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The Relationship between Occupational Balance and Smartphone Addiction among University Students in Turkey

Year 2021, Volume: 9 Issue: 3, 71 - 78, 20.12.2021

Serkan Pekçetin , Ayla Günal , Carita Håkansson

https://doi.org/10.30720/ered.843360
Cited By: 1

Abstract

Purpose: The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between mobile phone addiction and occupational balance in university students. Material and Methods: A sample of 128 students attending a public university in Turkey participated in the study. Smartphone addiction was evaluated using the Smartphone Addiction Scale (SPAS-SF) and occupational balance with the Turkish Occupational Balance Questionnaire (OBQ11-T). The students’ demographic characteristics were recorded. Results: A negative correlation was observed between SPAS-SF and OBQ11-T total score and scores for item 4 (Balance between work, home, family, leisure, rest, and sleep), item 6 (Balance between physical, social, mental, and restful occupations), and item 10 (Balance between energy-giving/energy-taking activities). Economic status was associated with significant differences in for item 3 (Time for doing things wanted) and item 11 (Satisfaction with time spent in rest, recovery, and sleep) (p<.05). Item 9 (Balance between obligatory/voluntary occupations) differed significantly between students living in student housing and those living at home (p<.05). Occupational balance scores did not differ by gender (p>.05). Discussion: The current study demonstrates that problematic smartphone usage is associated with occupational balance among university students. Occupational therapists may consider smartphone addiction as a confounding factor of occupational balance.

