İNGİLTERE İDARESİNDE IRAK’TA MALİ GELİŞMELER (1921-1925)

Year 2023, Volume: 37 Issue: 3, 1235 - 1250, 30.09.2023

Can Deveci

https://doi.org/10.48070/erciyesakademi.1341327

Abstract

İngiltere Birinci Dünya Savaşı sırasında, 1914’te Basra’yı, 1917’de Bağdat’ı, 1918’de Musul’u ise işgal etmiştir. Böylece birbirinden farklı etnik ve dini gruplardan oluşan vilayetler Irak şeklinde anılmış ve askeri idare başlamıştır. Irak’a askeri idarenin üst yöneticisi olarak İngiltere’nin Hindistan bürokrasisinde görevli Arnold T. Wilson atanmıştır. Wilson’un maliye ile ilgili öncelikli hedefi vilayet, din, etnik yapı fark etmeksizin Irak sınırları içerisinde bulunan halktan vergi toplamaktır. Fakat bu durum 1920’de Irak’ta İngiliz idaresine karşı halk tepkisine yol açmıştır. Bu tepki aynı zamanda Irak’ın malî durumunu istikrarsız hale getirirken İngiltere’nin de askeri masraflarını arttırmıştır. San-Remo Konferansı’ndan (1920) sonra Irak’ta sivil idareye geçilmiş ve Sör Percy Cox yüksek komiser atanmıştır. Cox, İngiltere’nin bölgedeki ekonomik masraflarının azaltılması için Sömürgelerden Sorumlu Devlet Bakanlığının alt birimi olan Ortadoğu Bölümünün tertip ettiği Kahire Konferansı’nda (1921) alınan kararlar doğrultusunda Irak’ta gerekli politik ve malî düzenlemeleri yapmıştır. Irak’ın mali durumunu tespit eden raporlar hazırlamıştır. Cox’tan sonra yüksek komiserlik görevine Sör Henry Dobbs atanmıştır. Dobbs, Irak’ta vergi toplayabileceği her alanda üretimin yükseltilmesine ve Irak’ın mali durumunun İngiltere’nin desteğine ihtiyacı olmayacak hale getirilmesine odaklanmıştır. Bu makalede, mali alanda Irak’ta yaşanan gelişmeler yüksek komiserlerin Milletler Cemiyeti’ne sunduğu yönetim raporları esas alınarak incelenmiştir. İngiltere’nin, Irak’ın maliyesini idare ederken kendi stratejilerini önceleyen etkin bir konumda yer aldığı ve Irak’ın yıllık üretim kapasitesini uluslararası İngiliz ticareti ile bütünleştirdiği tespit edilmiştir.

Keywords

Tarih, İngiltere, Yüksek Komiser, Irak, Mali Gelişmeler

FINANCIAL DEVELOPMENTS IN IRAQ IN THE BRITISH ADMINISTRATION (1921-1925)

Abstract

During the First World War, Britain occupied Basra in 1914, Baghdad in 1917, and Mosul in 1918. Thus, the provinces consisting of different ethnic and religious groups were called Iraq and military administration began. Arnold T. Wilson, an officer in the British Indian bureaucracy, was appointed as the top manager of the military administration in Iraq. Wilson's primary goal in terms of finance is to collect taxes from the people within the borders of Iraq, regardless of province, religion or ethnicity. However, this situation led to reaction against the British rule in Iraq in 1920. This reaction also destabilized Iraq's financial situation and increased Britain's military expenses. After the San-Remo Conference (1920), the civilian administration of Iraq was established and Sir Percy Cox was appointed high commissioner. In order to reduce the economic costs of the British in the region, Cox made the necessary political and financial arrangements in Iraq in line with the decisions taken at the Cairo Conference (1921), which was organized by the Middle East Department, a sub-unit of the Ministry of State for the Colonies. He prepared reports identifying the financial situation of Iraq. Dobbs focused on increasing production in every area in Iraq where he could collect taxes and making Iraq's financial situation not needing the support of Britain. In this article, the developments in the financial field in Iraq are examined based on the management reports submitted by the high commissioners to the League of Nations. It has been determined that England is in an effective position prioritizing its own strategies while managing Iraq's finances and that Iraq's annual production capacity is integrated with international British trade.

Keywords

History, British, High Commissioner, Iraq, Financial Developments

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