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BANKALARDA KÂRLILIK YAKINSAMASININ MODELLENMESİ VE TAHMİNİ: TÜRK BANKACILIK SEKTÖRÜNE YÖNELİK BİR ANALİZ

Year 2023, Issue: 65, 47 - 56, 31.08.2023
https://doi.org/10.18070/erciyesiibd.1267712

Abstract

Türkiye ekonomisinin küreselleşme ve dışa açılma sürecinde bankacılık sektörü ekonomiyi en fazla destekleyen güç olmuştur. Türk bankaları son kırk yıllık dönemde teknolojik altyapısını, iş görme şeklini, finansal ürünlerini hızla geliştirmiş, sermaye yapısını güçlendirmiş, yurtiçinde şubeleşme, yurtdışında finansal iştirak edinme yoluyla büyümesini sürdürmüştür. Bu büyüme sürecini destekleyen en önemli unsur ise bankaların sağlam finansal yapıları ve kârlılık performansındaki iyileşmedir. Kârlılık bankacılık faaliyetlerinde verimliliğin bir göstergesi olduğu gibi piyasa değerinin artırılması, rekabette başarı sağlanması ve varlığının devamında en önemli belirleyici olmuştur. Bankalarda kârlılık performansının belirleyicilerine yönelik olarak çok sayıda çalışma yapılmış, bankaların kârlılıkları arasındaki farklılıkların banka yönetimlerinin etkileyebildiği bankalara özgü içsel faktörlerden mi, yoksa banka yönetimlerinin etkileyemediği makroekonomik gelişmelerden mi etkilendiği konusu farklı ülke, banka grupları ve dönem bazında araştırılmıştır.
Bu çalışmada, özgün bir yaklaşımla Türk Bankacılık Sisteminde faaliyet gösteren piyasa payı en yüksek on beş bankanın kârlılıklarının sektör ortalaması ile yakınsayıp yakınsamadığı stokastik yakınsama yöntemi ve 2003:Q1-2021:Q4 dönemi için çeyrek frekanslı veriler kullanılarak ve doğrusal olmayan birim kök testlerinden faydalanılarak analiz edilmiştir. Banka kârlılıklarının sektör ortalamaları ile uyumlu olduğu, kârlılık oranlarında endüstri içi farklılıkların küçük ve piyasa yapısıyla ilişkisiz olduğunu varsayılmaktadır. Birim kök testleri sonucunda durağan olduğu tespit edilen bankalar için seçilen dönem ve kârlılık yapısının yakınsadığı ve bankalar arasında yoğun bir rekabetin olduğu sonucuna ulaşılmıştır.

Supporting Institution

Yoktur.

Project Number

Yoktur.

