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YENİ ASUR KRALLIĞI’NDA “ÇADIR”

Year 2021, Volume: 20 Issue: 77, 479 - 493, 03.01.2021
https://doi.org/10.17755/esosder.621194

Abstract

İnsanoğlu, çadırı
kolay kurulumu ve rahat taşınmasının yanı sıra dış etkenlerden korunabilmek
için çok fazla tercih etmiştir. En ilkel haliyle mamut kemikleri, ahşap ve
hayvan derileriyle yapılan çadırların erken örneklerine MÖ 44 binlerde
rastlanılmıştır. Birçok farklı tasarımı olan çadırların aynı zamanda birden çok
amaca hizmet ettiği de bilinmektedir. Söz konusu bu amaçlar içerisinde askeri
seferler de bulunmaktadır. Orduların ihtiyaçlarına göre tasarlanan bu çadırlar,
kendi içerisinde de farklılıklar göstermektedir. Seferlere katılan kral, rütbeli
ve rütbesiz askerler için dizayn edilen çadırlar özellikleri açısından
birbirinden ayrılmaktadır.



Bu çalışmada, Asur
Krallığı Dönemi öncesi de ele alınarak çadırın gelişimi hakkında bilgi
verilmiştir. Konumuzun ana temasını oluştura Yeni Asur Krallığı’nın askeri
seferlerde kullanılan çadırlarından bahsedilmektedir. Yazılı metinler ve görsel
sanat eserleri dikkate alınarak incelenen çadırların; iskelet yapısı, konforu,
günlük ihtiyaçları karşılama ve işleve yönelik özellikleriyle “Basit Çadırlar”
ve “Kral Çadırları” olarak iki başlıkta ele alındığı görülmektedir. Bu
çadırlar, görsel sanat eserleri ışığında yeniden çizilerek anlatılmaya
çalışılmıştır. Yukarıda belirtilen özellikler ışığında, çadırların kral ve
askerlerin günlük yaşamlarını kolaylaştırmak ve mevsimin olumsuz etkilerini en
aza indirmek için belli bir plan çerçevesinde yapıldığı düşünülmektedir.



Çalışmamızda, Yeni
Asur Krallığı dönemindeki çadırlar yeni bir bakış açısıyla ele alınacaktır.

