Bisfenoller ve Fitalatların Halk Sağlığı Üzerine Etkileri

Year 2020, , 68 - 75, 23.03.2020

Yeliz Yıldırım , Nurhan Ertaş Onmaz Zafer Gönülalan Harun Hızlısoy Serhat Al , Candan Candemir Güngör Hüseyin Burak Dişli Adalet Dışhan Mukaddes Barel

https://doi.org/10.32707/ercivet.655008

Cited By: 2

Abstract

2000’li yıllardan önce gıdalardaki biyolojik tehlikeler endişe yaratırken kimyasal endüstrisindeki atılımlar gıdalardaki kimyasal tehlikeleri ön plana taşımıştır. İkinci dünya savaşından sonra kimyasal kullanımı kırılmaz biberondan, ev eşyasına ve yemek servisine kadar hayatın her alanında yaygınlaşmıştır. Günlük hayatımızda kullandığımız eşyaların yapısında 80 binden fazla kimyasal bulunmaktadır. Bu kimyasalların çoğu halk sağlığı açısından henüz test edilmiş değildir. Kimyasallara; “aksi kanıtlanmadığı sürece masumdur” yaklaşımı uygulanmaktadır ki bu yaklaşım halk sağlığı açısından risk teşkil etmektedir. Günümüzde normal bir insanın kanında ve idrarında 200’den fazla kimyasal bulunmaktadır. Bu kimyasallar amniyotik sıvıdan, anne sütünden, bebek kordonundan ve mekonyumdan da analiz edilebilmektedir. Erken dönemde maruz kalınan kimyasallar ileri yaşlardaki kronik hastalıkların temelini oluşturmaktadır. Bu toksikantlardan en çok fitalatlar ve bisfenol-A (BPA) üzerinde durulmaktadır. Fitalatlar, plastikleri yumuşatmak, bisfenol-A ise sertleştirmek için kullanılmakta, fitalatlar aynı zamanda kozmetiklerde de kullanılmaktadır. Bu kimyasallar vücutta hormonları taklit ederek endokrin sistemi ve fizyolojik fonksiyonları bozmaktadır. Gebelik esnasında maruz kalındığında bu kimyasallar; hamileliğin hangi döneminde maruz kalındığına bağlı olarak hem anneyi hem de fötal gelişimi etkilemekte, başta erkek çocuklar olmak üzere beyin ve üreme organlarının gelişimini engellemektedir. Bu kimyasalların etkileri, ne miktarda, ne kadar süre alındıklarına ve bireylerin yaşam tarzlarına göre değişmektedir. Bu kimyasallar beyinde üretilen hormonları da etkileyerek çocuklarda disleksi ve hafıza problemlerine neden olabilmektedir. Erken yaşlarda maruziyet ileriki yaşlarda davranış bozuklukları, depresyon, anksiyete, allerji, solunum yolu hastalıklarına sebebiyet vermekte, pubertal gelişimi, obezite, diyabet ve tümörogenesisi tetiklemektedir. Özellikle anne karnında, düşük dozdaki kimyasallar bile bebek beyninde büyük hasarlara neden olabilmekte, ileride hızlı düşünmeyi ve tepki vermeyi engelleyebilmektedir.

Keywords

Bisfenoller, endokrin bozucular, fitalatlar, halk sağlığı

Effects of Bisphenols and Phthalates on Public Health

Abstract

Before 2000s; biological hazards in foods were the major public health concerns however, great increase in plastic industry, has carried chemicals to the highest level of concern. After the Second World War, the use of chemicals in all areas of life, from baby bottles, furniture to food service, has become widespread. Currently, over 80,000 chemicals are used in everyday products. Most of them are not yet tested for their public health effects. “Innocent unless proven otherwise” approach is applied to the chemicals, which means a significant risk for public health. More than 200 chemicals are detected in the blood and urine of almost every individual. Chemicals can also be analyzed from amniotic fluid, mother milk, baby cord and meconium. Early exposure to chemicals forms the basis of chronic diseases in later ages. Phthalates and bisphenol-A (BPA) are the most emphasized toxicants. Both are used to soften and harden the plastics and phthalates are also used in cosmetics. They mimic the hormones and disrupt the endocrine system in human. When exposed during pregnancy, they affect the fetus by blocking the development of brain and reproductive organs especially in boys. Their effects vary depending on how much and how long they are exposed and people’s lifestyle. Endocrine-disrupting chemicals can also interfere with brain hormones causing dyslexia and memory problems in children. Exposure in early life causes behavioral disorders, depression, anxiety, allergy, respiratory diseases, early pubertal development, obesity, diabetes and tumorigenesis in later ages. Even low levels of chemicals can prevent rapid thinking and fast reacting.

Keywords

Bisphenol, endocrine disruptors, phthalates, public health

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