MIXING OF BIODIESELS PRODUCED FROM DIFFERENT SOURCES TO JET FUELS AND COMPARISON OF SPECIFICATIONS OF FUEL BLENDS

Year 2020, , 86 - 96, 01.06.2020

Fevzi Yaşar

https://doi.org/10.36222/ejt.710457

Abstract

Air quality standards set forth by the Clean Air Act and its amendments have established guidelines for the reduction of harmful ground-level emissions from the aviation sector. Aviation industries are vulnerable to the energy crisis and simultaneously posed environmental concerns. Proposed engine technology advancements could reduce environmental impact and energy consumption. Substituting the source of jet fuel from fossil-based fuel to biomass-based will help reduce emissions and minimize the energy crisis. This is a kind of biomass energy (bioenergy), biodiesel, can be used in diesel engines as an alternative fuel. Biodiesel is produced from renewable resources such as vegetable and animal oils. Biodiesel is sustainable, environmentally friendly, non-toxic, an alternative fuel for diesel engines. In this study, the addition of 5%, 10%, 15% and 20% of the biodiesel produced from different sources to the jet fuel and the fuel properties of the blends obtained were compared. Considering the properties of the biodiesel used, it is seen that the fuel with the highest density, viscosity, flash point and freezing point was WCO (892kg / m3, 4.66mm / s2, 180oC, -8oC). Accordingly, WCO biodiesel blends were found to be higher than others. In addition, it was determined that the algae biodiesel used in the study had the best density (881 kg / m3), Flash point (150oC) and Freezing point (-14oC), and the Cotton biodiesel met the most suitable viscosity value.