References

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  • Avner,U., (1998) "Settlement, Agriculture and Paleoclimate in 'Uvda Valley, Southern Negev Desert, 6th-3rd Millennia BC," Water, Environment, and Society in Times of Climatic Change, (ed.A. S. Issar and N. Brown), Hollanda,s.147-202.
  • Avner,U.,Carmi,I.,Segal,D., (1994)"Neolithic to Bronze Age Settlement of the Negev and Sinai in Light of Radiocarbon Dating," Late Quaternary Chronology and Paleoclimates of the Eastern Mediterranean,(Ed.Ofer Bar-Yosef and Renee S. Kra),Cambridge,s.265-300.
  • Alt,A.(1950) Zelte und Hütten.idem,Kleine Schriften zur Geschichte des Volkes Israel 3,München.
  • Barnett,R.D.&Museum,B., (1976) Sculptures from the North Palace of Ashurbanipal at Niniveh (668-627BC):Trustees of the British Museum.
  • BIWA (1996) R.Borger,Beiträge zum Inschriftenwerk Assurbanipals. Die Prismenklassen A, B, C, K, D, E, F, G, H, Jund TsowieandereInschriften,Wiesbaden.
  • Borzatti von Löwenstern, E. et al. (2016) Bayt ash-Sha’r. La tenda nera dei beduini,Firenze.
  • Breasted, J. H. (Ed.). (1907). Ancient records of Egypt: historical documents from the earliest times to the Persian conquest (Vol. 5). University of Chicago Press.
  • Breasted,H.J., (1976) Ancient Records of Egypt II, University of Illinois Press.
  • CAD (1956) The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago, Chicago-Glückstadt.
  • CDA (2000) J.Black,A.George,N.Postgate, AConciseDictionaryof Akkadian (SANTAG: Arbeiten und Untersuchungen zur Keilschriftkunde 5), Wiesbaden (Second corrected printing).
  • Childe,G.V., (1998) Tarihte Neler Oldu (Çev.Mete Tunçay-Alaeddin Şenel),İstanbul.
  • Dever, W. G., (1977) "Palestine in the Second Millennium B.C.E.: The Archaeological Picture." Israelite and Judaean History. J. Hayes and J. M. Miller, eds. (Philadelphia: Westminster,): 70-120.
  • Edwards,I.E.S.,-Gadd,C.J.,-Hammond,N.G.L., (2007) The Cambridge Ancient History:Prolegomena and Prehistory (edit:Edwards,I.E.S.,-Gadd,C.J.,-Hammond,N.G.L.) Vol.1,Part.1,Cambridge.
  • Friedrich J., (1952) Hethitisches Wörterbuch – Heidelberg
  • Fuchs, A., (1994) Die Inschriften Sargons II. aus Khorsabad,Göttingen.
  • Gaspa, S., (2012) Textile Productin and Consumption in the Neo-Assyrian Empire A Study of Termınology A Study on Textıle Termınology In Assyrian Texs,Studies In Ancient Near Estern Records, In M.-L. Nosch&H.Koefoed (Eds.),Boston.
  • Gadd,C.J., (1936) “The Stones of Assyria”,London:Chatto and Windus,127.
  • Giveon, R., (1969). The Shosu of the Late XXth Dynasty. Journal of the American Research Center in Egypt, 8, 51-53
  • Healey,F.J.(1989) “Were the Nabataeans Arabs?”Aram 1:1,s.40.
  • Hoffmeier, J.K., (1977) “Tents in Egypt and the Ancient Near East”,Journal of the Society for the Study of Egyptian Antiquities 7(3),s.13-28.
  • Homan, M.M., (2002). To Your Tents,O Israel!:The Termınology, Function, Form and Symbolism of Tents in the Hebrew Bible and the Ancient Near East:Brill.
  • Iakovleva,L.&Djindjan, F., (2005). “New data on Mammoth bone settlements of Eastern Europe in the light of the new excavations of the Gontsy site (Ukraine)”,Quaternary İnternational 126,s.195-207.
  • Iakovleva, L., (2015). “The archictecture of mammoth bone circular dwellings of the Upper Palaeolithic settlements in Central and Eastern Europe and their socio-symbolic meanings”,Quaternary İnternational 359,s.324-334.
  • Lichtheim, M., (1976) Ancient Egyptian Literature II,Berkeley,s.31-32.
  • Liverani, M., (1988). Antico Oriente:storia, societa, economia: Laterza Rome.
  • MARV I—XH., (1976-2001) Freydank et al., Mittelassyrische Rechtsurkunden und Verwaltungstexte,I-X, Berlin, Saarbrücken, Saarwellingen, Wiesbaden
  • Murat,L.&Atila,N. (2018) “Hitit ritüellerinde kullanılan bir mekan: gıšza. lam. gar “çadır”,Tarih Araştırmaları Dergisi 37(64),Ankara,s.44-59.
  • Na'aman,N., ( 1986) "Habiru and Hebrews: The Transfer of a Social Term to the Literary Sphere," JNES 45,s.271-288.
  • Pidoplichko,I.H.(1998).Upper palaeolithic dwellings of mammoth bones in the Ukraine:Kiev-Kirillovskii, Gontsy, Dobranichevka, Mezin and Mezhirich (Vol 712),British Archaeological Reports Limited.
  • RIMA 2 (1991) A. K. Grayson, Assyrian Rulers of the Early First Millennium BC I(1114-859 BC) (TheRoyalInscriptionsofMesopotamia:AssyrianPeriods 2), Toronto.
  • RIMA 3 (1996) A. K. Grayson, Assyrian Rulers of the Early First Millennium BC II (858-745 BC) (TheRoyalInscriptionsofMesopotamia:AssyrianPeriods 3), Toronto.
  • RINAP 1 (2011) H. Tadmor,Sh. Yamada, The Royal Inscriptions of Tiglath-pileser III (744-727 BC) and Shalmaneser V(726-722 BC), Kings of Assyria (The Royal Inscriptions of the Neo-Assyrian Period 1), WinonaLake.
  • RINAP 3/1 (2012) A. K. Grayson, J. R. Novotny, The Royal Inscriptions of Sennacherib, King of Assyria(704-681 BC), Part 1 (TheRoyal Inscriptions of the Neo-Assyrian Period 3/ 1), Winona Lake.
  • RINAP 3/2 (2014) A. K. Grayson, J. R. Novotny, The Royal Inscriptions of Sennacherib, King of Assyria(704-681 BC), Part 2 (TheRoyalInscriptionsoftheNeo-AssyrianPeriod 3/ 2), Winona Lake.
  • Russell,J.M., (1999) The Writing on the Wall:Studies in the architectural context of Late Assyrian palace inscriptions (Vol9),Eisenbrauns.
  • SAA (1987-) StateArchivesofAssyria, 1-20, Helsinki.
  • Streck, M., (1916) Assurbanipal und die letzten assyrischen Könige bis zum Untergange Niniveh’s, I-III (Vorderasiatische Bibliothek 7),Leipzig.
  • Ünal A., (2007) Hititçe Çok Dilli El Sözlüğü, Hititçe, İngilizce, Almanca ve Türkçe Sözlük, (Vol. I A-M, Vol. II N-Z), Hamburg.
  • Ünal A., (2016) Hititçe- Türkçe, Türkçe- Hititçe Büyük Sözlük, Bilgin Kültür Sanat Yayınları, Ankara.
  • Yıldırım,R., (2011) Eskiçağ Tarih ve Uygarlıkları, İzmir.
  • Wente,F.E.,(1990) Letters from Ancient Egypt,(Ed.Edmund S. Meltzer) SBL Writing from the Ancient World Series,s. 21.
Year 2021, Volume: 20 Issue: 77, 479 - 493, 03.01.2021
https://doi.org/10.17755/esosder.621194