References

  • Aracil, E., Nájera-Sánchez, J.J. ve Forcadell, F.J. ( 2021). Sustainable Banking: A Literature Review And Integrative Framework, Finance Research Letters, Elsevier, vol. 42(C).
  • Bahadır, B. ve Valev, N. (2015). Financial Development Convergence, Journal of Banking ve Finance, vol. 56, issue C, 61-71.
  • Barro, R.J., 1991. Economic Growth in a Cross Section of Countries, Quarterly Journal of Economics, 106, 407–443.
  • Barro, J.R. ve Sala-i Martin, X.I. (2003), Economic Growth, The MIT Press, Second Edition, Cambridge, London, İngiltere, s.386.
  • Baumol, W.J., 1986. Productivity Growth, Convergence, and Welfare: What The Long-Run Data Show. American Economic Review, 76, 1072–1085.
  • BDDK (2022). Bankacılık Düzenleme ve Denetleme Kurumu, Bankacılık Verileri,E.T:25.02.2023.
  • Capraru B., ve Ihnatov I., (2015). Determinants of Bank Profitability in EU15. Scientific Annals of the “Alxandru Loan Cuza”. Univarsity of Iasi Economic Sciences, 62 (1), P. 93-101.
  • Carlino, G. A. ve Mills, L. O. (1993). Are U.S. Regional Incomes Converging? A Time Series Analysis. Journal of Monetary Economics, 32(2), 335–346.
  • Carvallo, O. ve Kasman, A. (2017). Convergence In Bank Performance: Evidence From Latin American Banking, The North American Journal of Eco.and Finance, vl. 39, issue C, 127-142.
  • Casu, B ve Girardone, C. (2010). Integration and Efficiency Convergence in EU Banking Markets, Omega, Elsevier, vol. 38(5), pp. 260-267, October.
  • Chen, X., F, T.T., Juo, J.C.., Yu, M.M. (2019), A Comparative Analysis of Profit Inefficiency and Productivity Convergence Between Taiwanese and Chinese Banks, BRQ Bus. Res. Q. 2019,
  • Christopoulos, D. K., Leon- Ledesma, M. A.(2011). International Output Convergence, Breaks, and Asymmetric Adjustment, Studies in Nonlinear Dynamics & Econometrics, 15(3), 1- 31.
  • Cubbin, J. ve Geroski, P. (1987). The Convergence of Profits in the Long Run: Inter-Firm and Inter-Industry Comparisons. The Journal of Industrial Economics , Jun., 1987, Vol. 35, No. 4, pp. 427-442 Yayıncı: Wiley, http://www.jstor.com/stable/2098581.
  • Çatık, N. A. ve Güçlü, M. (2006), Mekansal Etkiler Altında Ampirik Büyüme Modelleri: Türkiye Üzerine Bir Uygulama, Ege Üniversity in Economics Working Paper No: 06, s.1-14.
  • Dahl, D., Shrieves, R.E. ve Spivey, M.F., (2008). Convergence in The Activities of EUROPEAN Banks, Journal of International Financial Markets, Institutions and Money, Elsevier, vol. 18(2), pages 161-175, April.
  • Evans, P., Hasan, I., & Lozano-Vivas, A. (2008). Deregulation and Convergence of Banking: The EU Experience, Finnish Economic Papers, 21(2), 104–117.
  • Fernandez de Guevara, J., Maudos, J., & Perez, F. (2007). Integration and Competition in The European Financial Markets, Journalof International Money and Finance, 26, 26–45
  • Fung, M. K. (2006). Scale economies, X-efficiency, and Convergence of Productivity Among Bank Holding Companies, Journal of Banking & Finance, 30, 2857–2874.
  • Goddard, J., Liu, H., Molyneux, P., ve Wilson, J. O. (2013), Do Bank Profits Converge? European Financial Management, 19(2), 345–365.
  • Güriş, B. (2020). R Uygulamalı Doğrusal Olmayan Zaman Serileri Analizi. İstanbul: DER Yayınları.
  • Harvey, D. I. ve Leybourne, S. J. (2007). Testing for Time Series Linearity. Econometrics Journal, 10, 149–165.
  • Harvey, D.I., Leybourne, S.J., Xiao,B. (2008). A Powerful Test for Linearity When the Order of Integration is Unknown. Studies in Nonlinear Dynamics ve Econometrics,12(3),1–24.
  • Hepsağ, A. ve Yaşar Akçalı, B. (2015). Zayıf Formda Piyasa Etkinliğinin Asimetrik Doğrusal Olmayan Birim Kök Testi ile Analizi: G-7 ve E-7 Ülkeleri Örneği. BDDK Bankacılık ve Finansal Piyasalar, 9(2), 73–90.
