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Russian Approach to Iranian Nuclear Issue in the Framework of Hedging Strategy

Year 2022, Volume: 7 Issue: 2, 547 - 566, 30.06.2022
https://doi.org/10.30784/epfad.1103411

Abstract

This study focuses specifically on the strategy implemented by Russia between 2000 and 2015 in Russia-Iran nuclear energy relations. Three important cases are discussed to explain the mentioned multi-dimensional strategy. The first case investigates Iran's problems with the West in 2005 and subsequent Russian involvement in sanctions against Iran. The second case is dealt with in the context of Russia's adoption of United Nations Security Council resolutions in 2010 in Western sanctions against Iran. The third case was analyzed from the perspective of the Comprehensive Joint Action Plan, which corresponded to a softening in Iran-U.S. relations in 2015. The three cases expressed here are examined by comparative analysis method. The theoretical background of the study is the hedging strategy. Hedging theory notes that unlike balancing and follow-up (bandwagoning) strategies, states tend to increase their economic and regional interests as much as possible by avoiding being seen as parties and opposed to large states in an international system full of risks. It is possible to observe that Russia acts as an ally of Iran rhetorically in the context of economic pragmatism and regional interests. But Russia's political elites consider the conditions that exist in international relations. Accordingly, they are refraining from confronting the West behaviorally in the context of the Iranian nuclear issue.

References

  • Aras, B. and Ozbay, F. (2008). The limits of the Russian-Iranian strategic alliance: Its history and geopolitics, and the nuclear issue. Korean Journal of Defense Analysis, 20(1), 47-62. doi:10.1080/10163270802006321
  • Cheng-Chwee, K. (2008). The essence of hedging: Malaysia and Singapore's response to a rising China. Contemprary Southeast Asia, 30(2), 159-185. doi:10.1355/cs30-2a
  • Ciorciari, J.D. and Haacke, J. (2019). Hedging in international relations: An introduction. International Relations of the Asia-Pacific, 19(3), 367-374. doi:10.1093/irap/lcz017
  • Dunaeva, E. (2013). Russo-Iranian political relations in the first decade of the twenty first century. Iranian Studies, 46(3), 443-469. doi: 10.1080/00210862.2012.758503
  • Goh, E. (2007). Great powers and hierarchical order in Southeast Asia. International Security, 32(3), 113-157. doi: 10.1162/isec.2008.32.3.113
  • Gulick, E.V. (1955). Europe's classical balance of power. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
  • Hacıoğlu, N. (2019). İran'ın nükleer enerji programı'nın sınırlandırılmasına ilişkin kapsamlı ortak eylem planı. Siyaset Bilimi ve Uluslararası İlişkiler Dergisi, 1(2), 126-145. Erişim adresi: https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/novusorbis
  • Hornung, J.W. (2014). Japan's growing hard hedge against China. Asian Security, 10(2), 97-122. doi:10.1080/14799855.2014.914497
  • Jane, M. (2017). İran’ın nükleer politikasının gelişimi ve uygulanan ambargo ve yaptırımların dış politikasına etkilerininin analizi. Bölgesel Araştırmalar Dergisi, 1(2), 264-314. Erişim adresi: https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/bader
  • Katz, M.N. (2006). Putin, Ahmedinejad and the Iranian nuclear crisis. Middle East Policy, 13(4), 125-131. Retrieved from https://go.gale.com/ps
  • Ketenci, A. (2018). Rusya-İran enerji işbirliği: Kapsamlı ortak eylem planı sonrası değişen dengeler. Bilgi Strateji, 10(18), 75-92. Erişim adresi: https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/bs
  • Medeiros, E.S. (2005). Strategic hedging and the future of Asia-pacific stability. The Washington Quarterly, 29(1), 145-167. Erişim adresi: https://muse.jhu.edu/article
  • Mousavian, S. (2012). The Iranian nuclear crisis. A memoir. Washington: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace.
  • Orlov, V. and Trushkin, İ. (2011). The Iranian nuclear program: Dilemmas facing Russia. Security Index: A Russian Journal on International Security, 17(2), 27-37. doi:10.1080/19934270.2011.578453
  • Parker, J. (2009). Persian dreams. Moscow and Tehran since the fall of the Shah. Washington DC: Potomac Books.
  • Parsi, T. (2012). Single roll of the dice: Obama's diplomacy with Iran. Yale: Yale University Press.
  • Pieper, M. (2015). Between the democratization of international relations and status quo politics: Russia's foreign policy towards the Iranian nuclear programme. International Politics, 52, 567-588. https://doi.org/10.1057/ip.2015.24
  • Salman, M. (2017). Strategic hedging and unipolarity’s demise: The case of China’s strategic hedging. Asian Politics & Policy, 9(3), 354-377. doi:10.1111/aspp.12330
  • Schweller, R.L. (1994). Bandwagoning for profit: Bringing the revisionist state back in. International Security, 19(1), 72-107. Retrieved from https://www.jstor.org/stable
  • Tabatabai, A. (2017). Negotiating the “Iran talks” in Tehran: The Iranian drivers that shaped the joint comprehensive plan of action. The Nonproliferation Review, 24(3-4), 225-242. doi:10.1080/10736700.2018.1426180
  • Tessman, B. and Wolfe, W. (2011). Great powers and strategic hedging: The case of Chinese energy security strategy. International Studies Review, 13, 214-240. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2486.2011.01022.x
  • Vidal, L. and Pelegrin, A. (2018). Hedging against China: Japanese strategy towards a rising power. Asian Security, 14(2), 193-211. doi:10.1080/14799855.2017.1333983
  • Vneshnepoliticheskaya i Diplomaticheskaya Diyatelnost Rossiyskoy Federatsyii. (2010). Vneshnepoliticheskaya i Diplomaticheskaya Diyatelnost. Retrieved from https://www.mid.ru/ru/activity/review Walt, S. (1987). The origins of alliances. Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press.
  • Wolfers, A. (1962). Discord and collaboration: Essays on international politics. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press

