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Prefrontal Brain Activation in Subtypes of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: A Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy Study

Year 2018, Volume: 18 Issue: 2, 256 - 262, 03.08.2018

Miray Altınkaynak , Ayşegül Güven Nazan Dolu Meltem İzzetoğlu Esra Demirci Sevgi Özmen Ferhat Pektaş

Abstract

DOI: 10.26650/electrica.2018.99730


According
to clinical symptoms, attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is
categorized into three groups: the predominantly inattentive subtype (ADHD-I),
the predominantly hyperactive-impulsive subtype (ADHD-HI), and the combined
subtype (ADHD-C). Recent advances in neuroimaging have demonstrated new
approaches for assessing the ADHD subtypes with underlying pathophysiology.
This study aims to examine the hemodynamic response and reaction time (RT) in
healthy children and the ADHD subtypes as measured by functional near-infrared
spectroscopy (fNIRS) during an auditory oddball attention task. The sample was
made up of 40 children divided into four groups: control group (n=14), ADHD-I
group (n=9), ADHD-HI group (n=6), and ADHD-C group (n=11). The target responses
were identified and were grand-averaged for each participant. Right prefrontal
cortex hemodynamic responses and groups performances on RT were compared
between subtypes and between controls and subtypes. Functional near-infrared
spectroscopy indicated that while control subjects exhibited higher activation
than all ADHD subtypes, the ADHD subtypes did not differ from one another.
Relative to control subjects, a longer RT was observed in all ADHD subtypes.
The ADHD-I group showed significantly longer RTs compared to the ADHD-HI and
ADHD-C groups. This study can bring a new perspective to the continuing
controversy about ADHD subtypes, and the findings may help in the evaluation of
fNIRS, RT, and RT variability studies in ADHD.