  • Issa, S., Girardone, C. ve Snaith, S. (2020) Banking Competition, Convergence and Growth Across Macro-Regions of MENA, October 2020, The Quarterly Review of Economics and Finance, 84(3).
  • Johnes, J., Ongena, S., Pappas, V., Tsionas, M. ve Izzeldin, M. (2018). "Efficiency Convergence in Islamic and Conventional Banks," Journal of International Financial Markets, Institutions and Money, Elsevier, vol. 70(C).
  • Kalyoncu, H. (2001) Yakınsama Analizine Neoklasik Yaklaşım: Türkiye’nin 67 İlinin Gelir Yakınsaması Üzerine Bir Uygulama. Çukurova Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, Cilt: 8, Sayı: 8, s.122.
  • Kapetanios, G., Shin, Y. ve Snell, A. (2003). Testing for a Unit Root in the Nonlinear STAR Framework, Journal of Econometrics, 112(2), 359–379.
  • Karakaya, A. ve Atukalp, M.E. (2018). Türkiye’de Banka Grupları Kârlarının Yakınsaması, 19.UA EYİ Sempozyumu, Tam Metin Bildiri Kitabı, (17-20 Ekim), s.381.
  • Lamers, M., Present, T.ve Vennet, R.V. (2022). "European bank profitability: the Great Convergence?," Working Papers of Faculty of Economics and Business Administration, Ghent University, Belgium 22/1039.
  • Mamatzakis, E., Staikouras, C., & Koutsomanoli-Filippaki, A. (2008). Bank Efficiency in The New European Union Member States: Is There Convergence? International Review of Financial Analysis, 17, 1156–1172
  • Matthews, K., Zhang, N. (2010). Bank Productivity In China 1997–2007: Measurement and Convergence, China Economic Review, Volume 21, Issue 4, Pages 617-628.
  • Muntean, R., (2015), Lending Convergence in the Romanian Banking Sector, Procedia Economics and Finance, 32 ( 2015 ) 558 – 565.
  • Olson, D., ve Zoubi, T. (2017), The Quarterly Review of Economics and Finance, 2017, vol. 65, issue C, 71-87
  • Porter, M., (1979), The Structure Within Industries and Companies Performance, Review of Economics and Statistics, 61 (May), pp. 214-228.
  • Sander, H. ve Kleimeier, S., (2004), Convergence in Eurozone Retail Banking? What Interest Rate Pass-Through Tells Us About Monetary Policy Transmission, Competition and Integration, Maastricht University LIFE Working Paper No. 03-009,
  • Selçuk, H. ve Tunay, Batu., (2014), Ticari Banka Yönetiminin Temelleri, Nobel Yayıncılık, 1. Basım. S.121-125.
  • Sollis, R. (2009). A Simple Unit Root Test Against Asymmetric STAR Nonlinearity With An Application To Real Exchange Rates In Nordic Countries. Economic Modelling, 26(1), pp.118.
  • Thota, N. ve Subrahmanyam, A.C.V.,(2020). Bank Total Factor Productivity Convergence: Evidence From India, Finance Research Letters, Elsevier, vol. 37(C).
  • TBB (2021) Türkiye Bankalar Birliği, Bankalarımız 2021, Yayın No: 346, Mayıs 2022.
  • TBB (2022), Türkiye Bankalar Birliği, Veri Sistemi, https://verisistemi.tbb.org.tr/
  • Uğur, A. ve Bingöl, N. (2021). Finansal Yakınsama Olgusu: Türkiye ile G7 Ülkleri Arasında Finansal Yakınsamanın Analizi, Adıyaman Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Ens.Yıl:14, Sayı 37.
  • Vakıfbak (2023). T.Vakıflar Bankası, Ekonomik Araştırmalar, Bankacılık Sektör Raporları, https://www.vakifbank.com.tr/bankacilik-sektor-raporu-.aspx?pageID=1017,E.T:01.03.2023.
  • Weill, L., (2009). Convergence in Banking Efficiency across European Countries, Journal of International Financial Markets, Institutions and Money, Volume 19, Issue 5, Pages 818.
  • Yoloğlu, N. (2019), Yakınsama, (Convergence) ve Çapraz Medya Stratejisinin Medya Sektörüne Yansımaları, Gümüşhane Üniversitesi, İletişim Fakültesi, Elektronik Dergisi, Uluslararası Türk Dünyası Basın Sempozyumu Özel Sayısı, Aralık, Cilt: 7, s.1452.