Keywords

Smartphone students occupational therapy

References

  • Alhassan, A. A., Alqadhib, E. M., Taha, N. W., Alahmari, R. A., Salam, M., & Almutairi, A. F. (2018). The relationship between addiction to smartphone usage and depression among adults: A cross sectional study. BMC Psychiatry 18(1), 148-155. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-018-1745-4
  • Alpar, R. (2013). Uygulamalı çok değişkenli istatistiksel yöntemler. Ankara: Detay Yayıncılık.
  • American Occupational Therapy Association [AOTA]. (2014). Occupational therapy practice framework: Domain & Process 3rd Edition. Am J Occup Ther, 68(2), S1-S48. https://doi.org/10.5014/ajot.2014.682006
  • Arlı, E. (2013). Review of the effects of housing place on individual and social development and academic success of university students by focus group discussion. J Higher Edu Sci, 3(2), 173-178. https://doi.org/10.5961/jhes.2013.073
  • Backman, C. L. (2004). Occupational balance: Exploring the relationships among daily occupations and their influence on well-being. Can J Occup Ther, 71(4), 202-209. https://doi.org/10.1177/000841740407100404
  • Bal, E., & Balcı, Ş. (2020). Akıllı cep telefonu bağımlılığı: kişilik özellikleri ve kullanım örüntülerinin etkinliği üzerine bir inceleme. Erciyes İletisim Dergisi, 7(1), 369-394. http://10.17680/erciyesiletisim.654569
  • Borgh, M., Eek, F., Wagman, P., & Håkansson, C. (2018). Organizational factors and occupational balance in working parents in Sweden. Scand J Public Health, 46(3), 409-416. https://doi.org/10.1177/1403494817713650
  • Bozgeyikli, H., & Kesici, Ş. (2016). Üniversiteli gençlerin serbest zaman faaliyetlerinin sıralama yargılarına göre ölçeklenmesi. Gençlik Araştırmaları Dergisi, 4(1), 39-72.
  • Clouston, T. J. (2014). Whose occupational balance is it anyway? The challenge of neoliberal capitalism and work–life imbalance. Br J Occup Ther, 77(10), 507-515. https://doi.org/10.4276/030802214X14122630932430
  • Darcin, A. E., Köse, S., Noyan, C. O., Nurmedov, S., Yılmaz, O., & Dilbaz, N. (2016). Smartphone addiction and its relationship with social anxiety and loneliness. Behav Inf Technol, 7(35), 520-525. https://doi.org/10.1080/0144929X.2016.1158319
  • Demirci, K., Akgönül, M., & Akpınar, A. (2015). Relationship of smartphone use severity with sleep quality, depression, and anxiety in university students. J Behav Addict, 4(2), 85-92. https://doi.org/10.1556/2006.4.2015.010
  • Duke, E., & Montag, C. (2017). Smartphone addiction, daily interruptions and self-reported productivity. Addict Behav Rep, 6, 90-95. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.abrep.2017.07.002
  • Dür, M., Steiner, G., Fialka-Moser, V., Kautzky-Willer, A., Dejaco, C., Prodinger, B., et al. (2014). Development of a new occupational balance-questionnaire: incorporating the perspectives of patients and healthy people in the design of a self-reported occupational balance instrument. Health Qual Life Outcomes, 12(1), 12-45. https://doi.org/10.1186/1477-7525-12-45
  • Dür, M., Unger, J., Stoffer, M., Dragoi, R.G., Kautzky-Willer, A., Fialka-Moser, V., et al. (2015). Definitions of occupational balance and their coverage by instruments. Br J Occup Ther, 78(1), 4-15. https://doi.org/10.1177/0308022614561235
  • Eklund, M., Erlandsson, L. K., & Leufstadius, C. (2010). Time use in relation to valued and satisfying occupations among people with persistent mental illness: Exploring occupational balance. J Occup Sci, 17(4), 231-238. https://doi.org/10.1080/14427591.2010.9686700
  • Eklund, M., Brunt, D., & Argentzell, E. (2020). Perceived occupational balance and well-being among people with mental illness living in two types of supported housing. Scand J Occup Ther, 27(6), 450-461. https://doi.org/10.1080/11038128.2019.1622771
  • Günal, A., & Pekçetin, S. (2019). Üniversite öğrencilerinde akıllı telefon bağımlılığı i̇le servikal bölge-üst ekstremite ağrısı arasındaki i̇lişki. Sürekli Tıp Eğitim Dergisi, 28(2), 114-119. https://doi.org/10.17942/sted.431567
  • Günal, A., Pekçetin, S., Demirtürk, F., Şenol, H., Håkansson, C., & Wagman, P. (2020). Validity and reliability of the Turkish Occupational Balance Questionnaire (OBQ11-T). Scand J Occup Ther, 27(7), 493-499. https://doi.org/10.1080/11038128.2019.1673479
  • Güzeller, C. O., & Coşguner, T. (2012). Development of a problematic mobile phone use scale for Turkish adolescents. Cyberpsychol Behav Soc Netw, 15(4), 205-211. https://doi.org/10.1089/cyber.2011.0210
  • Håkansson, C., Milevi, S., Eek, F., Oudin, A., & Wagman, P. (2019). Occupational balance, work and life satisfaction in working cohabiting parents in Sweden. Scand J Public Health, 47(3), 366-374. https://doi.org/10.1177/1403494819828870
  • Jonsson, H., Borell, L., & Sadlo, G. (2000). Retirement: An occupational transition with consequences for temporality, balance and meaning of occupations. J Occup Sci, 7(1), 29-37. https://doi.org/10.1080/14427591.2000.9686462
  • Kwon, M., Kim, D. J., Cho, H., & Yang, S. (2013). The smartphone addiction scale: Development and validation of a short version for adolescents. PloS One, 8(12), 1-7. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0083558 Larson, E. A. (2000). The orchestration of occupation: The dance of mothers. Am J Occup Ther, 54(3), 269-280. https://doi.org/10.5014/ajot.54.3.269
  • Magnusson, L., Håkansson, C., Brandt, S., Öberg, M., & Orban, K. (2020). Occupational balance and sleep among women. Scand J Occup Ther, 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1080/11038128.2020.1721558. Online ahead of print.
  • Noyan, C. O., Enez, D. A., Nurmedov, S., Yılmaz, O., & Dilbaz, N. (2015). Akıllı Telefon Bağımlılığı Ölçeğinin Kısa Formunun üniversite öğrencilerinde Türkçe geçerlilik ve güvenilirlik çalışması. Anadolu Psikiyatri Derg, 16(Special issue.1), 73-81. https://doi.org/10.5455/apd.176101
  • Olatz, L. F., Daria, K., Mark, G., & Joël, B. (2015). The conceptualization and assessment of problematic mobile phone use. In: Z. Yan (Ed.), Encyclopedia of Mobile Phone Behavior (Volumes 2, pp. 591-606). Hershey, PA: IGI Global.
  • Önaç, A. K., Birişçi, T., Gündel, H., Işıkel, N., & Çalışkan, E. (2018). Üniversite öğrencilerinin rekreasyonel eğilimleri üzerine bir araştırma. Ege Üniv Ziraat Fak Derg, 55(1), 1-9. https://doi.org/10.20289/zfdergi.390683
  • Özkoçak, Y. (2016). Türkiye'de akıllı telefon kullanıcılarının oyalanma amaçlı tercih ettikleri mobil uygulamalar. Global Media Journal TR Edition, 6(12), 106-130.
  • Rupert, S. M., & Hawi, N. S. (2016). Relationships among smartphone addiction, stress, academic performance, and satisfaction with life. Comput Human Behav, 57, 321-325. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2015.12.045
  • Suhail, K., & Bargees, Z. (2006). Effects of excessive internet use on undergraduate students in Pakistan. Cyberpsychol Behav, 9(3), 297-307. https://doi.org/10.1089/cpb.2006.9.297
  • Sunar, D., & Fişek, G.O. (2005). Contemporary Turkish families. In: U. Gielen, & J. Roopnarine (Eds.), Families in global perspective (pp. 169-183). New York, NY: Pearson Allyn and Bacon.
  • Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu (TÜİK). (2020). Hanehalkı bilişim teknolojileri kullanım araştırması. Retrieved from the Web December 17, 2020. https://www.tuik.gov.tr/PreTablo.do?alt_id=1028
  • Tyagi, V., & Soni, R. T. (2019). Factors affecting use of Social Media by students- A Study of Delhi NCR. IJREAM, 4(11), 53-58. https://doi.org/10.18231/2454-9150.2019.0010
  • Uzgören, E., Şengür, M., & Yiğit, Ü. (2013). Üniversite öğrencilerinin cep telefonu talebinde israfa yönelik davranışlarının analizi. Suleyman Demirel University Journal of Faculty of Economics & Administrative Sciences, 18(1), 29-44.
  • Wagman, P., Håkansson, C., & Björklund, A. (2011). Occupational balance as used in occupational therapy: A concept analysis. Scand J Occup Ther,19(4), 322-327. https://doi.org/10.3109/11038128.2011.596219
  • Wagman, P., & Håkansson, C. (2014). Introducing the Occupational Balance Questionnaire (OBQ). Scand J Occup Ther, 21(3), 227-231. https://doi.org/10.3109/11038128.2014.900571
  • Wagman, P., Håkansson, C., & Jonsson, H. (2015). Occupational balance: A scoping review of current research and identified knowledge gaps. J Occup Sci, 22(2), 160-169. https://doi.org/10.1080/14427591.2014.986512
  • Wagman, P., & Håkansson, C. (2019). Occupational balance from the interpersonal perspective: A scoping review. J Occup Sci, 26(4), 537-545. https://doi.org/10.1080/14427591.2018.1512007
  • Wagman, P., Ahlstrand, I., Björk, M., & Håkansson, C. (2020). Occupational balance and its association with life satisfaction in men and women with rheumatoid arthritis. Musculoskeletal Care, 18(2), 187-194. https://doi.org/10.1002/msc.1454

