ETHICAL POSITIONS OF PROSPECTIVE COUNSELORS WITH RELATION TO MINDFULNESS

Year 2023, Volume: 22 Issue: 88, 1643 - 1652, 20.10.2023

Nergis Hazal Yılmaztürk , Begüm Serim-yıldız

https://doi.org/10.17755/esosder.1273375

Abstract

Ethical positions shape within life experiences via confronting and resolving ethical dilemmas of moral issues, and were consisted of idealism and relativism. Within cultural context, Western cultures had low scores on both idealism and relativism (exceptionists) while Eastern ones had high relativism scores with both high idealism (situationists) and low idealism (subjectivists) scores on Ethical Position Questionnaire. Recently, a combination of ethical decision making and awareness started to be investigated under the roof of ethical mindfulness while enabling ethical clinical practices and implementation. Prior to stepping into that area, more explanatory presentation of the relationship between ethical decision making process and mindfulness among prospective psychological health professionals, psychological counseling students were presented in this descriptive study. Results of preliminary analyses showed that approximately half of the participants (39.85 %) are on the situationist side on ethical decision making. As a result of main analyses, it was found that level of mindfulness is related with high scores on both idealism (Mlow=3.90, Mmiddle=4.02, Mhigh=4.26) and relativism (Mlow=3.34, Mmiddle=3.75, Mhigh=4.08).

Keywords

Ethical decision making, ethical position, mindfulness

PSİKOLOJİK DANIŞMAN ADAYLARININ ETİK KONUMLARININ BİLİNÇLİ FARKINDALIK DÜZEYLERİ İLE İLİŞKİSİ

Abstract

Etik konumlar, ahlaki konulardaki etik ikilemlerle yüzleşme ve bunları çözme yoluyla yaşam deneyimleri içerisinde şekillenmekte ve idealizm ile görecelilikten oluşmaktadır. Kültürel bağlamda, Batı kültürleri hem idealizm hem de görecelilik (istisnacılar) konusunda düşük puanlara sahipken, Doğu kültürleri Etik Konum Ölçeğinde hem yüksek idealizm (durumcular) hem de düşük idealizm (öznelciler) puanları ile yüksek görecelilik puanlarına sahiptir. Son zamanlarda, etik klinik uygulamaları ve uygulamayı mümkün kılarken etik karar verme ve farkındalığın bir kombinasyonu etik farkındalık çatısı altında araştırılmaya başlanmıştır. Bu alana adım atmadan önce, bu çalışmada psikolojik danışmanlık öğrencilerinde etik karar verme süreci ve farkındalık arasındaki ilişkinin daha açıklayıcı bir sunumu yapılmıştır. Ön analizlerin sonuçları, katılımcıların yarısının etik karar verme konusunda durumcu tarafta olduğunu göstermiştir. Ana analizler sonucunda, bilinçli farkındalık düzeyinin hem idealizm hem de görecelilikte yüksek puanlarla ilişkili olduğu bulunmuştur.