Keywords

ADHD subtype functional near-infrared spectroscopy reaction time oxyhemoglobin

References

  • 1. J. Biederman, S.V. Faraone, “Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder”, Lancet, vol. 366, no. 9481, pp. 237-248, 2005.
  • 2. American Psychiatric Association, “Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders”, 4th edition, 2000.
  • 3. K. S. Rosch, D. Crocetti, K. Hirabayashi, M. B. Denckla, S. H. Mostofsky, E. M. Mahone, “Reduced subcortical volumes among preschool-age girls and boys with ADHD”, Psychiatry Res Neuroimaging, vol. 271, pp. 67-74, 2018.
  • 4. C. Sridhar, S. Bhat, U. R. Acharya, H. Adeli, G. M. Bairy, “Diagnosis of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder using imaging and signal processing techniques”, Comput Biol Med, vol. 88, pp. 93-99, 2017.
  • 5. Y. Monden, H. Dan, M. Nagashima, I. Dan, D. Tsuzuki, Y. Kyutoku, Y. Gunji, T. Yamagata, E. Watanabe, M.Y. Momoi, “Right prefrontal activation as a neuro-functional biomarker for monitoring acute effects of methylphenidate in ADHD children: An fNIRS study”, Neuroimage Clin, vol. 1, no.1, pp. 131-140, 2012.
  • 6. G. Bush, E. M. Valera, L. J. Seidman, “Functional neuroimaging of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: A reviewand suggested future directions”, Biol Psychiatry, vol. 57, no. 11, pp. 1273-1284, 2005.
  • 7. J. F. Saad, K.R. Griffiths, M. R. Kohn, S. Clarke., L. M. Williams, M. S. Korgaonkar, “Regional brain network organization distinguishes the combined and inattentive subtypes of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder”, Neuroimage Clin, vol. 22, no.15, pp. 383-390, 2017.
  • 8. V. Vilgis, L. Sun, J. Chen, T. J. Silk, A. Vance, “Global and local grey matter reductions in boys with ADHD combined type and ADHD inattentive type”, Psychiatry Res Neuroimaging, vol. 254, pp. 119-126, 2016.
  • 9. A. J. Orinstein, M. C. Stevens, “Brain activity in predominantly-inattentive subtype attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder during an auditory oddball attention task”, Psychiatry Res. Neuroimaging, vol. 223, no. 2, pp. 121-128.2014.
  • 10. L. J. Seidman, “Neuropsychological functioning in people with ADHD across the lifespan”, Clin Psychol Rev, vol. 26, no. 4, pp.466-485, 2006.
  • 11. R. A. Barkley, “Behavioral inhibition, sustained attention, and executive functions: constructing a unifying theory of ADHD”, Psychol Bull, vol. 121, no. 1, pp.65-94, 1997.
  • 12. A. C. Ehlis, S. Schneidera, T. Dresler, A. J. Fallgatter, “Application of functional near-infrared spectroscopy in psychiatry”, NeuroImage, vol. 85, no. 1, pp. 478-488, 2014.
  • 13. Y. Monden, I. Dan, M. Nagashima, H. Dan, M. Uga, T. Ikeda, D. Tsuzuki, Y. Kyutoku, Y. Gunji, D. Hirano, T. Taniguchi, H. Shimoizumi, E. Watanabe, T. Yamagata, “Individual classification of ADHD children by right prefrontal hemodynamic responses during a go/no-go task as assessed by fNIRS”, Neuroimage Clin, vol.9, pp.1-12, 2015.
  • 14. S. Jourdan Moser, S. Cutini, P. Weber, M. L. Schroeter, “Right prefrontal brain activation due to Stroop interference is altered in attention-deficit hyperactivitydisorder-A functional near-infrared spectroscopy study” Psychiatry Res, vol. 173, no. 3, pp. 190-19, 2009.
  • 15. Y. Monden, H. Dan, M. Nagashima, I. Dan, D. Tsuzuki, Y. Kyutoku, Y. Gunji, T. Yamagata, E. Watanabe, M. Y. Momoi, “Right prefrontal activation as a neuro-functional biomarker for monitoring acute effects of methylphenidate in ADHD children: An fNIRS study” NeuroImage Clin, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 131-140, 2012.
  • 16. D. R. Coghill, S. Seth, S. Pedroso, T. Usala, J. Currie, A Gagliano, “Effects of Methylphenidate on Cognitive Functions in Children and Adolescents with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: Evidence from a Systematic Review and a Meta-Analysis”, Biol Psychiatry, vol. 76, no. 8, pp. 603-15, 2014.
  • 17. L. Tamm, M. E. Narad, T. N. Antonini, K. M. O’Brien, L. W. Hawk, J. N. Epstein, “Reaction time variability in ADHD: A review”, Neurotherapeutics, vol. 9, no. 3, pp. 500-508, 2012.
  • 18. M. V. Solanto, S. N. Gilbert, A. Raj, J. Zhu, S. Pope-Boyd, B. Stepak, L. Vail, J. H. Newcorn “Neurocognitive functioning in AD/HD, Predominantly Inattentive Subtype”, J Abnorm Child Psychol, vol. 35, no. 5, pp.729-744, 2007.
  • 19. D. Wechsler, “WISC-R Manuel for the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children Revised”, New York: Psychological Corporation, 1972.
  • 20. M. Cope, D. T. Delpy, “System for long-term measurement of cerebral blood flow and tissue oxygenation on newborn infants by infrared transillumination”, Med Biol Eng Comput, vol. 26, no. 3, pp.289-294, 1988.
  • 21. M. Izzetoglu, K. Izzetoglu, S. Bunce, H. Ayaz, A. Devaraj, B. Onaral, K. Pourrezaei, “Functional near-infrared neuroimaging”. IEEE Trans Neural Syst Rehabil Eng, vol. 13, no. 2, pp.153-9, 2005.
  • 22. E. G. Willcutt, J. T. Nigg, B. F. Pennington, M. V. Solanto, L. A. Rohde, R. Tannock, S. K. Loo, C. L. Carlson, K. McBurnett, B. B. Lahey, “Validity of DSM-IV attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptom dimensions and subtypes”, J Abnorm Psychol, vol. 121, no. 4, pp. 991-1010, 2012.
  • 23. A. C. Ehlis, C. G. Bahne, C. P. Jacob, M. J. Herrmann, A. J Fallgatter, “Reduced lateral prefrontal activation in adult patients with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) during a working memory task: a functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) study”, J Psychiatry Res, vol. 42, NO. 13, pp. 1060-1067, 2008.
  • 24. Y. Hoshi, “Functional near-infrared optical imaging: utility and limitations in human brain mapping”, Psychophysiology, vol. 40, no. 4, pp. 511-520, 2003.
  • 25. D. A. Fair, J. T. Nigg, S. Iyer, D. Bathula, K. L. Mills, N. U. Dosenbach, B. L. Schlaggar, M. Mennes, D. Gutman, S. Bangaru, J. K. Buitelaar, D. P. Dickstein, A. Di Martino; D.N. Kennedy, C. Kelly, B. Luna, J. B. Schweitzer, K. Velanova, Y. F. Wang YF, S. Mostofsky, F. X. Castellanos, M. P. Milham, “Distinct neural signatures detected for ADHD subtypes after controlling for micro-movements in resting state functional connectivity MRI data”, Front Syst Neurosci, vol. 6, no. 80, pp. 1-31, 2012.
  • 26. M. Al-Amin, A. Zinchenko, T. Geyer, “Hippocampal subfield volume changes in subtypes of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder”, Brain Res, vol. 1685, pp. 1-8, 2018.
  • 27. H. M. Geurts, S. Verté, J. Oosterlaan, H. Roeyers, J. A. Sergeant, “ADHD subtypes: do they differ in their executive functioning profile?” Arch Clin Neuropsychol, vol.20, no.4, pp. 457-77, 2005.
  • 28. E. S. Ercan, S. Suren, A. Bacanlı, K. U. Yazıcı, C. Callı, U. A. Ardic, D. Aygunes, B. Kosova, O. Ozyurt, C. Aydın, L. A. Rohde, “Altered structural connectivity is related to attention deficit/hyperactivity subtypes: A DTI study”. Psychiatry Res Neuroimaging, vol.30, no. 256, pp. 57-64, 2016.
  • 29. R. Dobson-Patterson, J. G. O’Gorman, R. C. Chan, D. H. Shum, “ADHD subtypes and neuropsychological performance in an adult sample” Res Dev Disabil, vol. 55, pp. 55-63, 2016.
  • 30. M. V. Solanto, K. P. Schulz, J. Fan, C. Y. Tang, J. H. Newcorn, “Event-related fMRI of inhibitory control in the Predominantly Inattentive and Combined Subtypes of AD/HD”, J Neuroimaging, vol. 19, no. 3, pp. 205-212, 2009.
  • 31. M. Altınkaynak, A. Guven, N. Dolu, M. İzzetoğlu, E. Demirci, S. Ozmen, F. Pektaş “ Investigating prefrontal hemodynamic responses in ADHD subtypes: A fNIRS study”, 10th International Conference on Electrical and Electronics Engineering (ELECO), 2017, pp. 611-614.