Hedging Stratejisi Çerçevesinde Rusya’nın İran Nükleer Meselesine Yaklaşımı

Year 2022, Volume: 7 Issue: 2, 547 - 566, 30.06.2022
https://doi.org/10.30784/epfad.1103411

Abstract

Bu çalışma Rusya-İran nükleer enerji ilişkilerinde özellikle 2000-2015 yılları arasında Rusya’nın uyguladığı çok yönlü stratejiye odaklanmaktadır. Söz konusu çok yönlü stratejiyi açıklamak için üç önemli vaka üzerinde durulmaktadır. Birinci vaka olarak, İran’ın 2005’te Batı ile yaşadığı sorunlar ve sonrasında Rusya’nın İran aleyhine uygulanan yaptırımlara katılması araştırılmaktadır. İkinci vaka, 2010’da Batı’nın İran’a karşı uyguladığı yaptırımlarda Rusya’nın Birleşmiş Milletler Güvenlik Konseyi kararlarını kabul etmesi hususu bağlamında ele alınmaktadır. Üçüncü vaka ise 2015’te İran-ABD ilişkilerinde bir yumuşamaya tekabül eden Kapsamlı Ortak Eylem Planı perspektifinden analiz edilmiştir. Burada ifade edilen üç vaka karşılaştırmalı analiz yöntemiyle irdelenmektedir. Çalışmanın teorik arka planını ise hedging stratejisi oluşturmaktadır. Hedging stratejisi, dengeleme ve peşinden gitme (bandwagoning) stratejilerinden farklı olarak devletlerin risklerle dolu uluslararası sistemde büyük devletleri karşısına almaktan ve taraf olarak görülmekten kaçınarak, ekonomik ve bölgesel çıkarlarını olabildiğince arttırmaya yöneldiğine dikkat çekmektedir. Rusya’nın ekonomik pragmatizm ve bölgesel çıkarlar bağlamında söylemsel olarak İran’ın müttefiki olarak hareket ettiğini gözlemlemek mümkündür. Fakat Rusya siyasi elitleri uluslararası ilişkilerde var olan koşulları göz önünde bulundurmaktadırlar. Bu bağlamda İran nükleer sorunsalında davranışsal olarak Batı’yı karşısına almaktan kaçınmaktadırlar. 

