Mısır Silajına Farklı Oranlarda Antep Fıstığı (Pistacia vera L.) Dış Kabuğu İlavesinin Silaj Kalitesi ve İn Vitro Metan Gazı Oluşumu Üzerine Etkisinin Araştırılması

Year 2019, , 16 - 22, 25.03.2019

Esma Paydaş

https://doi.org/10.32707/ercivet.538026

Abstract

Bu çalışma, silajlık
mısıra farklı seviyelerde Antep fıstığı (Pistaca
vera L.) dış kabuğu ilavesinin silaj kalitesi ile in vitro metan üretimi (CH₄), in vitro organik madde sindirimi (İVOMS) ve metabolik enerji (ME)
içeriği üzerine etkilerini araştırmak amacıyla yapılmıştır. Bu amaçla, kontrol
mısır silajı katkısız grubu oluştururken; %3 ,%6, %9, %12 ve %15 düzeylerinde Antep
fıstığı kabuğu içeren silajlar katkılı grupları oluşturdular ve tüm silajlar
1.5 L cam kavanozlarda 5’er tekerrür olacak şekilde hazırlandı. Katkısız grup
ile kıyaslandığında, Antep fıstığı kabuğunun seviyesinin artışına bağlı olarak in vitro CH₄ gazı oluşumunda
azalma (P=0.012) görülmüştür. Antep fıstığı kabuğu ilavesi ile hazırlanan
silajların silaj amonyak azotu (NH₃-N), asetik asit, propiyonik asit
ve laktik asit içeriklerinin azaldığı görülmüştür. Bu çalışmada %6, %9, %12 ve
%15 düzeyinde Antep fıstığı kabuğu ilavesi ile hazırlanan silajlarda bütirik
asit tespit edilmemiştir (P=0.000). Sonuç olarak gıda endüstrisi yan ürünü olan
Antep fıstığı kabuğunun silajlık mısır bitkisine %9 oranında ilave edilerek
birlikte silolanabileceği ve ruminal metan gazı üretimini azaltabileceği tespit
edilmiştir. Antep fıstığı kabuğunun yem tüketimi ile hayvansal üretim ve
performansa etkisinin tam olarak ortaya konabilmesi açısından bundan sonraki
çalışmalarda in vivo hayvan
denemelerinin yapılması gerektiği kanaatine varılmıştır.