Keywords

Jet fuel, , different sources, , biodiesel, , fuel properties, , comparison

References

• [1] Zajac, G., The role of air transport in the development of international tourism, Journal of International Trade, Logistics and Law, Vol. 2, (2016), (1), pp,1-8. [2] Kumbur, H., Özer. Z., Özsoy, H.D., Avcı, E.D., Comparison of the potential environmental impact of conventional and renewable energy sources and in Turkey, III. Renewable Energy Resources Symposium and Exhibition, Mersin, (2005). [3] McCollum, D., Gould, G., Greene, D., Greenhouse gas emissions from aviation and marine transportation: mitigation potential and policies, Solutions White Paper Series, (2009). [4] Reducing emissions from aviation. (2020). https://ec.europa.eu/clima/policies/transport/aviation [5] Kousoulidou, K., Lonza, L., Biofuels in aviation: Fuel demand and CO2 emissions evolution in Europe toward 2030, Transportation Research Part D, 46, (2016), pp,166–181. [6] Azami, M.H., Amin, S., Comparative study of alternative biofuels on aircraft engine performance, Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part G: Journal of Aerospace Engineering, 231, (2017), 8, pp, 1509-1521. [7] Azami, M.H., Savill, M., Modelling of spray evaporation and penetration for alternative fuels, Fuel 180, (2016), pp, 514–520. [8] Ashraful, A.M., Masjuki, H.H., Kalam, M.A., Fattah, I.M.R., Imtenan, S., Shahir, S.A., Mobarak, H.M., Production and comparison of fuel properties , engine performance , and emission characteristics of biodiesel from various non-edible vegetable oils : A review, Energy Conversion and Management, 80, (2014), pp,202–228. [9] Atabani, A.E., Silitonga, A.S., Badruddin, I..A., Mahlia, T.M.I., Masjuki, H.H., Mekhilef, S., A comprehensive review on biodiesel as an alternative energy resource and its characteristics, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 16, (2012), 2070–2093. [10] Maity, J.P., Bundschuh, J., Chen, C.Y., Bhattacharya, P., Microalgae for third generation biofuel production, mitigation of greenhouse gas emissions and wastewater treatment: Present and future perspectives – A mini review, Energy, 78, (2014), pp,104-113. [11] Mohammadnejad, M., Ghazvini, M., Mahlia, T.M.I., Andriyana, A., A review on energy scenario and sustainable energy in Iran, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 15, (2011), 9, pp, 4652-4658. [12] Edenhofer, O., Pichs-Madruga, R., Sokona, Y., Special Report on Renewable Energy Sources and Climate Change Mitigation, Special Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), (2012). [13] Yılmaz, N., Atmanlı, A., Sustainable alternative fuels in aviation, Energy, 140, (2017), pp, 1378-1386. [14] Bulc, V., Delli, K., European Aviation Environmental Report, (2019). [15] Vásquez, M. C., Silva, E. E., Castillo, E. F., Hydrotreatment of vegetable oils: A review of the technologies and its developments for jet biofuel production, Biomass and Bioenergy,105, (2017), pp,197-206. [16] de Jong, S., Hoefnagels, R., van Stralen, J., Londo, M., Slade, R., Faaij, A., Junginger, M., Renewable Jet Fuel in the European Union – Scenarios and Preconditions for Renewable Jet Fuel Deployment towards 2030. (2017), pp, 1-34. [17] European Commission, State of the Art on Alternative Fuel Transport System in the European Union, Final Report, DG MOVE - Expert group on future transport fuels State of the Art on Alternative Fuels Transport Systems, (2015), pp, 1-128. [18] Mawhood, R., E. Gazis, S. de Jong, R. Hoefnagels, R. Slade (2016), “Production pathways for renewable jet fuel: a review of commercialization status and future prospects”. Biofuels, Bioproducts and Biorefining, Vol. 10, Issue 4, pp. 462-484. [19] RAND Corporation and Massachusetts Institute of Technology (2009), “Near-Term Feasibility of Alternative Jet Fuels – Technical report.” http://stuff.mit.edu:8001/afs/ athena.mit.edu/dept/aeroastro/partner/reports/proj17/altfuelfeasrpt.pdf. [20] Biofuels for aviation technology brief, International Renewable Energy Agency, (2017). [21] https://www.energy.gov/eere/bioenergy, U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Efficiency & Renewable Energy, Alternative Aviation Fuels: Overview of Challenges, Opportunities, and Next Steps, (2016). [22] Fortier, M.O.P., Roberts, G.W., Stagg-Williams, S.M., Sturm, B.S.M., Life cycle assessment of bio-jet fuel from hydrothermal liquefaction of microalgae, Applied Energy, 122, (2014), pp, 73-82. [23] Wormslev, E.C., Pedersen, J.L., Eriksen, C., Bugge, R., Skou, N., Sustainable Jet Fuel for Aviation: Nordic perspectives on the use of advanced sustainable jet fuel for aviation, Nordic Energy Research, (2016), pp, 1-253. [24] Payan, A.P., Kirby, M., Justin, C.Y., Mavris, D.Y., Meeting emissions reduction targets: A probabilistic lifecycle assessment of the production of alternative jet fuels, AIAA/3AF Aircraft Noise and Emissions Reduction Symposium, 16-20 June (2014), pp, 1-18. [25] Fuel consumption of airlines worldwide: https://www.statista.com/statistics/655057/, (2020). [26] Knothe, G., Dependence of Biodiesel Fuel Properties on The Structure of Fatty Acid Alkyl Esters, Fuel Processing Technology, 86, (2005), pp, 1059 – 1070. [27] Hu, Z., Tan, P., Yan, X., Lou, D., Life Cycle Energy, Environment and Economic Assessment of Soybean-Based Biodiesel as an Alternative Automotive Fuel in China, Energy, 33, (2008), pp, 1654–1658. [28] Outcalt, S.L., Laesecke, A., Brumback, K.J., Comparison of Jet Fuels by Measurements of Density and Speed of Sound of a Flightline JP-8. Energy Fuels, 24, (2010), pp, 5573–5578. [29] Hocking, M.B., Handbook of Chemical Technology and Pollution Control (Third Edition), 2005, pp, 593-636. [30] Rulemaking, A., Aviation Rulemaking Advisory Committee, Fuel Properties - Effect on Aircraft and Infrastructure, Task Group 6/7 on Fuel Properties Report to the Fuel Tank Harmonization Working Group of the FAA Aviation Rulemaking Advisory Committee, (1998), pp, 1-37. [31] Robertson, B. Baumgarten G.P. Evaluation of Automotive Fuel Flowmeters, Book. 13. Cilt, (1977). [32] Mark, S. Ramsey, P. E., In Practical Wellbore Hydraulics and Hole Cleaning, Book, (2019). [33] M. Imam, M.M., Basha, M. Shaahid, S.M., Ahmad, A. Al-Hadhramia, L.M., Effect of Viscosity on the Pressure Gradient in 4-inch Pipe. 2014 ASME International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition, (2014), Montreal, Canada. [34] Durkee, J., Management of Industrial Cleaning Technology and Processes, Book, (2006). [35] Sılla, E., Wypych, G., Fundamental Principles Governing Solvents Use. Handbook of Solvents (Third Edition), Book, (2019). [36] Dimian, A.C., Kiss, A.A., Integrated Design and Simulation of Chemical ProcessesComputer Aided Chemical Engineering, Book, (2003). [37] Coetzer, R. L. J., Joubert, T. S., Viljoen, C. L., Nel, R. J. J., Strydom, C. A., Response surface models for synthetic jet fuel properties. Applied Petrochemical Research, 8, (2018), pp, 39–53. [38] Dahlquist, E., Biomass as Energy Source: Resources, Systems and Applications. Book. (2013). [39] Al Sabagh, A. M. Azzam, E., Nasser, N. M., Abdel Haliem, F. T., El-Shafey, A. M., Using ethoxylated polyalkylphenol formaldhyde as additive to enhance some physical properties of Egyptian jet fuel A1, African Journal of Engineering Research, 4, (2016), 2, pp, 11-25 [40] Drews, A.W., Manual on Hydrocarbon Analysis (6th Edition): (MNL 3), Book, (1998).