References

  • Aras, B. and Ozbay, F. (2008). The limits of the Russian-Iranian strategic alliance: Its history and geopolitics, and the nuclear issue. Korean Journal of Defense Analysis, 20(1), 47-62. doi:10.1080/10163270802006321
  • Cheng-Chwee, K. (2008). The essence of hedging: Malaysia and Singapore's response to a rising China. Contemprary Southeast Asia, 30(2), 159-185. doi:10.1355/cs30-2a
  • Ciorciari, J.D. and Haacke, J. (2019). Hedging in international relations: An introduction. International Relations of the Asia-Pacific, 19(3), 367-374. doi:10.1093/irap/lcz017
  • Dunaeva, E. (2013). Russo-Iranian political relations in the first decade of the twenty first century. Iranian Studies, 46(3), 443-469. doi: 10.1080/00210862.2012.758503
  • Goh, E. (2007). Great powers and hierarchical order in Southeast Asia. International Security, 32(3), 113-157. doi: 10.1162/isec.2008.32.3.113
  • Gulick, E.V. (1955). Europe's classical balance of power. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
  • Hacıoğlu, N. (2019). İran'ın nükleer enerji programı'nın sınırlandırılmasına ilişkin kapsamlı ortak eylem planı. Siyaset Bilimi ve Uluslararası İlişkiler Dergisi, 1(2), 126-145. Erişim adresi: https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/novusorbis
  • Hornung, J.W. (2014). Japan's growing hard hedge against China. Asian Security, 10(2), 97-122. doi:10.1080/14799855.2014.914497
  • Jane, M. (2017). İran’ın nükleer politikasının gelişimi ve uygulanan ambargo ve yaptırımların dış politikasına etkilerininin analizi. Bölgesel Araştırmalar Dergisi, 1(2), 264-314. Erişim adresi: https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/bader
  • Katz, M.N. (2006). Putin, Ahmedinejad and the Iranian nuclear crisis. Middle East Policy, 13(4), 125-131. Retrieved from https://go.gale.com/ps
  • Ketenci, A. (2018). Rusya-İran enerji işbirliği: Kapsamlı ortak eylem planı sonrası değişen dengeler. Bilgi Strateji, 10(18), 75-92. Erişim adresi: https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/bs
  • Medeiros, E.S. (2005). Strategic hedging and the future of Asia-pacific stability. The Washington Quarterly, 29(1), 145-167. Erişim adresi: https://muse.jhu.edu/article
  • Mousavian, S. (2012). The Iranian nuclear crisis. A memoir. Washington: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace.
  • Orlov, V. and Trushkin, İ. (2011). The Iranian nuclear program: Dilemmas facing Russia. Security Index: A Russian Journal on International Security, 17(2), 27-37. doi:10.1080/19934270.2011.578453
  • Parker, J. (2009). Persian dreams. Moscow and Tehran since the fall of the Shah. Washington DC: Potomac Books.
  • Parsi, T. (2012). Single roll of the dice: Obama's diplomacy with Iran. Yale: Yale University Press.
  • Pieper, M. (2015). Between the democratization of international relations and status quo politics: Russia's foreign policy towards the Iranian nuclear programme. International Politics, 52, 567-588. https://doi.org/10.1057/ip.2015.24
  • Salman, M. (2017). Strategic hedging and unipolarity’s demise: The case of China’s strategic hedging. Asian Politics & Policy, 9(3), 354-377. doi:10.1111/aspp.12330
  • Schweller, R.L. (1994). Bandwagoning for profit: Bringing the revisionist state back in. International Security, 19(1), 72-107. Retrieved from https://www.jstor.org/stable
  • Tabatabai, A. (2017). Negotiating the “Iran talks” in Tehran: The Iranian drivers that shaped the joint comprehensive plan of action. The Nonproliferation Review, 24(3-4), 225-242. doi:10.1080/10736700.2018.1426180
  • Tessman, B. and Wolfe, W. (2011). Great powers and strategic hedging: The case of Chinese energy security strategy. International Studies Review, 13, 214-240. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2486.2011.01022.x
  • Vidal, L. and Pelegrin, A. (2018). Hedging against China: Japanese strategy towards a rising power. Asian Security, 14(2), 193-211. doi:10.1080/14799855.2017.1333983
  • Vneshnepoliticheskaya i Diplomaticheskaya Diyatelnost Rossiyskoy Federatsyii. (2010). Vneshnepoliticheskaya i Diplomaticheskaya Diyatelnost. Retrieved from https://www.mid.ru/ru/activity/review Walt, S. (1987). The origins of alliances. Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press.
  • Wolfers, A. (1962). Discord and collaboration: Essays on international politics. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press
There are 24 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Political Science
Journal Section Makaleler
Authors

Halit Hamzaoğlu 0000-0001-5249-1911

Erkan Salim Hoşfikirer This is me 0000-0003-0543-9322

Publication Date June 30, 2022
Acceptance Date June 28, 2022
Published in Issue Year 2022 Volume: 7 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Hamzaoğlu, H., & Hoşfikirer, E. S. (2022). Hedging Stratejisi Çerçevesinde Rusya’nın İran Nükleer Meselesine Yaklaşımı. Ekonomi Politika Ve Finans Araştırmaları Dergisi, 7(2), 547-566. https://doi.org/10.30784/epfad.1103411