Prefrontal Brain Activation in Subtypes of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: A Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy Study

Year 2018, Volume: 18 Issue: 2, 256 - 262, 03.08.2018

Miray Altınkaynak , Ayşegül Güven Nazan Dolu Meltem İzzetoğlu Esra Demirci Sevgi Özmen Ferhat Pektaş

Abstract

DOI: 10.26650/electrica.2018.99730

According
to clinical symptoms, attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is
categorized into three groups: the predominantly inattentive subtype (ADHD-I),
the predominantly hyperactive-impulsive subtype (ADHD-HI), and the combined
subtype (ADHD-C). Recent advances in neuroimaging have demonstrated new
approaches for assessing the ADHD subtypes with underlying pathophysiology.
This study aims to examine the hemodynamic response and reaction time (RT) in
healthy children and the ADHD subtypes as measured by functional near-infrared
spectroscopy (fNIRS) during an auditory oddball attention task. The sample was
made up of 40 children divided into four groups: control group (n=14), ADHD-I
group (n=9), ADHD-HI group (n=6), and ADHD-C group (n=11). The target responses
were identified and were grand-averaged for each participant. Right prefrontal
cortex hemodynamic responses and groups performances on RT were compared
between subtypes and between controls and subtypes. Functional near-infrared
spectroscopy indicated that while control subjects exhibited higher activation
than all ADHD subtypes, the ADHD subtypes did not differ from one another.
Relative to control subjects, a longer RT was observed in all ADHD subtypes.
The ADHD-I group showed significantly longer RTs compared to the ADHD-HI and
ADHD-C groups. This study can bring a new perspective to the continuing
controversy about ADHD subtypes, and the findings may help in the evaluation of
fNIRS, RT, and RT variability studies in ADHD. 

