A preliminary Study on Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Potential of Ethanol Extracts of Galanthus gracilis Celak.

Year 2023, Volume: 16 Issue: 2, 423 - 435, 31.08.2023

Aylin Taşkaya , Murat Turan , Yeliz Değerli

https://doi.org/10.18185/erzifbed.1187906

Abstract

Plants are widely used in the treatment of various diseases. The present study evaluates for the first time the potential antioxidant and antimicrobial activities as well as the total flavonoid contents of the ethanol extracts of leaf and flower parts of G. gracilis Celak. species distributed in Muğla province. The antioxidant activities were determined by DPPH, ABTS and β-carotene assays. The antimicrobial activities were evaluated by the disc diffusion method and by determining the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC). According to the outcomes from DPPH and β-carotene assay, the ethanolic flower extract may be suggested to have a higher antioxidant potential than that of the leaf. The total flavonoid content was found in the highest in the ethanolic leaf extract. Gram (-) P. aeruginosa was detected as the most sensitive bacteria to both extracts. C. albicans was determined to be more sensitive to both extracts compared to all tested bacteria. These results suggest that G. gracilis possess potential antioxidant and antimicrobial activity.

Keywords

Galanthus gracilis, antioxidant activity, antimicrobial activity

References

• [1] Nair, J.J., Wilhelm, A., Bonnet, S.L., van Staden, J. (2017). Antibacterial constituents of the plant family Amaryllidaceae, Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters, 27 4943–4951 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bmcl.2017.09.052
• [2] World Health Organization (WHO). (2012). The Evolving Threat of Antimicrobial Resistance. Options for Action. Geneva: WHO Press.
• [3] Balandrın M.F., Kınghorn A.D., Farnsworth N.R., (1993). Plant-derived natural products in drug discovery and development. In: A.D. Kınghorn, Human Medicinal Agents from Plants, American Chemical Society, pp. 2-12. https://doi.org/10.1021/bk-1993-0534.ch001
• [4] Cox P.A., Balıck M.J., (1994). The Ethnobotanical approach to drug discovery. Sci. Am., 6, 82-87. https://www.jstor.org/stable/24942736#metadata_info_tab_contents
• [5] Lee J., Koo N., Min D.B., (2004). Reactive Oxygen Species, Aging, and Antioxidative Nutraceuticals. Comp. Rev. Food Sci. Food Saf., 3, 21-33. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1541-4337.2004.tb00058.x
• [6] Davis, P.H. (ed.) (1965-1985). Flora of Turkey and The East Aegean Islands 1-9. Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh.
• [7] Galanthus gracilis Celak. in Plant List, (2012). The Plant List, Published on the Internet; http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-307547 (accessed 2020-09-08).
• [8] Baytop, T. (1999). Türkiye’de Bitkiler ile Tedavi, 2. Baskı, s. 246 Nobel Tıp Kitapevi, İstanbul.
• [9] Zeybek, N., Sauer, E. (1995). Türkiye Kardelenleri (Galanthus L.) I., Ege Üniversitesi Basımevi, İzmir.
• [10] Kaya, G.I., Uzun, K., Bozkurt, B., Onur, M.A., Somer, N.U., Glatzel, D.K., Fürst, R. (2017). Chemical characterization and biological activity of an endemic Amaryllidaceae species: Galanthus cilicicus, South African Journal of Botany 108 256–260. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2016.11.008
• [11] Erenler, R., Genç, N., Elmastaş, M., Eminağaoğlu, Ö. (2019). Evaluation of antioxidant capacity with total phenolic content of Galanthus krasnovii (Amaryllidaceae), Turk J Biod, , 2(1): 13-17. http://turkbiod.artvin.edu.tr/en/download/article-file/684853
• [12] IUCN (2020). The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2020-2. https://www.iucnredlist.org
• [13] Karakoyun, Ç., (2018). Alkaloid profiling in Galanthus gracilis Celak. from western Turkey by GC/MS, Istanbul J Pharm 48 (3): 73-75. https://doi.org/10.26650/IstanbulJPharm.2018.422525
