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Landmark-based analysis of honey bee wing variation: findings from some regions of Van, Hakkari (Türkiye) and Iran

Year 2025, Volume: 49 Issue: 1, 3 - 18, 14.04.2025
https://doi.org/10.16970/entoted.1559312

Abstract

This study investigates the geometric morphometric characteristics of honey bee colonies selected from certain regions of Eastern Anatolia and Iran. Wing samples from 1738 worker bees were collected from stationary colonies in the districts of Van and Hakkari (Türkiye), as well as Iran. Shape and size differences were examined using 20 landmark points on the right forewings of the samples. Procrustes ANOVA revealed significant differences between locations and apiaries (p<0.001). Canonical variate analysis (CVA) and principal component analysis (PCA) showed that Gevaş and Iran samples differentiated from other groups. Discriminant function analysis showed significant differences among all locations (p<0.0001). Substantial differences were observed between Iran and other locations, followed by differences between Gevaş and the other locations. The distribution pattern of Hakkari samples being closer to Iranian samples rather than Van samples emerged as an intriguing finding in the study. Deformation grid analysis highlighted specific landmark points contributing to these differences. The results indicate that the geometric morphometric differences in the region have been preserved, while also pointing to the potential hybridization effects caused by migratory beekeeping practices and queen bee trade. This study provides critical baseline data for understanding the morphological variation of honey bees in the region and highlights the importance of conserving locally adapted honey bee populations.

Ethical Statement

This is a draft article derived from Simanur AKÇAKAYA's master's thesis.