MODELLING AND ESTIMATION OF PROFITABILITY CONVERGENCE IN BANKS : AN ANALYSIS FOR THE TURKISH BANKING SECTOR

Year 2023, Issue: 65, 47 - 56, 31.08.2023
https://doi.org/10.18070/erciyesiibd.1267712

Abstract

In the process of globalization and opening up of the Turkish economy, the banking sector has been the power that supports the economy the most. In the last forty years, Turkish banks have rapidly developed their technological infrastructure, way of doing business, and financial products, strengthened their capital structure, and continued to grow by branching out at home and acquiring financial subsidiaries abroad. The most important factor supporting this growth process is the sound financial structures of the banks and the improvement in their profitability performance. While profitability is an indicator of efficiency in banking activities, it has been the most important determinant in increasing the market value, achieving success in competition and maintaining its existence. Numerous studies have been conducted on the determinants of profitability performance in banks, and whether the differences between banks' profitability are affected by internal factors specific to banks that can be affected by bank managements or by macroeconomic developments that bank managements cannot affect have been investigated on the basis of different countries, bank groups and periods.
In this study, with a unique approach, it was analyzed whether the profitability of the fifteen banks with the highest market share operating in the Turkish Banking System converged with the sector average, using the stochastic convergence method and quarter-frequency data for the period 2003:Q1-2021:Q4 and using nonlinear unit root tests. . It is assumed that bank profitability is consistent with industry averages, that intra-industry differences in profitability ratios are small and unrelated to the market structure. As a result of the unit root tests, it was concluded that the banks that were found to be stationary converged on the basis of the selected period and profitability, and there was competition among the banks.

Project Number

Yoktur.