Abstract

References

  • AEAD (2007) S. Parpola, R. M. Whiting, Assyrian-English-AssyrianDictionary,Helsinki-Winona Lake.
  • Avner,U., (1998) "Settlement, Agriculture and Paleoclimate in 'Uvda Valley, Southern Negev Desert, 6th-3rd Millennia BC," Water, Environment, and Society in Times of Climatic Change, (ed.A. S. Issar and N. Brown), Hollanda,s.147-202.
  • Avner,U.,Carmi,I.,Segal,D., (1994)"Neolithic to Bronze Age Settlement of the Negev and Sinai in Light of Radiocarbon Dating," Late Quaternary Chronology and Paleoclimates of the Eastern Mediterranean,(Ed.Ofer Bar-Yosef and Renee S. Kra),Cambridge,s.265-300.
  • Alt,A.(1950) Zelte und Hütten.idem,Kleine Schriften zur Geschichte des Volkes Israel 3,München.
  • Barnett,R.D.&Museum,B., (1976) Sculptures from the North Palace of Ashurbanipal at Niniveh (668-627BC):Trustees of the British Museum.
  • BIWA (1996) R.Borger,Beiträge zum Inschriftenwerk Assurbanipals. Die Prismenklassen A, B, C, K, D, E, F, G, H, Jund TsowieandereInschriften,Wiesbaden.
  • Borzatti von Löwenstern, E. et al. (2016) Bayt ash-Sha’r. La tenda nera dei beduini,Firenze.
  • Breasted, J. H. (Ed.). (1907). Ancient records of Egypt: historical documents from the earliest times to the Persian conquest (Vol. 5). University of Chicago Press.
  • Breasted,H.J., (1976) Ancient Records of Egypt II, University of Illinois Press.
  • CAD (1956) The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago, Chicago-Glückstadt.
  • CDA (2000) J.Black,A.George,N.Postgate, AConciseDictionaryof Akkadian (SANTAG: Arbeiten und Untersuchungen zur Keilschriftkunde 5), Wiesbaden (Second corrected printing).
  • Childe,G.V., (1998) Tarihte Neler Oldu (Çev.Mete Tunçay-Alaeddin Şenel),İstanbul.
  • Dever, W. G., (1977) "Palestine in the Second Millennium B.C.E.: The Archaeological Picture." Israelite and Judaean History. J. Hayes and J. M. Miller, eds. (Philadelphia: Westminster,): 70-120.
  • Edwards,I.E.S.,-Gadd,C.J.,-Hammond,N.G.L., (2007) The Cambridge Ancient History:Prolegomena and Prehistory (edit:Edwards,I.E.S.,-Gadd,C.J.,-Hammond,N.G.L.) Vol.1,Part.1,Cambridge.
  • Friedrich J., (1952) Hethitisches Wörterbuch – Heidelberg
  • Fuchs, A., (1994) Die Inschriften Sargons II. aus Khorsabad,Göttingen.
  • Gaspa, S., (2012) Textile Productin and Consumption in the Neo-Assyrian Empire A Study of Termınology A Study on Textıle Termınology In Assyrian Texs,Studies In Ancient Near Estern Records, In M.-L. Nosch&H.Koefoed (Eds.),Boston.
  • Gadd,C.J., (1936) “The Stones of Assyria”,London:Chatto and Windus,127.
  • Giveon, R., (1969). The Shosu of the Late XXth Dynasty. Journal of the American Research Center in Egypt, 8, 51-53
  • Healey,F.J.(1989) “Were the Nabataeans Arabs?”Aram 1:1,s.40.
  • Hoffmeier, J.K., (1977) “Tents in Egypt and the Ancient Near East”,Journal of the Society for the Study of Egyptian Antiquities 7(3),s.13-28.
  • Homan, M.M., (2002). To Your Tents,O Israel!:The Termınology, Function, Form and Symbolism of Tents in the Hebrew Bible and the Ancient Near East:Brill.
  • Iakovleva,L.&Djindjan, F., (2005). “New data on Mammoth bone settlements of Eastern Europe in the light of the new excavations of the Gontsy site (Ukraine)”,Quaternary İnternational 126,s.195-207.