Supporting Institution

Van Yüzüncü Yıl Üniversitesi

References

  • Adl, M., H. Gençer, Ç. Firatli & R. Bahreini, 2007. Morphometric characterization of Iranian (Apis mellifera meda), Central Anatolian (Apis mellifera anatoliaca) and Caucasian (Apis mellifera caucasica) honey bee populations. Journal of Apicultural Research, 46 (3): 225-231.
  • Badalı, M. N., 2010. İran’ın Kuzeyinde Yayılış Gösteren Balarısı Popülasyonlarının Morfometrik ve Geomorfometrik Analizi. Ankara Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, (Unpublished) Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Ankara, Türkiye, 63 s (in Turkish with abstract in English).
  • Bodur, Ç., M. Yıldırım & A. Özkan, 2007. Morphometric and genetic analysis of honey bee populations in the East Anatolian region. Turkish Journal of Zoology, 31 (1): 41-51.
  • Bookstein, A., 1990. Informetric distributions. Part I: unified overview. Journal of the American Society for Information Science, 41 (5): 368-375.
  • Dolatti, L., J. N. Rafie & H. Khalesro, 2013. Landmark-based morphometric study in the fore and hind wings of an Iranian race of European honey bee (Apis mellifera meda). Journal of Apicultural Science, 57 (2): 187-197.
  • Erkan, C. & Y. Aşkın, 2001. Van ili Bahçesaray İlçesi'nde arıcılığın yapısı ve arıcılık faaliyetleri. Yuzuncu Yıl University Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 11 (1): 19-28 (in Turkish with abstract in English).
  • Franck, P., L. Garnery, M. Solignac & J. M. Cornuet, 2000. Molecular confirmation of a fourth lineage in honey bees from the Near East. Apidologie, 31 (2): 167-180.
  • Francoy, T. M., D. Wittmann, V. Steinhage, M. Drauschke, S. Müller, D. R. Cunha & L. S. Gonçalves, 2009. Morphometric and genetic changes in a population of Apis mellifera after 34 years of Africanization. Genetics and Molecular Research, 8 (2): 709-717.
  • Hristov, P., R. Shumkova, N. Palova & B. Neov, 2020. Factors associated with honey bee colony losses: A mini-review. Veterinary Sciences, 7 (4): 166 (1-17).
  • Jara, L., C. Ruiz, R. Martín-Hernández, I. Muñoz, M. Higes, J. Serrano & P. Rúa, 2020. The effect of migratory beekeeping on the infestation rate of parasites in honey bee (Apis mellifera) colonies and on their genetic variability. Microorganisms, 9 (1): 22 (1-18).
  • Kandemir, I., A. Özkan & S. Fuchs, 2011. Reevaluation of honey bee (Apis mellifera) microtaxonomy: A geometric morphometric approach. Apidologie, 42 (5): 618-627.
  • Kandemir, İ., M. Kence & A. Kence, 2000. Genetic and morphometric variation in honey bee (Apis mellifera) populations of Turkey. Apidologie, 31 (3): 343-356.
  • Kekeçoğlu, M. & M. Soysal, 2010. Genetic diversity of bee ecotypes in Turkey and evidence for geographical differences. Romanian Biotechnological Letters, 15 (6): 5646-5653.
  • Kekeçoğlu, M., M. Bouga, M. İ. Soysal & P. Harizanis, 2007. Morphometrics as a tool for the study of genetic variability of honey bees. Journal of Tekirdag Agricultural Faculty, 4 (1): 7-15.
  • Kekeçoğlu, M., M. Kambur, M. Uçak, T. Çaprazlı & S. Bir, 2020. Biodiversity of honey bees (Apis mellifera L.) in Turkey by geometric morphometric analysis. Biological Diversity and Conservation, 13 (3): 1-10.
  • Kence, A., 2006. Genetic diversity of honey bees in Turkey and the importance of its conservation. Uludag Bee Journal, 6 (3): 25-32.
  • Kence, M., H. J. Farhoud & R. I. Tunca, 2009. Morphometric and genetic variability of honey bee (Apis mellifera L.) populations from northern Iran. Journal of Apicultural Research, 48 (4): 247-255.
  • Klingenberg, C. P., 2011. MorphoJ: An integrated software package for geometric morphometrics. Molecular Ecology Resources, 11 (2): 353-357.
  • Kösoğlu, M., R. I. Tunca, N. Özsoy & Y.T. Tuna, 2021. Determination of the wing morphology differentiation of old and recent honey bee samples from western Turkey using geometric morphometrics. Turkish Journal of Entomology, 45 (4): 463-474.
  • Modaber, M., N. Rafie & H. Rajabi-Maham, 2019. Population genetic structure of native Iranian population of Apis mellifera meda based on intergenic region and COX2 gene of mtDNA. Insectes Sociaux, 66 (4): 413-424.
  • Oleksa, A. & A. Tofilski, 2015. Wing geometric morphometrics and microsatellite analysis provide similar discrimination of honey bee subspecies. Apidologie, 46 (1): 49-60.
  • Özbakır, G. O. & C. Fıratlı. 2013. Morphometric Classification of Honey bee Populations (Apis mellifera L.) Along the Southeast border of Turkey. Bulgarian Journal of Agricultural Science. 19 (6): 1396-1400.
  • Özdil, F., İ. Aytekin, F. İlhan & S. Boztepe, 2012. Genetic variation in Turkish honey bees Apis mellifera anatoliaca, A. m. caucasica, A. m. meda (Hymenoptera: Apidae) inferred from RFLP analysis of three mtDNA regions (16S rDNA-COI-ND5). European Journal of Endocrinology, 109 (2): 161-167.
  • Özkan Koca, A., 2012. Ortadoğu’da Yayılış Gösteren Apis mellifera L. (Hymenoptera Apidae) Alt Türlerinin Geometrik Morfometri Yöntemleriyle Analizi. Ankara Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, (Unpublished) Doktora Tezi, Ankara, Türkiye, 167 s (in Turkish with abstract in English).
  • Rajabi-Maham, H., T. Ghasemi & S. Pashaei-Rad, 2018. Genetic diversity evaluation of Persian honey bees (Apis mellifera meda) in North West of Iran, using microsatellite markers. Journal of Wildlife and Biodiversity, 2 (1): 37-46.
  • Rohlf, F. J., 2018. TpsDig Version 2.31 Ecology & Evolution. SUNY at Stone Brook, USA.
  • Rohlf, F. J., 2019. TpsUtil32 v.1.78 software: tpsUtil (Version 1.78). SUNY Stony Brook, Stony Brook Morphometrics.
  • Ruttner, F., 1988. “Morphometric Analysis and Classification, 66-78”. In: Biogeography and Taxonomy of Honey bees (Ed. F. Ruttner). Springer Berlin, Heidelberg, Germany, 284 pp.
  • Schwarzfeld, M. D. & F. A. H. Sperling, 2014. Species delimitation using morphology, morphometrics, and molecules: definition of the Ophion scutellaris Thomson species group, with descriptions of six new species (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae). ZooKeys, 462: 59-114.
  • Smith, D. D. R., 2002. Genetic diversity in Turkish honey bees. Uludag Bee Journal, 2 (3): 10-17.
  • Taşkıran, Ö., N. M. Dayıoğlu & D. Kabakcı, 2017. Bal Arılarının (Apis mellifera L.) Sınıflandırılması ve Ekolojik Koşulların Morfolojisi Üzerine Etkisi. Arıcılık Araştırma Dergisi, 9 (2): 68-77.
  • Tofilski, A., 2008. Using geometric morphometrics and standard morphometry to discriminate three honey bee subspecies. Apidologie, 39 (5): 558-563.
  • Tunca, I. R. & M. Kence, 2011. Genetic diversity of honey bee (Apis mellifera L.: Hymenoptera: Apidae) populations in Turkey revealed by RAPD markers. African Journal of Agricultural Research, 6 (29): 6217-6225.