References

  • Aracil, E., Nájera-Sánchez, J.J. ve Forcadell, F.J. ( 2021). Sustainable Banking: A Literature Review And Integrative Framework, Finance Research Letters, Elsevier, vol. 42(C).
  • Bahadır, B. ve Valev, N. (2015). Financial Development Convergence, Journal of Banking ve Finance, vol. 56, issue C, 61-71.
  • Barro, R.J., 1991. Economic Growth in a Cross Section of Countries, Quarterly Journal of Economics, 106, 407–443.
  • Barro, J.R. ve Sala-i Martin, X.I. (2003), Economic Growth, The MIT Press, Second Edition, Cambridge, London, İngiltere, s.386.
  • Baumol, W.J., 1986. Productivity Growth, Convergence, and Welfare: What The Long-Run Data Show. American Economic Review, 76, 1072–1085.
  • BDDK (2022). Bankacılık Düzenleme ve Denetleme Kurumu, Bankacılık Verileri,E.T:25.02.2023.
  • Capraru B., ve Ihnatov I., (2015). Determinants of Bank Profitability in EU15. Scientific Annals of the “Alxandru Loan Cuza”. Univarsity of Iasi Economic Sciences, 62 (1), P. 93-101.
  • Carlino, G. A. ve Mills, L. O. (1993). Are U.S. Regional Incomes Converging? A Time Series Analysis. Journal of Monetary Economics, 32(2), 335–346.
  • Carvallo, O. ve Kasman, A. (2017). Convergence In Bank Performance: Evidence From Latin American Banking, The North American Journal of Eco.and Finance, vl. 39, issue C, 127-142.
  • Casu, B ve Girardone, C. (2010). Integration and Efficiency Convergence in EU Banking Markets, Omega, Elsevier, vol. 38(5), pp. 260-267, October.
  • Chen, X., F, T.T., Juo, J.C.., Yu, M.M. (2019), A Comparative Analysis of Profit Inefficiency and Productivity Convergence Between Taiwanese and Chinese Banks, BRQ Bus. Res. Q. 2019,
  • Christopoulos, D. K., Leon- Ledesma, M. A.(2011). International Output Convergence, Breaks, and Asymmetric Adjustment, Studies in Nonlinear Dynamics & Econometrics, 15(3), 1- 31.
  • Cubbin, J. ve Geroski, P. (1987). The Convergence of Profits in the Long Run: Inter-Firm and Inter-Industry Comparisons. The Journal of Industrial Economics , Jun., 1987, Vol. 35, No. 4, pp. 427-442 Yayıncı: Wiley, http://www.jstor.com/stable/2098581.
  • Çatık, N. A. ve Güçlü, M. (2006), Mekansal Etkiler Altında Ampirik Büyüme Modelleri: Türkiye Üzerine Bir Uygulama, Ege Üniversity in Economics Working Paper No: 06, s.1-14.
  • Dahl, D., Shrieves, R.E. ve Spivey, M.F., (2008). Convergence in The Activities of EUROPEAN Banks, Journal of International Financial Markets, Institutions and Money, Elsevier, vol. 18(2), pages 161-175, April.
  • Evans, P., Hasan, I., & Lozano-Vivas, A. (2008). Deregulation and Convergence of Banking: The EU Experience, Finnish Economic Papers, 21(2), 104–117.
  • Fernandez de Guevara, J., Maudos, J., & Perez, F. (2007). Integration and Competition in The European Financial Markets, Journalof International Money and Finance, 26, 26–45
  • Fung, M. K. (2006). Scale economies, X-efficiency, and Convergence of Productivity Among Bank Holding Companies, Journal of Banking & Finance, 30, 2857–2874.
  • Goddard, J., Liu, H., Molyneux, P., ve Wilson, J. O. (2013), Do Bank Profits Converge? European Financial Management, 19(2), 345–365.
  • Güriş, B. (2020). R Uygulamalı Doğrusal Olmayan Zaman Serileri Analizi. İstanbul: DER Yayınları.
  • Harvey, D. I. ve Leybourne, S. J. (2007). Testing for Time Series Linearity. Econometrics Journal, 10, 149–165.
  • Harvey, D.I., Leybourne, S.J., Xiao,B. (2008). A Powerful Test for Linearity When the Order of Integration is Unknown. Studies in Nonlinear Dynamics ve Econometrics,12(3),1–24.
  • Hepsağ, A. ve Yaşar Akçalı, B. (2015). Zayıf Formda Piyasa Etkinliğinin Asimetrik Doğrusal Olmayan Birim Kök Testi ile Analizi: G-7 ve E-7 Ülkeleri Örneği. BDDK Bankacılık ve Finansal Piyasalar, 9(2), 73–90.
  • Issa, S., Girardone, C. ve Snaith, S. (2020) Banking Competition, Convergence and Growth Across Macro-Regions of MENA, October 2020, The Quarterly Review of Economics and Finance, 84(3).