Türkiye'deki Üniversite Öğrencilerinde Aktivite-Rol Dengesi ile Akıllı Telefon Bağımlılığı Arasındaki İlişki

Year 2021, Volume: 9 Issue: 3, 71 - 78, 20.12.2021

Serkan Pekçetin , Ayla Günal , Carita Håkansson

https://doi.org/10.30720/ered.843360
Cited By: 1

Abstract

Amaç: Bu çalışmanın amacı, üniversite öğrencilerinde akıllı telefon bağımlılığı ile aktivite rol dengesi arasındaki ilişkiyi incelemektir. Gereç ve Yöntem: Çalışmaya Türkiye'de bir devlet üniversitesine devam eden 128 öğrenci katıldı. Akıllı telefon bağımlılığı, Akıllı Telefon Bağımlılığı Ölçeği (ATBÖ) ve aktivite rol dengesi Aktivite Rol Dengesi Anketi-11 Türkçe versiyonu (ARDA-11-T) ile değerlendirildi. Öğrencilerin demografik özellikleri kaydedildi. Sonuçlar: ATBÖ ile ARDA-11-T toplam puanı ile 4. madde (İş, ev işleri, boş zaman, serbest zaman ve uyku arasındaki denge), 6. madde (fiziksel, sosyal, zihinsel ve dinlendirici aktiviteler arasındaki denge) ve Madde 10 (Enerji veren/ enerji alan aktiviteler arasındaki denge) arasında negatif korelasyon olduğu saptandı. Ekonomik durum ile 3. madde (İstenen şeyleri yapmaya ayrılan zaman) ve 11. madde (Rahatlama, iyileşme ve uykuda geçirilen zamanla ilgili tatmin) (p <.05) için önemli farklılıklar ile ilişkilendirilmiştir. Madde 9 (Zorunlu / gönüllü aktiviteler arasındaki denge), öğrenci yurdunda yaşayan öğrenciler ile evde yaşayanlar arasında önemli ölçüde farklılık göstermiştir (p <.05). Aktivite rol denge puanları cinsiyete göre farklılık göstermemiştir (p> .05). Tartışma: Bu çalışma, üniversite öğrencileri arasında problemli akıllı telefon kullanımı ile aktivite rol dengesi arasında ilişki olduğunu göstermektedir. Ergoterapistler, akıllı telefon bağımlılığını aktivite rol dengesini bozan bir faktör olarak düşünebilirler.

