1190/1.1441474)
• Volkman, J.K. and Maxwell, J.R., 1986. Acyclic isoprenoids as biological markers. In: Biological Markers in the Sedimentary Record (R.B. Johns, eds.), Elsevier, New York; pp. 1-42
• Waples, D.W., 1985. Geochemistry in Petroleum Exploration. International Human Resources Development Corp., 232 p.
• Worden, R.H., 1996. Controls on halogen concentrations in sedimentary formation waters. Mineralogical Magazine, 60, 259-274
• Yazman, M., Çopur, S., Özdemir, İ., Iztan, Y.H., Sayılı, A., Batı, Z., 2004. Büyük Menderes Grabeninin Jeolojisi, Petrol Olanakları (Denizli’den Germencik’e) ve Nazilli-1 Arama Kuyusu, TPAO Raporu, Rapor No: 4546, 71 s.