Keywords

Antep fıstığı kabuğu, in vitro, metan, mısır silajı

References

• 1. Association of Official Analytical Chemistry (AOAC). Official Methods of Analysis of AOAC International. Eighteen Edition. Washington DC: Association of Official Analytical Chemists, 2005. 2. Alçiçek A, Tarhan F, Özkan K, Adışen F. İzmir ili ve civarında bazı süt sığırcılığı işletmelerinde yapılan silo yemlerinin besin madde içeriği ve silaj kalitesinin saptanması üzerine bir araştırma. Hay Üret 2014; 40(1): 54-63. 3. Alipour D, Rouzbehan Y. Effects of several levels of extracted tannin from grape pomace on intestinal digestibility of soybean meal. Livestock Sci 2010; 128(1-3): 87-91. 4. Babayemi OJ, Demeyer D, Fievez V. Nutritive value and qualitative assessment of secondary compounds in seeds of eight tropical browse, shrub and pulse legumes. Commun Agric Appl Biol Sci 2004; 69(1): 103-10. 5. Bagheripour E, Rouzbehan Y, Alipour D. Effects of ensiling, air-drying and addition of polyethylene glycol on in vitro gas production of pistachio by-products. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2008; 146(3-4): 327-36. 6. Barry TN, Manley TR. Interrelation ships between the concentrations of total condensed tannin, free condensed tannin and lignin in Lotus sp. and their possible consequences in ruminant nutrition. J Sci Food Agric 1986; 37(3): 248-54. 7. Barry TN. Secondary compounds of forages. Hacker JB, Ternouth JH eds. In: Nutrition of Herbivores. First Edition. Sydney: Academic Press, 1987; pp. 91-120. 8. Barszcz M, Skomial J. Possibilities of tannins utilization in the protection of animals and human health. Post Nauk Roln 2011; 2: 95-110. 9. Boga M, Guven I, Atalay AI, Kaya E. Effect of varieties on potential nutritive value of pistachio hulls. Kafkas Univ Vet Fak Derg 2013; 19(4): 699-703 10. Bohluli A, Naserian AA, Valizadeh R, Shahroodi FE. Proceedings of British Society of Animal Science. Scarborough, UK: BSAS, 2007; p. 223. 11. Broderick GA, Kang JH. Automated simultaneous determination of ammonia and total amino acids in ruminal fluid and in vitro media. J Dairy Sci 1980; 63(1): 64-75. 12. Carpintero CM, Henderson AR, McDonald P. The effect of some pre-treatments on proteolysis during the ensiling of herbage. Grass For Sci 1979; 34(4): 311-5. 13. Cortes JE, Morenob B, Pabon ML, Avila P, Kreuzerd M, Hess HD, Carulla JE. Effects of purified condensed tannins extracted from Calliandra, Flemingia and Leucaena on ruminal and postruminal degradation of soybean meal as estimated in vitro. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2009; 151(3-4): 194-204. 14. Davies DR, Merry RJ, Williams AP, Bakewell EL, Leemans DK, Tweed JKS. Proteolysis during ensilage of forages varying in soluble sugar content. J Dairy Sci 1998; 81(2): 444-53. 15. Dubois M, Gilles KA, Hamilton JK, Rebers PA, Smith F. Colorimetric method for determination of sugars and related substances. Anal Chem 1956; 28(3): 350-6. 16. El-Waziry AM, Nasser MEA, Sallam SMA, Abdallah AL, Bueno ICS. Processing methods of soybean meal, 2. Effect of autoclaving and Quebracho tanin treated-soybean meal on gas production and rumen fermentation in vitro. J Appl Sci Res 2007; 3(1): 17-24 17. Ghasemi S, Naserian AA, Valizadeh R, Tahmasebi AM, Vakili AR, Behgar M, Ghovvati S. Inclusion of pistachio hulls as a replacement for alfalfa hay in the diet of sheep causes a shift in the rumen cellulolytic bacterial population. Small Rumin Res 2012; 104(1): 94-8. 18. Goel G, Makkar HPS. Methane mitigation from ruminants using tannins and saponins. Trop Anim Health Prod 2012; 44(4): 729-39. 19. Goel G, Puniya AK, Singh K. Xylanolytic activity of ruminal Streptococcus bovis in presence of tanin acid. Ann Microbiol 2005; 55(4): 295-7. 20. Kumar R, Singh M. Tannins: Their adverse role in ruminant nutrition. J Agr Food Chem 1984; 32(3): 447-53. 21. Kung LJR, Shaver RD. Interpretation and use of silage fermentation analysis reports. Foc Forag 2001; 3(13): 1-5. 22. Kung LJR. Silage fermentation end products and microbial populations: their relationships to silage quality and animal productivity. Annual Conference of the American Association of Bovine Practitioners. September, 25-27, 2008; Charlotte; NC-USA. 23. Kung LJR. Understanding the biology of silage preservation maximıze quality and protect the enverioment. Proceedings. California Alfalfa-Forage Symposium and Corn/Cereal Silage Conference. 