Keywords

Akıllı telefon öğrenciler ergoterapi

References

  • Alhassan, A. A., Alqadhib, E. M., Taha, N. W., Alahmari, R. A., Salam, M., & Almutairi, A. F. (2018). The relationship between addiction to smartphone usage and depression among adults: A cross sectional study. BMC Psychiatry 18(1), 148-155. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-018-1745-4
  • Alpar, R. (2013). Uygulamalı çok değişkenli istatistiksel yöntemler. Ankara: Detay Yayıncılık.
  • American Occupational Therapy Association [AOTA]. (2014). Occupational therapy practice framework: Domain & Process 3rd Edition. Am J Occup Ther, 68(2), S1-S48. https://doi.org/10.5014/ajot.2014.682006
  • Arlı, E. (2013). Review of the effects of housing place on individual and social development and academic success of university students by focus group discussion. J Higher Edu Sci, 3(2), 173-178. https://doi.org/10.5961/jhes.2013.073
  • Backman, C. L. (2004). Occupational balance: Exploring the relationships among daily occupations and their influence on well-being. Can J Occup Ther, 71(4), 202-209. https://doi.org/10.1177/000841740407100404
  • Bal, E., & Balcı, Ş. (2020). Akıllı cep telefonu bağımlılığı: kişilik özellikleri ve kullanım örüntülerinin etkinliği üzerine bir inceleme. Erciyes İletisim Dergisi, 7(1), 369-394. http://10.17680/erciyesiletisim.654569
  • Borgh, M., Eek, F., Wagman, P., & Håkansson, C. (2018). Organizational factors and occupational balance in working parents in Sweden. Scand J Public Health, 46(3), 409-416. https://doi.org/10.1177/1403494817713650
  • Bozgeyikli, H., & Kesici, Ş. (2016). Üniversiteli gençlerin serbest zaman faaliyetlerinin sıralama yargılarına göre ölçeklenmesi. Gençlik Araştırmaları Dergisi, 4(1), 39-72.
  • Clouston, T. J. (2014). Whose occupational balance is it anyway? The challenge of neoliberal capitalism and work–life imbalance. Br J Occup Ther, 77(10), 507-515. https://doi.org/10.4276/030802214X14122630932430
  • Darcin, A. E., Köse, S., Noyan, C. O., Nurmedov, S., Yılmaz, O., & Dilbaz, N. (2016). Smartphone addiction and its relationship with social anxiety and loneliness. Behav Inf Technol, 7(35), 520-525. https://doi.org/10.1080/0144929X.2016.1158319
  • Demirci, K., Akgönül, M., & Akpınar, A. (2015). Relationship of smartphone use severity with sleep quality, depression, and anxiety in university students. J Behav Addict, 4(2), 85-92. https://doi.org/10.1556/2006.4.2015.010
  • Duke, E., & Montag, C. (2017). Smartphone addiction, daily interruptions and self-reported productivity. Addict Behav Rep, 6, 90-95. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.abrep.2017.07.002
  • Dür, M., Steiner, G., Fialka-Moser, V., Kautzky-Willer, A., Dejaco, C., Prodinger, B., et al. (2014). Development of a new occupational balance-questionnaire: incorporating the perspectives of patients and healthy people in the design of a self-reported occupational balance instrument. Health Qual Life Outcomes, 12(1), 12-45. https://doi.org/10.1186/1477-7525-12-45
  • Dür, M., Unger, J., Stoffer, M., Dragoi, R.G., Kautzky-Willer, A., Fialka-Moser, V., et al. (2015). Definitions of occupational balance and their coverage by instruments. Br J Occup Ther, 78(1), 4-15. https://doi.org/10.1177/0308022614561235
  • Eklund, M., Erlandsson, L. K., & Leufstadius, C. (2010). Time use in relation to valued and satisfying occupations among people with persistent mental illness: Exploring occupational balance. J Occup Sci, 17(4), 231-238. https://doi.org/10.1080/14427591.2010.9686700
  • Eklund, M., Brunt, D., & Argentzell, E. (2020). Perceived occupational balance and well-being among people with mental illness living in two types of supported housing. Scand J Occup Ther, 27(6), 450-461. https://doi.org/10.1080/11038128.2019.1622771
  • Günal, A., & Pekçetin, S. (2019). Üniversite öğrencilerinde akıllı telefon bağımlılığı i̇le servikal bölge-üst ekstremite ağrısı arasındaki i̇lişki. Sürekli Tıp Eğitim Dergisi, 28(2), 114-119. https://doi.org/10.17942/sted.431567
  • Günal, A., Pekçetin, S., Demirtürk, F., Şenol, H., Håkansson, C., & Wagman, P. (2020). Validity and reliability of the Turkish Occupational Balance Questionnaire (OBQ11-T). Scand J Occup Ther, 27(7), 493-499. https://doi.org/10.1080/11038128.2019.1673479
  • Güzeller, C. O., & Coşguner, T. (2012). Development of a problematic mobile phone use scale for Turkish adolescents. Cyberpsychol Behav Soc Netw, 15(4), 205-211. https://doi.org/10.1089/cyber.2011.0210