• [14] Karimi, E., Mehrabanjoubani, P., Homayouni‑Tabrizi, M., Abdolzadeh, A., Soltani, M. (2018). Phytochemical evaluation, antioxidant properties and antibacterial activity of Iranian medicinal herb Galanthus transcaucasicus Fomin, Food Measure 12:433–440. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11694-017-9656-5
• [15] Bastida, J., Lavilla, R., Viladomat, F., (2006). Chemical and biological aspects of Narcissus alkaloids. In: Cordell, G.A. (Ed.), The Alkaloids: Chemistry and Biology. Elsevier, Amsterdam, vol. 63. pp. 87–179. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1099-4831(06)63003-4
• [16] Bozkurt-Sarikaya, B., Kaya, G.I., Onur, M.A., Bastida, J., Berkov, S., Unver-Somer, N. (3, May–June, 2014). GC/MS analysıs of Amaryllidaceae alkaloıds in Galanthus gracilis, Chemistry of Natural Compounds, 50(3), 573-575. [Russian original No. 3, May–June, 2014]
• [17] He, M., Qu, C., Gao, O., Hu, X., Hong, X., (2015). Biological and pharmacological activities of Amaryllidaceae alkaloids. The Royal Society of Chemistry 5, 16562–16574. https://doi.org/10.1039/C4RA14666B
• [18] Bati Ay, E., Gül, M., Açikgöz, M.A., Yarilgaç, T., Kara, Ş.M. (2018). Assessment of Antioxidant Activity of Giant Snowdrop (Galanthus elwesii Hook) Extracts with Their Total Phenol and Flavonoid Contents, Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, 52 (4), 128-132. https://doi.org/10.5530/ijper.52.4s.88
• [19] Ünver, N., Kaya, G.İ. (2005). An Unusual Pentacyclic Dinitrogenous Alkaloid from Galanthus gracilis, Turk J Chem, 29, 547-553. https://journals.tubitak.gov.tr/chem/vol29/iss5/12/
• [20] Kaya G. I., Sarikaya B., Onur M. A., Unver-Somer N., Viladomat F., Codina C., Bastida J., Lauinger I. L., Kaiser M., and Tasdemir D. (2011)., Antiprotozoal alkaloids from Galanthus trojanus., Phytochemistry Letters, Elsevier. 4, 301. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phytol.2011.05.008
• [21] McNulty J., Nair J. J., Bastida J., Pandey S., and Griffin C., (2009). Structure-activity studies on the lycorine pharmacophore: A potent inducer of apoptosis in human leukemia cells. Phytochemistry, 70, 913. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phytochem.2009.04.012
• [22] Lopez S, Bastida J, Viladomat F, Codina C., (2002). Acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activity of some Amaryllidaceae alkaloids and Narcissus extracts. Life Sciences https://doi.org/10.1016/S0024-3205(02)02034-9
• [23] Jessamyn RL, Little JR, Brennan D, Bastida J. (2010). Structure–activity studies on acetylcholinesterase inhibition in the lycorine series of Amaryllidaceae alkaloids. Bioorganic and Medicinal Chemistry Letters;20(17):5290-4. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bmcl.2010.06.130
• [24] Balunas M .J ., Kınghorn A .D ., (2005). Drug discovery from medicinal plants. Life Sci., 78, 431-441. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lfs.2005.09.012
• [25] Nair, J.J., van Staden, J. (2019). Antiplasmodial constituents in the minor alkaloid groups of the Amaryllidaceae, South African Journal of Botany 126 362–370. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2019.06.012
• [26] Benedec, D., Oniga, I., Hanganu, D., Gheldiu, A.M., Pușcaș, C., Silaghi-Dumitrescu, R., Duma, M., Tiperciuc, B., Vârban, R., Vlase, L. (2018) Sources for developing new medicinal products: biochemical investigations on alcoholic extracts obtained from aerial parts of some Romanian Amaryllidaceae species, BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine 18:226. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12906-018-2292-8
• [27] Heinrich, M., Teoh, H.L., (2004). Galanthamine from snowdrop X the development of a modern drug against Alzheimer's disease from local Caucasian knowledge. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 92, 147–162. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2004.02.012
• [28] Yılmaz U., Kaya H., Turan M., Bir F., Şahin B., (2019). Investigation the Effect of Hypericum perforatum on Corneal Alkali Burns., Cutaneous and Ocular Toxicology, 38, 356-359 https://doi.org/10.1080/15569527.2019.1622560