Keywords

ADHD subtype functional near-infrared spectroscopy reaction time oxyhemoglobin

References

  • 1. J. Biederman, S.V. Faraone, “Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder”, Lancet, vol. 366, no. 9481, pp. 237-248, 2005.
  • 2. American Psychiatric Association, “Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders”, 4th edition, 2000.
  • 3. K. S. Rosch, D. Crocetti, K. Hirabayashi, M. B. Denckla, S. H. Mostofsky, E. M. Mahone, “Reduced subcortical volumes among preschool-age girls and boys with ADHD”, Psychiatry Res Neuroimaging, vol. 271, pp. 67-74, 2018.
  • 4. C. Sridhar, S. Bhat, U. R. Acharya, H. Adeli, G. M. Bairy, “Diagnosis of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder using imaging and signal processing techniques”, Comput Biol Med, vol. 88, pp. 93-99, 2017.
  • 5. Y. Monden, H. Dan, M. Nagashima, I. Dan, D. Tsuzuki, Y. Kyutoku, Y. Gunji, T. Yamagata, E. Watanabe, M.Y. Momoi, “Right prefrontal activation as a neuro-functional biomarker for monitoring acute effects of methylphenidate in ADHD children: An fNIRS study”, Neuroimage Clin, vol. 1, no.1, pp. 131-140, 2012.
  • 6. G. Bush, E. M. Valera, L. J. Seidman, “Functional neuroimaging of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: A reviewand suggested future directions”, Biol Psychiatry, vol. 57, no. 11, pp. 1273-1284, 2005.
  • 7. J. F. Saad, K.R. Griffiths, M. R. Kohn, S. Clarke., L. M. Williams, M. S. Korgaonkar, “Regional brain network organization distinguishes the combined and inattentive subtypes of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder”, Neuroimage Clin, vol. 22, no.15, pp. 383-390, 2017.
  • 8. V. Vilgis, L. Sun, J. Chen, T. J. Silk, A. Vance, “Global and local grey matter reductions in boys with ADHD combined type and ADHD inattentive type”, Psychiatry Res Neuroimaging, vol. 254, pp. 119-126, 2016.
  • 9. A. J. Orinstein, M. C. Stevens, “Brain activity in predominantly-inattentive subtype attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder during an auditory oddball attention task”, Psychiatry Res. Neuroimaging, vol. 223, no. 2, pp. 121-128.2014.
  • 10. L. J. Seidman, “Neuropsychological functioning in people with ADHD across the lifespan”, Clin Psychol Rev, vol. 26, no. 4, pp.466-485, 2006.
  • 11. R. A. Barkley, “Behavioral inhibition, sustained attention, and executive functions: constructing a unifying theory of ADHD”, Psychol Bull, vol. 121, no. 1, pp.65-94, 1997.
  • 12. A. C. Ehlis, S. Schneidera, T. Dresler, A. J. Fallgatter, “Application of functional near-infrared spectroscopy in psychiatry”, NeuroImage, vol. 85, no. 1, pp. 478-488, 2014.
  • 13. Y. Monden, I. Dan, M. Nagashima, H. Dan, M. Uga, T. Ikeda, D. Tsuzuki, Y. Kyutoku, Y. Gunji, D. Hirano, T. Taniguchi, H. Shimoizumi, E. Watanabe, T. Yamagata, “Individual classification of ADHD children by right prefrontal hemodynamic responses during a go/no-go task as assessed by fNIRS”, Neuroimage Clin, vol.9, pp.1-12, 2015.
  • 14. S. Jourdan Moser, S. Cutini, P. Weber, M. L. Schroeter, “Right prefrontal brain activation due to Stroop interference is altered in attention-deficit hyperactivitydisorder-A functional near-infrared spectroscopy study” Psychiatry Res, vol. 173, no. 3, pp. 190-19, 2009.
  • 15. Y. Monden, H. Dan, M. Nagashima, I. Dan, D. Tsuzuki, Y. Kyutoku, Y. Gunji, T. Yamagata, E. Watanabe, M. Y. Momoi, “Right prefrontal activation as a neuro-functional biomarker for monitoring acute effects of methylphenidate in ADHD children: An fNIRS study” NeuroImage Clin, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 131-140, 2012.
  • 16. D. R. Coghill, S. Seth, S. Pedroso, T. Usala, J. Currie, A Gagliano, “Effects of Methylphenidate on Cognitive Functions in Children and Adolescents with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: Evidence from a Systematic Review and a Meta-Analysis”, Biol Psychiatry, vol. 76, no. 8, pp. 603-15, 2014.