  • Håkansson, C., Milevi, S., Eek, F., Oudin, A., & Wagman, P. (2019). Occupational balance, work and life satisfaction in working cohabiting parents in Sweden. Scand J Public Health, 47(3), 366-374. https://doi.org/10.1177/1403494819828870
  • Jonsson, H., Borell, L., & Sadlo, G. (2000). Retirement: An occupational transition with consequences for temporality, balance and meaning of occupations. J Occup Sci, 7(1), 29-37. https://doi.org/10.1080/14427591.2000.9686462
  • Kwon, M., Kim, D. J., Cho, H., & Yang, S. (2013). The smartphone addiction scale: Development and validation of a short version for adolescents. PloS One, 8(12), 1-7. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0083558 Larson, E. A. (2000). The orchestration of occupation: The dance of mothers. Am J Occup Ther, 54(3), 269-280. https://doi.org/10.5014/ajot.54.3.269
  • Magnusson, L., Håkansson, C., Brandt, S., Öberg, M., & Orban, K. (2020). Occupational balance and sleep among women. Scand J Occup Ther, 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1080/11038128.2020.1721558. Online ahead of print.
  • Noyan, C. O., Enez, D. A., Nurmedov, S., Yılmaz, O., & Dilbaz, N. (2015). Akıllı Telefon Bağımlılığı Ölçeğinin Kısa Formunun üniversite öğrencilerinde Türkçe geçerlilik ve güvenilirlik çalışması. Anadolu Psikiyatri Derg, 16(Special issue.1), 73-81. https://doi.org/10.5455/apd.176101
  • Olatz, L. F., Daria, K., Mark, G., & Joël, B. (2015). The conceptualization and assessment of problematic mobile phone use. In: Z. Yan (Ed.), Encyclopedia of Mobile Phone Behavior (Volumes 2, pp. 591-606). Hershey, PA: IGI Global.
  • Önaç, A. K., Birişçi, T., Gündel, H., Işıkel, N., & Çalışkan, E. (2018). Üniversite öğrencilerinin rekreasyonel eğilimleri üzerine bir araştırma. Ege Üniv Ziraat Fak Derg, 55(1), 1-9. https://doi.org/10.20289/zfdergi.390683
  • Özkoçak, Y. (2016). Türkiye'de akıllı telefon kullanıcılarının oyalanma amaçlı tercih ettikleri mobil uygulamalar. Global Media Journal TR Edition, 6(12), 106-130.
  • Rupert, S. M., & Hawi, N. S. (2016). Relationships among smartphone addiction, stress, academic performance, and satisfaction with life. Comput Human Behav, 57, 321-325. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2015.12.045
  • Suhail, K., & Bargees, Z. (2006). Effects of excessive internet use on undergraduate students in Pakistan. Cyberpsychol Behav, 9(3), 297-307. https://doi.org/10.1089/cpb.2006.9.297
  • Sunar, D., & Fişek, G.O. (2005). Contemporary Turkish families. In: U. Gielen, & J. Roopnarine (Eds.), Families in global perspective (pp. 169-183). New York, NY: Pearson Allyn and Bacon.
  • Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu (TÜİK). (2020). Hanehalkı bilişim teknolojileri kullanım araştırması. Retrieved from the Web December 17, 2020. https://www.tuik.gov.tr/PreTablo.do?alt_id=1028
  • Tyagi, V., & Soni, R. T. (2019). Factors affecting use of Social Media by students- A Study of Delhi NCR. IJREAM, 4(11), 53-58. https://doi.org/10.18231/2454-9150.2019.0010
  • Uzgören, E., Şengür, M., & Yiğit, Ü. (2013). Üniversite öğrencilerinin cep telefonu talebinde israfa yönelik davranışlarının analizi. Suleyman Demirel University Journal of Faculty of Economics & Administrative Sciences, 18(1), 29-44.
  • Wagman, P., Håkansson, C., & Björklund, A. (2011). Occupational balance as used in occupational therapy: A concept analysis. Scand J Occup Ther,19(4), 322-327. https://doi.org/10.3109/11038128.2011.596219
  • Wagman, P., & Håkansson, C. (2014). Introducing the Occupational Balance Questionnaire (OBQ). Scand J Occup Ther, 21(3), 227-231. https://doi.org/10.3109/11038128.2014.900571
  • Wagman, P., Håkansson, C., & Jonsson, H. (2015). Occupational balance: A scoping review of current research and identified knowledge gaps. J Occup Sci, 22(2), 160-169. https://doi.org/10.1080/14427591.2014.986512
  • Wagman, P., & Håkansson, C. (2019). Occupational balance from the interpersonal perspective: A scoping review. J Occup Sci, 26(4), 537-545. https://doi.org/10.1080/14427591.2018.1512007
  • Wagman, P., Ahlstrand, I., Björk, M., & Håkansson, C. (2020). Occupational balance and its association with life satisfaction in men and women with rheumatoid arthritis. Musculoskeletal Care, 18(2), 187-194. https://doi.org/10.1002/msc.1454
There are 38 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Rehabilitation
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Serkan Pekçetin 0000-0001-5110-633X