  • Iakovleva, L., (2015). “The archictecture of mammoth bone circular dwellings of the Upper Palaeolithic settlements in Central and Eastern Europe and their socio-symbolic meanings”,Quaternary İnternational 359,s.324-334.
  • Lichtheim, M., (1976) Ancient Egyptian Literature II,Berkeley,s.31-32.
  • Liverani, M., (1988). Antico Oriente:storia, societa, economia: Laterza Rome.
  • MARV I—XH., (1976-2001) Freydank et al., Mittelassyrische Rechtsurkunden und Verwaltungstexte,I-X, Berlin, Saarbrücken, Saarwellingen, Wiesbaden
  • Murat,L.&Atila,N. (2018) “Hitit ritüellerinde kullanılan bir mekan: gıšza. lam. gar “çadır”,Tarih Araştırmaları Dergisi 37(64),Ankara,s.44-59.
  • Na'aman,N., ( 1986) "Habiru and Hebrews: The Transfer of a Social Term to the Literary Sphere," JNES 45,s.271-288.
  • Pidoplichko,I.H.(1998).Upper palaeolithic dwellings of mammoth bones in the Ukraine:Kiev-Kirillovskii, Gontsy, Dobranichevka, Mezin and Mezhirich (Vol 712),British Archaeological Reports Limited.
  • RIMA 2 (1991) A. K. Grayson, Assyrian Rulers of the Early First Millennium BC I(1114-859 BC) (TheRoyalInscriptionsofMesopotamia:AssyrianPeriods 2), Toronto.
  • RIMA 3 (1996) A. K. Grayson, Assyrian Rulers of the Early First Millennium BC II (858-745 BC) (TheRoyalInscriptionsofMesopotamia:AssyrianPeriods 3), Toronto.
  • RINAP 1 (2011) H. Tadmor,Sh. Yamada, The Royal Inscriptions of Tiglath-pileser III (744-727 BC) and Shalmaneser V(726-722 BC), Kings of Assyria (The Royal Inscriptions of the Neo-Assyrian Period 1), WinonaLake.
  • RINAP 3/1 (2012) A. K. Grayson, J. R. Novotny, The Royal Inscriptions of Sennacherib, King of Assyria(704-681 BC), Part 1 (TheRoyal Inscriptions of the Neo-Assyrian Period 3/ 1), Winona Lake.
  • RINAP 3/2 (2014) A. K. Grayson, J. R. Novotny, The Royal Inscriptions of Sennacherib, King of Assyria(704-681 BC), Part 2 (TheRoyalInscriptionsoftheNeo-AssyrianPeriod 3/ 2), Winona Lake.
  • Russell,J.M., (1999) The Writing on the Wall:Studies in the architectural context of Late Assyrian palace inscriptions (Vol9),Eisenbrauns.
  • SAA (1987-) StateArchivesofAssyria, 1-20, Helsinki.
  • Streck, M., (1916) Assurbanipal und die letzten assyrischen Könige bis zum Untergange Niniveh’s, I-III (Vorderasiatische Bibliothek 7),Leipzig.
  • Ünal A., (2007) Hititçe Çok Dilli El Sözlüğü, Hititçe, İngilizce, Almanca ve Türkçe Sözlük, (Vol. I A-M, Vol. II N-Z), Hamburg.
  • Ünal A., (2016) Hititçe- Türkçe, Türkçe- Hititçe Büyük Sözlük, Bilgin Kültür Sanat Yayınları, Ankara.
  • Yıldırım,R., (2011) Eskiçağ Tarih ve Uygarlıkları, İzmir.
  • Wente,F.E.,(1990) Letters from Ancient Egypt,(Ed.Edmund S. Meltzer) SBL Writing from the Ancient World Series,s. 21.
There are 42 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

İsmail Coşkun 0000-0002-9463-9846

Erdal Polat This is me 0000-0002-9463-9846

Publication Date January 3, 2021
Submission Date September 17, 2019
Published in Issue Year 2021 Volume: 20 Issue: 77

Cite

APA Coşkun, İ., & Polat, E. (2021). YENİ ASUR KRALLIĞI’NDA “ÇADIR”. Elektronik Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 20(77), 479-493. https://doi.org/10.17755/esosder.621194

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