  • 17. L. Tamm, M. E. Narad, T. N. Antonini, K. M. O’Brien, L. W. Hawk, J. N. Epstein, “Reaction time variability in ADHD: A review”, Neurotherapeutics, vol. 9, no. 3, pp. 500-508, 2012.
  • 18. M. V. Solanto, S. N. Gilbert, A. Raj, J. Zhu, S. Pope-Boyd, B. Stepak, L. Vail, J. H. Newcorn “Neurocognitive functioning in AD/HD, Predominantly Inattentive Subtype”, J Abnorm Child Psychol, vol. 35, no. 5, pp.729-744, 2007.
  • 19. D. Wechsler, “WISC-R Manuel for the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children Revised”, New York: Psychological Corporation, 1972.
  • 20. M. Cope, D. T. Delpy, “System for long-term measurement of cerebral blood flow and tissue oxygenation on newborn infants by infrared transillumination”, Med Biol Eng Comput, vol. 26, no. 3, pp.289-294, 1988.
  • 21. M. Izzetoglu, K. Izzetoglu, S. Bunce, H. Ayaz, A. Devaraj, B. Onaral, K. Pourrezaei, “Functional near-infrared neuroimaging”. IEEE Trans Neural Syst Rehabil Eng, vol. 13, no. 2, pp.153-9, 2005.
  • 22. E. G. Willcutt, J. T. Nigg, B. F. Pennington, M. V. Solanto, L. A. Rohde, R. Tannock, S. K. Loo, C. L. Carlson, K. McBurnett, B. B. Lahey, “Validity of DSM-IV attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptom dimensions and subtypes”, J Abnorm Psychol, vol. 121, no. 4, pp. 991-1010, 2012.
  • 23. A. C. Ehlis, C. G. Bahne, C. P. Jacob, M. J. Herrmann, A. J Fallgatter, “Reduced lateral prefrontal activation in adult patients with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) during a working memory task: a functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) study”, J Psychiatry Res, vol. 42, NO. 13, pp. 1060-1067, 2008.
  • 24. Y. Hoshi, “Functional near-infrared optical imaging: utility and limitations in human brain mapping”, Psychophysiology, vol. 40, no. 4, pp. 511-520, 2003.
  • 25. D. A. Fair, J. T. Nigg, S. Iyer, D. Bathula, K. L. Mills, N. U. Dosenbach, B. L. Schlaggar, M. Mennes, D. Gutman, S. Bangaru, J. K. Buitelaar, D. P. Dickstein, A. Di Martino; D.N. Kennedy, C. Kelly, B. Luna, J. B. Schweitzer, K. Velanova, Y. F. Wang YF, S. Mostofsky, F. X. Castellanos, M. P. Milham, “Distinct neural signatures detected for ADHD subtypes after controlling for micro-movements in resting state functional connectivity MRI data”, Front Syst Neurosci, vol. 6, no. 80, pp. 1-31, 2012.
  • 26. M. Al-Amin, A. Zinchenko, T. Geyer, “Hippocampal subfield volume changes in subtypes of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder”, Brain Res, vol. 1685, pp. 1-8, 2018.
  • 27. H. M. Geurts, S. Verté, J. Oosterlaan, H. Roeyers, J. A. Sergeant, “ADHD subtypes: do they differ in their executive functioning profile?” Arch Clin Neuropsychol, vol.20, no.4, pp. 457-77, 2005.
  • 28. E. S. Ercan, S. Suren, A. Bacanlı, K. U. Yazıcı, C. Callı, U. A. Ardic, D. Aygunes, B. Kosova, O. Ozyurt, C. Aydın, L. A. Rohde, “Altered structural connectivity is related to attention deficit/hyperactivity subtypes: A DTI study”. Psychiatry Res Neuroimaging, vol.30, no. 256, pp. 57-64, 2016.
  • 29. R. Dobson-Patterson, J. G. O’Gorman, R. C. Chan, D. H. Shum, “ADHD subtypes and neuropsychological performance in an adult sample” Res Dev Disabil, vol. 55, pp. 55-63, 2016.
  • 30. M. V. Solanto, K. P. Schulz, J. Fan, C. Y. Tang, J. H. Newcorn, “Event-related fMRI of inhibitory control in the Predominantly Inattentive and Combined Subtypes of AD/HD”, J Neuroimaging, vol. 19, no. 3, pp. 205-212, 2009.
  • 31. M. Altınkaynak, A. Guven, N. Dolu, M. İzzetoğlu, E. Demirci, S. Ozmen, F. Pektaş “ Investigating prefrontal hemodynamic responses in ADHD subtypes: A fNIRS study”, 10th International Conference on Electrical and Electronics Engineering (ELECO), 2017, pp. 611-614.
There are 31 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Engineering
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Miray Altınkaynak