Balarısı kanat varyasyonunun landmark temelli analizi: Van, Hakkari (Türkiye) ile İran'ın bazı bölgelerden elde edilen bulgular

Year 2025, Volume: 49 Issue: 1, 3 - 18, 14.04.2025
https://doi.org/10.16970/entoted.1559312

Abstract

Bu çalışma, Doğu Anadolu ve İran'ın belirli bölgelerinden seçilmiş bal arısı kolonilerinin geometrik morfometrik özelliklerini incelemektedir. Van ve Hakkari (Türkiye) illeri ile İran'daki sabit arıcılık kolonilerinden toplam 1738 işçi arının kanat örnekleri toplanmıştır. Örneklerin sağ ön kanatlarında 20 landmark noktası kullanılarak şekil ve boyut farkları incelenmiştir. Procrustes ANOVA, lokasyonlar ve arılıklar arasında önemli farklar olduğunu ortaya koymuştur (p<0.001). Kanonik değişken analizi (CVA) ve temel bileşen analizi (PCA), Gevaş ve İran örneklerinin diğer gruplardan farklılaştığını göstermiştir. Ayırıcı fonksiyon analizi, tüm lokasyonlar arasında önemli farklar olduğunu göstermiştir (p<0.0001). İran ve diğer lokasyonlar arasında belirgin farklar ortaya çıkarken bunu Gevaş ve diğer lokasyonlar arasındaki farklar izlemiştir. Hakkari örneklerinin Van örneklerinden ziyade İran örneklerine daha yakın bir dağılım paterni göstermesi araştırmada ilginç bir bulgu olarak ortaya çıkmıştır. Deformasyon ızgarası analizi, bu farklara katkıda bulunan belirli landmark noktalarını vurgulamıştır. Sonuçlar, bölgedeki geometrik morfometrik farklılıkların korunduğunu ortaya koymakla birlikte, göçer arıcılık faaliyetleri ve ana arı ticaretinin yol açabileceği melezleşme etkilerine de işaret etmektedir. Bu araştırma, bölgedeki bal arılarının morfolojik varyasyonunu anlamak için kritik temel veriler sağlamaktadır ve bölgeye uyum sağlamış yerel bal arısı popülasyonlarının korunmasının önemini vurgulamaktadır.

Ethical Statement

Simanur AKÇAKAYA'nın yüksek lisans tezinden üretilmiş bir makale taslağıdır.