  • Johnes, J., Ongena, S., Pappas, V., Tsionas, M. ve Izzeldin, M. (2018). "Efficiency Convergence in Islamic and Conventional Banks," Journal of International Financial Markets, Institutions and Money, Elsevier, vol. 70(C).
  • Kalyoncu, H. (2001) Yakınsama Analizine Neoklasik Yaklaşım: Türkiye’nin 67 İlinin Gelir Yakınsaması Üzerine Bir Uygulama. Çukurova Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, Cilt: 8, Sayı: 8, s.122.
  • Kapetanios, G., Shin, Y. ve Snell, A. (2003). Testing for a Unit Root in the Nonlinear STAR Framework, Journal of Econometrics, 112(2), 359–379.
  • Karakaya, A. ve Atukalp, M.E. (2018). Türkiye’de Banka Grupları Kârlarının Yakınsaması, 19.UA EYİ Sempozyumu, Tam Metin Bildiri Kitabı, (17-20 Ekim), s.381.
  • Lamers, M., Present, T.ve Vennet, R.V. (2022). "European bank profitability: the Great Convergence?," Working Papers of Faculty of Economics and Business Administration, Ghent University, Belgium 22/1039.
  • Mamatzakis, E., Staikouras, C., & Koutsomanoli-Filippaki, A. (2008). Bank Efficiency in The New European Union Member States: Is There Convergence? International Review of Financial Analysis, 17, 1156–1172
  • Matthews, K., Zhang, N. (2010). Bank Productivity In China 1997–2007: Measurement and Convergence, China Economic Review, Volume 21, Issue 4, Pages 617-628.
  • Muntean, R., (2015), Lending Convergence in the Romanian Banking Sector, Procedia Economics and Finance, 32 ( 2015 ) 558 – 565.
  • Olson, D., ve Zoubi, T. (2017), The Quarterly Review of Economics and Finance, 2017, vol. 65, issue C, 71-87
  • Porter, M., (1979), The Structure Within Industries and Companies Performance, Review of Economics and Statistics, 61 (May), pp. 214-228.
  • Sander, H. ve Kleimeier, S., (2004), Convergence in Eurozone Retail Banking? What Interest Rate Pass-Through Tells Us About Monetary Policy Transmission, Competition and Integration, Maastricht University LIFE Working Paper No. 03-009,
  • Selçuk, H. ve Tunay, Batu., (2014), Ticari Banka Yönetiminin Temelleri, Nobel Yayıncılık, 1. Basım. S.121-125.
  • Sollis, R. (2009). A Simple Unit Root Test Against Asymmetric STAR Nonlinearity With An Application To Real Exchange Rates In Nordic Countries. Economic Modelling, 26(1), pp.118.
  • Thota, N. ve Subrahmanyam, A.C.V.,(2020). Bank Total Factor Productivity Convergence: Evidence From India, Finance Research Letters, Elsevier, vol. 37(C).
  • TBB (2021) Türkiye Bankalar Birliği, Bankalarımız 2021, Yayın No: 346, Mayıs 2022.
  • TBB (2022), Türkiye Bankalar Birliği, Veri Sistemi, https://verisistemi.tbb.org.tr/
  • Uğur, A. ve Bingöl, N. (2021). Finansal Yakınsama Olgusu: Türkiye ile G7 Ülkleri Arasında Finansal Yakınsamanın Analizi, Adıyaman Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Ens.Yıl:14, Sayı 37.
  • Vakıfbak (2023). T.Vakıflar Bankası, Ekonomik Araştırmalar, Bankacılık Sektör Raporları, https://www.vakifbank.com.tr/bankacilik-sektor-raporu-.aspx?pageID=1017,E.T:01.03.2023.
  • Weill, L., (2009). Convergence in Banking Efficiency across European Countries, Journal of International Financial Markets, Institutions and Money, Volume 19, Issue 5, Pages 818.
  • Yoloğlu, N. (2019), Yakınsama, (Convergence) ve Çapraz Medya Stratejisinin Medya Sektörüne Yansımaları, Gümüşhane Üniversitesi, İletişim Fakültesi, Elektronik Dergisi, Uluslararası Türk Dünyası Basın Sempozyumu Özel Sayısı, Aralık, Cilt: 7, s.1452.
There are 44 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Banking and Insurance (Other)
Journal Section Makaleler
Authors

Adnan Güzel 0000-0002-0055-712X

Project Number Yoktur.
Early Pub Date August 18, 2023
Publication Date August 31, 2023
Acceptance Date May 11, 2023
Published in Issue Year 2023 Issue: 65

Cite

APA Güzel, A. (2023). BANKALARDA KÂRLILIK YAKINSAMASININ MODELLENMESİ VE TAHMİNİ: TÜRK BANKACILIK SEKTÖRÜNE YÖNELİK BİR ANALİZ. Erciyes Üniversitesi İktisadi Ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi(65), 47-56. https://doi.org/10.18070/erciyesiibd.1267712

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