Ayşegül Güven This is me

Nazan Dolu This is me

Meltem İzzetoğlu This is me

Esra Demirci This is me

Sevgi Özmen This is me

Ferhat Pektaş This is me

Publication Date August 3, 2018
Published in Issue Year 2018 Volume: 18 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Altınkaynak, M., Güven, A., Dolu, N., İzzetoğlu, M., et al. (2018). Prefrontal Brain Activation in Subtypes of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: A Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy Study. Electrica, 18(2), 256-262.
AMA Altınkaynak M, Güven A, Dolu N, İzzetoğlu M, Demirci E, Özmen S, Pektaş F. Prefrontal Brain Activation in Subtypes of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: A Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy Study. Electrica. August 2018;18(2):256-262.
Chicago Altınkaynak, Miray, Ayşegül Güven, Nazan Dolu, Meltem İzzetoğlu, Esra Demirci, Sevgi Özmen, and Ferhat Pektaş. “Prefrontal Brain Activation in Subtypes of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: A Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy Study”. Electrica 18, no. 2 (August 2018): 256-62.
EndNote Altınkaynak M, Güven A, Dolu N, İzzetoğlu M, Demirci E, Özmen S, Pektaş F (August 1, 2018) Prefrontal Brain Activation in Subtypes of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: A Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy Study. Electrica 18 2 256–262.
IEEE M. Altınkaynak, A. Güven, N. Dolu, M. İzzetoğlu, E. Demirci, S. Özmen, and F. Pektaş, “Prefrontal Brain Activation in Subtypes of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: A Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy Study”, Electrica, vol. 18, no. 2, pp. 256–262, 2018.
ISNAD Altınkaynak, Miray et al. “Prefrontal Brain Activation in Subtypes of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: A Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy Study”. Electrica 18/2 (August 2018), 256-262.
JAMA Altınkaynak M, Güven A, Dolu N, İzzetoğlu M, Demirci E, Özmen S, Pektaş F. Prefrontal Brain Activation in Subtypes of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: A Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy Study. Electrica. 2018;18:256–262.
MLA Altınkaynak, Miray et al. “Prefrontal Brain Activation in Subtypes of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: A Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy Study”. Electrica, vol. 18, no. 2, 2018, pp. 256-62.
Vancouver Altınkaynak M, Güven A, Dolu N, İzzetoğlu M, Demirci E, Özmen S, Pektaş F. Prefrontal Brain Activation in Subtypes of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: A Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy Study. Electrica. 2018;18(2):256-62.
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