Supporting Institution

Van Yüzüncü Yıl Üniversitesi

References

  • Adl, M., H. Gençer, Ç. Firatli & R. Bahreini, 2007. Morphometric characterization of Iranian (Apis mellifera meda), Central Anatolian (Apis mellifera anatoliaca) and Caucasian (Apis mellifera caucasica) honey bee populations. Journal of Apicultural Research, 46 (3): 225-231.
  • Badalı, M. N., 2010. İran’ın Kuzeyinde Yayılış Gösteren Balarısı Popülasyonlarının Morfometrik ve Geomorfometrik Analizi. Ankara Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, (Unpublished) Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Ankara, Türkiye, 63 s (in Turkish with abstract in English).
  • Bodur, Ç., M. Yıldırım & A. Özkan, 2007. Morphometric and genetic analysis of honey bee populations in the East Anatolian region. Turkish Journal of Zoology, 31 (1): 41-51.
  • Bookstein, A., 1990. Informetric distributions. Part I: unified overview. Journal of the American Society for Information Science, 41 (5): 368-375.
  • Dolatti, L., J. N. Rafie & H. Khalesro, 2013. Landmark-based morphometric study in the fore and hind wings of an Iranian race of European honey bee (Apis mellifera meda). Journal of Apicultural Science, 57 (2): 187-197.
  • Erkan, C. & Y. Aşkın, 2001. Van ili Bahçesaray İlçesi'nde arıcılığın yapısı ve arıcılık faaliyetleri. Yuzuncu Yıl University Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 11 (1): 19-28 (in Turkish with abstract in English).
  • Franck, P., L. Garnery, M. Solignac & J. M. Cornuet, 2000. Molecular confirmation of a fourth lineage in honey bees from the Near East. Apidologie, 31 (2): 167-180.
  • Francoy, T. M., D. Wittmann, V. Steinhage, M. Drauschke, S. Müller, D. R. Cunha & L. S. Gonçalves, 2009. Morphometric and genetic changes in a population of Apis mellifera after 34 years of Africanization. Genetics and Molecular Research, 8 (2): 709-717.
  • Hristov, P., R. Shumkova, N. Palova & B. Neov, 2020. Factors associated with honey bee colony losses: A mini-review. Veterinary Sciences, 7 (4): 166 (1-17).
  • Jara, L., C. Ruiz, R. Martín-Hernández, I. Muñoz, M. Higes, J. Serrano & P. Rúa, 2020. The effect of migratory beekeeping on the infestation rate of parasites in honey bee (Apis mellifera) colonies and on their genetic variability. Microorganisms, 9 (1): 22 (1-18).
  • Kandemir, I., A. Özkan & S. Fuchs, 2011. Reevaluation of honey bee (Apis mellifera) microtaxonomy: A geometric morphometric approach. Apidologie, 42 (5): 618-627.
  • Kandemir, İ., M. Kence & A. Kence, 2000. Genetic and morphometric variation in honey bee (Apis mellifera) populations of Turkey. Apidologie, 31 (3): 343-356.
  • Kekeçoğlu, M. & M. Soysal, 2010. Genetic diversity of bee ecotypes in Turkey and evidence for geographical differences. Romanian Biotechnological Letters, 15 (6): 5646-5653.
  • Kekeçoğlu, M., M. Bouga, M. İ. Soysal & P. Harizanis, 2007. Morphometrics as a tool for the study of genetic variability of honey bees. Journal of Tekirdag Agricultural Faculty, 4 (1): 7-15.
  • Kekeçoğlu, M., M. Kambur, M. Uçak, T. Çaprazlı & S. Bir, 2020. Biodiversity of honey bees (Apis mellifera L.) in Turkey by geometric morphometric analysis. Biological Diversity and Conservation, 13 (3): 1-10.
  • Kence, A., 2006. Genetic diversity of honey bees in Turkey and the importance of its conservation. Uludag Bee Journal, 6 (3): 25-32.
  • Kence, M., H. J. Farhoud & R. I. Tunca, 2009. Morphometric and genetic variability of honey bee (Apis mellifera L.) populations from northern Iran. Journal of Apicultural Research, 48 (4): 247-255.
  • Klingenberg, C. P., 2011. MorphoJ: An integrated software package for geometric morphometrics. Molecular Ecology Resources, 11 (2): 353-357.
  • Kösoğlu, M., R. I. Tunca, N. Özsoy & Y.T. Tuna, 2021. Determination of the wing morphology differentiation of old and recent honey bee samples from western Turkey using geometric morphometrics. Turkish Journal of Entomology, 45 (4): 463-474.
  • Modaber, M., N. Rafie & H. Rajabi-Maham, 2019. Population genetic structure of native Iranian population of Apis mellifera meda based on intergenic region and COX2 gene of mtDNA. Insectes Sociaux, 66 (4): 413-424.
  • Oleksa, A. & A. Tofilski, 2015. Wing geometric morphometrics and microsatellite analysis provide similar discrimination of honey bee subspecies. Apidologie, 46 (1): 49-60.
  • Özbakır, G. O. & C. Fıratlı. 2013. Morphometric Classification of Honey bee Populations (Apis mellifera L.) Along the Southeast border of Turkey. Bulgarian Journal of Agricultural Science. 19 (6): 1396-1400.
  • Özdil, F., İ. Aytekin, F. İlhan & S. Boztepe, 2012. Genetic variation in Turkish honey bees Apis mellifera anatoliaca, A. m. caucasica, A. m. meda (Hymenoptera: Apidae) inferred from RFLP analysis of three mtDNA regions (16S rDNA-COI-ND5). European Journal of Endocrinology, 109 (2): 161-167.
  • Özkan Koca, A., 2012. Ortadoğu’da Yayılış Gösteren Apis mellifera L. (Hymenoptera Apidae) Alt Türlerinin Geometrik Morfometri Yöntemleriyle Analizi. Ankara Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, (Unpublished) Doktora Tezi, Ankara, Türkiye, 167 s (in Turkish with abstract in English).
  • Rajabi-Maham, H., T. Ghasemi & S. Pashaei-Rad, 2018. Genetic diversity evaluation of Persian honey bees (Apis mellifera meda) in North West of Iran, using microsatellite markers. Journal of Wildlife and Biodiversity, 2 (1): 37-46.
  • Rohlf, F. J., 2018. TpsDig Version 2.31 Ecology & Evolution. SUNY at Stone Brook, USA.
  • Rohlf, F. J., 2019. TpsUtil32 v.1.78 software: tpsUtil (Version 1.78). SUNY Stony Brook, Stony Brook Morphometrics.
  • Ruttner, F., 1988. “Morphometric Analysis and Classification, 66-78”. In: Biogeography and Taxonomy of Honey bees (Ed. F. Ruttner). Springer Berlin, Heidelberg, Germany, 284 pp.
  • Schwarzfeld, M. D. & F. A. H. Sperling, 2014. Species delimitation using morphology, morphometrics, and molecules: definition of the Ophion scutellaris Thomson species group, with descriptions of six new species (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae). ZooKeys, 462: 59-114.
  • Smith, D. D. R., 2002. Genetic diversity in Turkish honey bees. Uludag Bee Journal, 2 (3): 10-17.
  • Taşkıran, Ö., N. M. Dayıoğlu & D. Kabakcı, 2017. Bal Arılarının (Apis mellifera L.) Sınıflandırılması ve Ekolojik Koşulların Morfolojisi Üzerine Etkisi. Arıcılık Araştırma Dergisi, 9 (2): 68-77.
  • Tofilski, A., 2008. Using geometric morphometrics and standard morphometry to discriminate three honey bee subspecies. Apidologie, 39 (5): 558-563.
  • Tunca, I. R. & M. Kence, 2011. Genetic diversity of honey bee (Apis mellifera L.: Hymenoptera: Apidae) populations in Turkey revealed by RAPD markers. African Journal of Agricultural Research, 6 (29): 6217-6225.
There are 33 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Entomology
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Simanur Akçakaya 0000-0003-4700-2866