Ayla Günal 0000-0003-2213-2111

Carita Håkansson This is me 0000-0002-3660-3079

Publication Date December 20, 2021
Published in Issue Year 2021 Volume: 9 Issue: 3

Cite

APA Pekçetin, S., Günal, A., & Håkansson, C. (2021). The Relationship between Occupational Balance and Smartphone Addiction among University Students in Turkey. Ergoterapi Ve Rehabilitasyon Dergisi, 9(3), 71-78. https://doi.org/10.30720/ered.843360
AMA Pekçetin S, Günal A, Håkansson C. The Relationship between Occupational Balance and Smartphone Addiction among University Students in Turkey. Ergoterapi ve Rehabilitasyon Dergisi. December 2021;9(3):71-78. doi:10.30720/ered.843360
Chicago Pekçetin, Serkan, Ayla Günal, and Carita Håkansson. “The Relationship Between Occupational Balance and Smartphone Addiction Among University Students in Turkey”. Ergoterapi Ve Rehabilitasyon Dergisi 9, no. 3 (December 2021): 71-78. https://doi.org/10.30720/ered.843360.
EndNote Pekçetin S, Günal A, Håkansson C (December 1, 2021) The Relationship between Occupational Balance and Smartphone Addiction among University Students in Turkey. Ergoterapi ve Rehabilitasyon Dergisi 9 3 71–78.
IEEE S. Pekçetin, A. Günal, and C. Håkansson, “The Relationship between Occupational Balance and Smartphone Addiction among University Students in Turkey”, Ergoterapi ve Rehabilitasyon Dergisi, vol. 9, no. 3, pp. 71–78, 2021, doi: 10.30720/ered.843360.
ISNAD Pekçetin, Serkan et al. “The Relationship Between Occupational Balance and Smartphone Addiction Among University Students in Turkey”. Ergoterapi ve Rehabilitasyon Dergisi 9/3 (December 2021), 71-78. https://doi.org/10.30720/ered.843360.
JAMA Pekçetin S, Günal A, Håkansson C. The Relationship between Occupational Balance and Smartphone Addiction among University Students in Turkey. Ergoterapi ve Rehabilitasyon Dergisi. 2021;9:71–78.
MLA Pekçetin, Serkan et al. “The Relationship Between Occupational Balance and Smartphone Addiction Among University Students in Turkey”. Ergoterapi Ve Rehabilitasyon Dergisi, vol. 9, no. 3, 2021, pp. 71-78, doi:10.30720/ered.843360.
Vancouver Pekçetin S, Günal A, Håkansson C. The Relationship between Occupational Balance and Smartphone Addiction among University Students in Turkey. Ergoterapi ve Rehabilitasyon Dergisi. 2021;9(3):71-8.

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