Waste classification and separation practices from Türkiye and selected countries of the world

Year 2023, Volume: 6 Issue: 3, 258 - 265, 30.09.2023

Kemal Ulusoy , Neslihan Doğan-sağlamtimur , Paulina Magdalena Sekuła , Andrzej Sternık

https://doi.org/10.35208/ert.1252594

Abstract

Waste is an integral part of our lives. It is a fundamental by-product of human activities. Waste is divided into several groups, including medical, hazardous, municipal, biodegradable, industrial, and inert waste. Both the waste producer and its owners have many obligations imposed upon them by the appropriate standards and laws in force in each country. Waste classification and segregation have many benefits, including less environmental pollution; improved living conditions for plants, animals, and humans, and the ability to obtain better raw materials for recycling through segregation. In this study, waste classification and separation systems are assessed. Waste classification method that considers the source, basic composition, and physical, chemical, and biological properties of the waste. Manual, mechanical, and optical systems were used to separate the waste. Nowadays, smart waste classification and segregation systems are being developed for automation. They separate mixed waste effectively. It is a very modern and efficient method that requires less work to function properly than basic waste classification and segregation methods. It is also a faster, more professional method that avoids incorrect sorting of waste. It can be called a future-oriented way of waste disposal and should gradually be introduced into our civilization. Examples of this technology include smart bins, automatic bottle vending machines, and automatic segregation/sorting. Solving the waste classification and separation problem is one of the issues that need special attention in the coming years. The constant development of technology related to this topic is a staple of the circular economy.

Keywords

Classification, environment, separation, sorting, recycling, waste

References

• E. Amasuomo, and J. Baird, “The concept of waste and waste management,” Journal of Management and Sustainability, Vol. 6(4), pp. 88-96, 2016. [CrossRef]
• J. Zalewska, “Waste management system in Poland-current state and directions of improvement,” Economics and Organization of Logistics, Vol. 4(1), pp. 103-113, 2019.
• P. Smolnik, “Nature and importance of municipal waste,” Scientific Journals of the Częstochowa University of Technology Management, Vol. 10, pp. 69-75, 2013.
• W. Czekała, A. Lewicki and D. Janczak, “Problems concerning organic waste classification,” Review of Environmental Protection Law, Vol. 3, pp. 117-128, 2014.
• C. Rosik-Dulewska, “Basics of waste management,” Warsaw, Poland: Polish Scientific Publishers PWN; 2022.
• U. Korkmaz, “CMS Turkey: Waste management in Turkey,” https://balkangreenenergynews.com/cms-turkey-waste-management-in-turkey/ Accessed on Feb 20, 2023.
• Mevzuat, “Atık kodu belirleme hiyerarşisi ve atık kodu açıklamaları,” https://www.mevzuat.gov.tr/mevzuatmetin/yonetmelik/7.5.20644-Ek.docx Accessed on Feb 20, 2023. [Turkish]
• Regulation of the Minister of Climate of January 2, 2020 in the Waste Catalog (Journal of Laws 2020 Item 10). https://www.sejm.gov Accessed on Sep 05, 2023.
• T. Rajaratnam, and G. Lamb, “Waste classifications in Australia. a comparison of waste classifications in the australian waste database with current jurisdictional classifications,” Hyder Consulting Pty Ltd., 2011.
• Australian Government Productivity Commission, “Waste Management,” Report no. 38, Canberra, 2006.
• Utsunomiya, “City of Utsunomiya,” https://www.city.utsunomiya.tochigi.jp Accessed on Feb 20, 2023. [Chinese]
• M. Markiewicz-Patalon, “Legal and organizational aspects of the management plastic waste in Poland,” 6th EurAsia Waste Management Symposium, Vol. 11(6), pp. 45-51, 2018.
• 2022 Yılı Cumhurbaşkanlığı Yıllık Programı, “Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Cumhurbaşkanlığı Strateji ve Bütçe Başkanlığı,” Resmi Gazete (Sayı: 31639 Mükerrer). [Turkish]
• E. Bahçelioğlu, E. S. Buğdaycı, N. B. Doğan, N. Şimşek, S. Ö. Kaya, and E. Alp, “Integrated solid waste management strategy of a large campus: A comprehensive study on METU campus, Turkey,” Journal of Cleaner Production, Volume 265, Article 121715, 2020. [CrossRef]
• Turkcell, “Eğitime dönüştür,” https://www.turkcell.com.tr/egitime-donustur Accessed on Feb 20, 2023. [Turkish]
• Zero Waste, “Zero waste TV,” http://zerowaste.gov.tr/en/zero-waste-tv Accessed on Feb 20, 2023. [Turkish]
• B. Bień, and J. D. Bień, “Legal Collection and selective collection of municipal waste in communes,” Engineering and Environmental Protection, Vol. 13(3), pp. 173-183, 2010.
• L. Kłos, “Municipal waste management-The challenge of the XXI century,” Scientific Journals of the University of Szczecin, Studies and Works of the Faculty of Economics and Management, Vol. 28, pp. 131-143, 2012.
• Signet, “The signetbranding,” website. http://www.signetbranding.com/ Accessed on Feb 20, 2023.
• S. Lizęga, “Selected issues of segregation and utilization of municipal waste,” Acta Agrophysica, Vol. 73, pp. 231-241, 2002.
• Green Diary, “The greendiary, http://www.greendiary.com/ Accessed on Feb 20, 2023.
• Akhisar Municipality, “Akhisar’da akıllı atık toplama devri başladı,”https://www.akhisar.bel.tr/haber/akhisar-da-akilli-atik-toplama-devri-basladi Accessed on Feb 20, 2023. [Turkish]
• Bodrum Municipality, “Akıllı atık toplama yönetim sistemi geliştiriliyor,” https://bodrum.bel.tr/haber.php?id=9042/AKILLI_ATIK_TOPLAMA_YONETIM_SISTEMI_GELISTIRILIYOR Accessed on Feb 20, 2023. [Turkish]
• Başakşehir Municipality, “Akıllı çöp toplama sistemi,” https://www.basaksehir.bel.tr/akilli-cop-toplama-sistemi#:~:text=Ba%C5%9Fak%C5%9Fehir%20Belediyesi%2C%20daha%20temiz%20ve,tespit%20edilerek%20arac%C4%B1n%20rotas%C4%B1n%C4%B1n%20belirleniyor Accessed on Feb 20, 2023. [Turkish]
• Muratpaşa Municipality, “Akıllı konteynerler,” https://muratpasa-bld.gov.tr/haber/5618/akilli-konteynerler Accessed on Jan 19, 2023. [Turkish]
• eBelediye, “Nevşehir Belediyesi evreka ile maliyetlerini yarı yarıya düşürdü,” https://www.ebelediye.info/haberler/nevsehir-belediyesi-evreka-ile-maliyetlerini-yari-yariya-dusurdu Accessed on Feb 20, 2023. [Turkish]
• Danish Return System, “Danish return system,” https://danskretursystem.dk Accessed on Feb 20, 2023. [Danish]
• Don’t Waste It, “Don’t waste it,” https://dont-waste-it.dk (accessed 20 February 2023)
• Recycling Inside, “Norway’s first aI-powered robotic sorting station for industrial waste. https://recyclinginside.com/recycling-technology/separation-and-sorting-technology/norways-first-ai-powered-robotic-sorting-station-for-industrial-waste/ Accessed on Feb 20, 2023.
• Bigbelly, “Smart trash cans saving the environment in Alingsås, Sweden,” https://blog.bigbelly.com/smart-trash-cans-saving-the-environment-in-alings%C3%A5s-sweden Accessed on Feb 20, 2023.