Cengiz Erkan 0000-0003-3510-2800

Özge Tozkar 0000-0003-2135-955X

Early Pub Date April 5, 2025
Publication Date April 14, 2025
Submission Date October 1, 2024
Acceptance Date March 29, 2025
Published in Issue Year 2025 Volume: 49 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Akçakaya, S., Erkan, C., & Tozkar, Ö. (2025). Landmark-based analysis of honey bee wing variation: findings from some regions of Van, Hakkari (Türkiye) and Iran. Turkish Journal of Entomology, 49(1), 3-18. https://doi.org/10.16970/entoted.1559312
AMA Akçakaya S, Erkan C, Tozkar Ö. Landmark-based analysis of honey bee wing variation: findings from some regions of Van, Hakkari (Türkiye) and Iran. TED. April 2025;49(1):3-18. doi:10.16970/entoted.1559312
Chicago Akçakaya, Simanur, Cengiz Erkan, and Özge Tozkar. “Landmark-Based Analysis of Honey Bee Wing Variation: Findings from Some Regions of Van, Hakkari (Türkiye) and Iran”. Turkish Journal of Entomology 49, no. 1 (April 2025): 3-18. https://doi.org/10.16970/entoted.1559312.
EndNote Akçakaya S, Erkan C, Tozkar Ö (April 1, 2025) Landmark-based analysis of honey bee wing variation: findings from some regions of Van, Hakkari (Türkiye) and Iran. Turkish Journal of Entomology 49 1 3–18.
IEEE S. Akçakaya, C. Erkan, and Ö. Tozkar, “Landmark-based analysis of honey bee wing variation: findings from some regions of Van, Hakkari (Türkiye) and Iran”, TED, vol. 49, no. 1, pp. 3–18, 2025, doi: 10.16970/entoted.1559312.
ISNAD Akçakaya, Simanur et al. “Landmark-Based Analysis of Honey Bee Wing Variation: Findings from Some Regions of Van, Hakkari (Türkiye) and Iran”. Turkish Journal of Entomology 49/1 (April 2025), 3-18. https://doi.org/10.16970/entoted.1559312.
JAMA Akçakaya S, Erkan C, Tozkar Ö. Landmark-based analysis of honey bee wing variation: findings from some regions of Van, Hakkari (Türkiye) and Iran. TED. 2025;49:3–18.
MLA Akçakaya, Simanur et al. “Landmark-Based Analysis of Honey Bee Wing Variation: Findings from Some Regions of Van, Hakkari (Türkiye) and Iran”. Turkish Journal of Entomology, vol. 49, no. 1, 2025, pp. 3-18, doi:10.16970/entoted.1559312.
Vancouver Akçakaya S, Erkan C, Tozkar Ö. Landmark-based analysis of honey bee wing variation: findings from some regions of Van, Hakkari (Türkiye) and Iran. TED. 2025;49(1):3-18.