2010; Visalia; CA. 24. Leterme P, Thewis A, Culot M. Supplementation of pressed sugar beet pulp silage with molasses and urea, laying hen excreta or soybean meal in ruminant nutrition. Anim Feed Sci Technol 1992; 39(3-4): 209-25. 25. Lopez S, Makkar HPS, Soliva CR. Screening plants and plant products for methane inhibitors. Vercoe PE, Makkar HPS, Schlink A, eds. In: In vitro Screening of Plant Resources for Extra Nutritional Attributes in Ruminants: London, New York, USA: Nuclear and Related Methodologies, 2010; p. 191. 26. Makkar HPS, Blümmel M, Becker K. Formation of complexes between polyvinyl pyrrolidones or polyethylene glycols and tannins, and their implication in gas production and true digestibility in in vitro techniques. Br J Nutr 1995; 73(6): 897-913. 27. Makkar HP. Effects and fate of tannins in ruminant animals, adaptation to tannins and strategies to overcome detrimental effects of feding tanin-rich feeds. Small Rumin Res 2003; 49(3): 241-56. 28. Menke KH, Steingass H. Estimation of the energetic feed value obtained from chemical analysis and in vitro gas production using rumen fluid. Anim Res Dev 1988; 28: 7-55. 29. Menke KH, Raab L, Salewski A, Steingass H, Fritz D, Schneider W. The estimation of the digestibility and metabolizable energy content of ruminant feeding-stuffs from the gas production when they are incubated with rumen liquor. J Agric Sci 1979; 93(1): 217-22. 30. Mohammadabadi T, Chaji M. The influence of the plant tannins on in vitro ruminal degradation and improving nutritive value of sunflower meal in ruminants. Pak Vet J 2012; 32(2): 225-8. 31. Mokhtarpour A, Naserian AA, Tahmasbi AM, Valizadeh R. Effect of feeding pistachio by-products silage supplemented with polyethylene glycol and urea on Holstein dairy cows performance in early lactation. Livestock Sci 2012; 148(3): 208-13. 32. Moss AR, Jouany JP, Newbold J. Methane production by ruminants: Its contribution to global warming. Ann Zootechnol 2000; 49(3): 231-53. 33. Muhammed S, Stewart CS, Acamovic T. Effects of tannic acid on cellulose degradation, adhesion and enzymic activity of rumen microorganisms. Proc Soc Nutr Physiol 1994; 3: 25. 34. Patra AK, Saxena J. Dietary phytochemicals as rumen modifiers: A review of the effects on microbial populations. Anton Leeuw 2009; 96(4): 363-75. 35. Playne MJ, Mc Donald P. The buffering constituent of herbage and of silage. J Sci Food Agric 1966; 17(6): 264-8. 36. Polan CE, Stieve D, Garrett J. Protein preservation and ruminal degradation of ensiled forage treated with heat, formic acid, ammonia or microbial inoculant. J Dairy Sci 1998; 81(3): 765-76. 37. Santos GT, Oliveira RL, Petit HV, Cecato U, Zeoula LM, Rigolon LP, Damasceno JC, Branco AF, Bett V. Effect of tannic acid on composition and ruminal degradability of Bermuda grass and alfalfa silages. J Dairy Sci 2000; 83(9): 2016-20. 38. SPSS. Inc. Statistical package for the social sciences (SPSS/PC+), 1991, Chicago, IL.USA 39. Suzuki M, Lund CW. Improved gas-liquid chromatography for simultaneous determination of volatile fatty acids and lactic acid in silage. J Agric Food Chem 1980; 28(5): 1040-1. 40. Oruç Ş. Antep Fıstığı Sektör Etüdü, İstanbul Ticaret Borsası, https://slidex.tips/download/antepfistii-sektr-etd-aban-oru-do-ticaret-ubesi-mart-2003, Erişim tarihi: 15.08.2017. 41. Tavendale MH, Meagher LP, Pacheco D, Walker N, Attwood GT, Sivakumaran S. Methane production from in vitro rumen incubation with Lotus pedunculatus and Medicago sativa, and effects of extractable condensed tannin fractions on methanogenesis. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2005; 123-124(1): 403-19. 42. Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu. Türkiye Antep Fıstığı Üretimi İstatistikleri, www.tuik.gov.tr, Erişim tarihi: 15.07.2017. 43. Van Soest PJ, Robertson JB, Lewis BA. Methods for dietary fiber, neutral detergent fiber and nonstarch polysaccharides in relation to animal nutrition. J Dairy Sci 1991; 74(10): 3583-97. 44. Waghorn GC. Beneficial and detrimental effects of dietary condensed tannins for sustainable sheep and goat production-progress and challenges. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2008; 147(1-3): 116-39.