• [29] Turan M., Mammadov R., (2018). Antioxidant, Antimicrobial, Cytotoxic, Larvicidal and Anthelmintic Activities and Phenolic Contents of Cyclamen alpinum. Pharmacology & Pharmacy,9,100-116. http://www.scirp.org/journal/PaperInformation.aspx?PaperID=84323&#abstract
• [30] Re R., Pellegrini N., Proteggente A., Pannala A., Yang M., Rice-Evans C., (1999). Antioxidant Activity Applying an Improved ABTS Radical Cation Decolorization Assay. Free Radic Biol Med., 26, 1231-1237. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0891-5849(98)00315-3
• [31] Amarowicz R., Pegg R.B., Rahimi-Moghaddam P., Barl B., Weil J A. (2004). Free-Radical Scavenging Capacity and Antioxidant Activity of Selected Plant Species from the Canadian Prairies. Food Chemistry, 84, 551-562. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0308-8146(03)00278-4
• [32] Turan, M., Mammadov, R. (2020). Antioxidant, Cytotoxic, Larvicidal, and Anthelmintic Activity and Phytochemical Screening by HPLC of Calicotome villosa from Turkey, Pharmaceutical Chemistry Journal volume 54,478-483. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11094-020-02225-8
• [33] Bradshaw L.J., (1992). Laboratory Microbiology, 4th ed. New York USA, Emeritus California State University, Saunders College Publishing, Fullerton.
• [34] Collins CM, Lyne PM. (1987) .Microbiological Methods. Butterworths and Co. Ltd., London.
• [35] Kaya G. İ., Somer Ü.N., Konyalıoğlu S., Yalçın T. H., Yavaşoğlu Karabay N. Ü., Sarıkaya B., Önür M. A. (2010). Antioxidant and antibacterial activities of Ranunculus marginatus var. trachycarpus and R. sprunerianus. Turk J Biol 34. 139-146 © TÜBİTAK. https://doi.org/10.3906/biy-0809-13.
• [36] Karaalp C., Yurtman A. N., Yavasoglu Karabay N. Ü. (2009). Evaluation of antimicrobial properties of Achillea L. flower head extracts. Pharmaceutical Biology, 47(1): 86–91. https://doi.org/10.1080/13880200802448682
• [37] Atlas R. M., Parks L. C., Brown A. E. (1995). Laboratory Manual of Experimental Microbiology, Mosby-Year Book Inc., St. Louis, Missouri.
• [38] National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards Methods for Dilution Antimicrobial Susceptibility Tests for Bacteria That Grow Aerobically. (2003). Approved Standard- 8th ed. NCCLS Wayne NCCLS document, Pennsylvania USA, M7-A6.
• [39] Turan, M., Mammadov, R. (2020). UPLC-ESI-MS/MS Screening, Potential of Larvicide and Antioxidant Activity of Bioactive Compounds in Gagae bohemica Extracts, Fresenius Environmental Bulletin, 29(07A), 6292-6302. https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12809/6213
• [40] Aryal S., Baniya M.K., Danekhu K., Kunwar P., Gurung R., Koirala N., (2019). Total Phenolic Content, Flavonoid Content and Antioxidant Potential of Wild Vegetables from Western Nepal. Plants, 8, 96 https://doi.org/10.3390/plants8040096
• [41] Kaska. A, Çiçek. M, Deniz. N, Mammadov. R, (2018). Investigation of Phenolic Content, Antioxidant Capacities, Anthelmintic and Cytotoxic Activities of Thymus zygioides Griseb. Journal of Pharmaceutical Research International, 21, 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1111/1750-3841.14167
• [42] Bulduk, I., Sunucu Karafakıoğlu, Y. (2019). Evaluation of Galantamine, Phenolics, Flavonoids and Antioxidant Content of Galanthus Species in Turkey, Bulduk and Karafakioğlu; IJBCRR, 25(1): 1-12, Article no. IJBCRR. 47439, . https://doi.org/10.9734/ijbcrr/2019/v25i130068
• [43] Türker, H., Birinci Yıldırım, A., Pehlivan Karakaş, F., Köylüoğlu, H. (2009). Antibacterial Activities of Extracts from Some Turkish Endemic Plants on Common Fish Pathogens, Turk J Biol, 33. 73-78. https://doi.org/10.3906/biy-0805-18
• [44] Türker, A.U., Köylüoğlu, H. (2012). Biological activities of some endemic plants in Turkey, Romanian Biotechnological Letters, 17(1), 6949-6961. https://www.rombio.eu/rbl1vol17/12%20Turker.pdf