Keywords

etik karar verme, etik pozisyon, bilinçli farkındalık

References

• Bateson, M., Nettle, D., & Roberts, G. (2006). Cues of being watched enhance cooperation in a real-world setting. Biology Letters, 2, 412-414. https://doi.org/1010.1098/rsbl.2006.0509
• Bishop, S.R., Lau, M., Shapiro, S., Carlson, L., Anderson, N.D., Carmody, J., Segal, Z.V., Abbey, S., Speca, M., Velting, D. & Devins, G. (2004), Mindfulness: A Proposed Operational Definition. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 11, 230-241. https://doi.org/10.1093/clipsy.bph077
• Brown, K. & Ryan, R. (2004). Perils and promise in defining and measuring mindfulness: Observations from experience. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice. 11, 242 - 248.
• Burucuoğlu, M. & Erdoğan, E. (2016). A study about the validity and reliability of ethical position scale. The Journal of International Scientific Researches, 3, 7-15. https://doi.org/10.23834/isrjournal.270696
• Bush, B. (2011) Mindfulness in higher education, Contemporary Buddhism, 12(1), 183-197, https://doi.org/10.1080/14639947.2011.564838
• Büyükyılmaz, O., & Gürkan, S. (2014). Meslekı̇ tükenmı̇şliğin muhasebe meslek mensuplarinin etı̇k tutumları üzerı̇ndekı̇ etkı̇sı̇ [The impact of professional burnout on ethical attitudes of professional accountants]. Mali Çözüm Dergisi, 129-148.
• Davis M.A., Andersen M.G., & Curtis M.B. (2001). Measuring ethical ideology in business ethics: A critical analysis of the ethics position questionnaire. Journal of Business Ethics, 32(1), 35–53.
• Diener, E., & Wallbom, M. (1976). Effects of self-awareness on antinormative behavior. Journal of Research in Personality, 10(1), 107–111. https://doi.org/10.1016/0092-6566(76)90088-X
• Forsyth, D. R. & Berger, R. E. (1982). The effects of ethical ideology on moral behavior. The Journal of Social Psychology, 117, 53-56.
• Forsyth, D. R. (1980). A taxanomy of ethical ideologies. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 39(1), 175-185.
• Forsyth, D. R. (1992). Judging the morality of business practices: The influence of personal moral philosophy. Journal of Business Ethics, 11, 461-470.
• Forsyth, D. R., Nye, J. L. ve Kelley, K. (2001). Idealism, relativism, and the ethic of caring. The Journal of Psychology, 122(3), 243-248.
• Forsyth, D. R., O’Boyle, E. H. & McDaniel Michael, A. (2008). East meets west: A metaanalytic investigations in idealism and relativism. Journal of Business Ethics, 83(4), 813-833. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-008-9667-6
• Güğerçin, U. & Ay, Ü. (2017). Etik Konum Ölçeği’nin faktör analitik yapısı: Banka çalışanları üzerine bir araştırma. Hacettepe Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 35(4), 53-78 . https://doi.org/10.17065/huniibf.372386
• Guillemin M & Gillam L. (2015). Emotions, narratives, and ethical mindfulness. Academic Medicine, 90(6), 726-731. doi: 10.1097/ACM.0000000000000709
• Haley, Kevin & Fessler, Daniel. (2005). Nobody's watching? Subtle cues affect generosity in. Evolution and Human Behavior, 26, 245–256. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2005.01.002
• Henle C.A., Giacalone R.A., & Jurkiewicz C.L. (2005). The role of ethical ideology in workplace seviance. Journal of Business Ethics, 56(3), 219–230.
• Huang, P.H. (2017). Can mindfulness improve lawyer decision-making, ethics, and leadership? Houston Law Review, 55, 63-153.
• Jha, A. P., Krompinger, J., & Baime, M. J. (2007). Mindfulness training modifies subsystems of attention. Cognitive, Affective & Behavioral Neuroscience, 7(2), 109–119. https://doi.org/10.3758/cabn.7.2.109
• Juujärvi, S., Kallunki, E., & Luostari, H. (2020). Ethical decision-making of social welfare workers in the transition of services: The ethics of care and justice perspectives, Ethics and Social Welfare, 14(1), 65-83. https://doi.org/10.1080/17496535.2019.1710546
• Kabat-Zinn, J. (1994). Wherever you go, there you are: Mindfulness meditation in everyday life. New York: Hyperion.
• Kohlberg, L. (1984). The Psychology of Moral Development: The Nature and Validity of Moral Stages. Harper & Row.
• Özbek, V. & Özer, G. (2012). Küçük işletme sahiplerinin dindarlik düzeyleri, etik ideolojileri ve algılari arasındaki ilişkiler . Balıkesir Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 15(27), 169-188.
• Özbek, V., Özer, G., & Aydın, K. (2013). Evaluation of business administration students’ religiosity levels and ethical intentions in the context of marketing ethics. Business and Economics Research Journal, 4(3), 111-129.
• Piaget, J. (1932). The moral judgment of the child. Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner & Co.
• Poulin, P. A. (2009). Mindfulness-based wellness education: A longitudinal evaluation with students in initial teacher education. Unpublished doctoral dissertation. University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
• Purser, R. E., & Milillo, J. (2015). Mindfulness revisited: A Buddhist-based conceptualization. Journal of Management Inquiry, 24(1), 3–24. https://doi.org/10.1177/1056492614532315
• Reynolds, S. J. (2006). A neurocognitive model of the ethical decision-making process: Implications for study and practice. Journal of Applied Psychology, 91, 737-748. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.91.4.737
• Ruedy, N.E., & Schweitzer, M.E. (2010). In the moment: The effect of mindfulness on ethical decision making. Journal of Business Ethics 95, 73–87. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-011-0796-y
• Şahin, N., & Yeniçeri Kökdemir, Z. (2015). "Farkındalık" üzerine üç araç: Psikolojik Farkındalık, Bütünleyici Kendilik Farkındalığı ve Toronto Bilgece Farkındalık Ölçekleri. Türk Psikoloji Dergisi, 30(76), 48 - 67.
• Schure, M.B., Christopher, J., & Christopher, S. (2008), Mind–body medicine and the art of self-care: Teaching mindfulness to counseling students through yoga, meditation, and qigong. Journal of Counseling & Development, 86, 47-56. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1556-6678.2008.tb00625.x
• Sivis-Cetinkaya, R. (2015). Ethical dilemmas of Turkish counsellors: A critical incidents study. British Journal of Guidance & Counselling, 43(4), 476–491. https://doi.org/10.1080/03069885.2014.987726
• Soloway, G.B. (2016). Preparing Teacher Candidates for the Present: Investigating the Value of Mindfulness-Training in Teacher Education. In: Schonert-Reichl, K., Roeser, R. (eds) Handbook of Mindfulness in Education. Mindfulness in Behavioral Health. Springer, New York, NY.
• Taylor, V. A., Grant, J., Daneault, V., Scavone, G., Breton, E., Roffe-Vidal, S., Courtemanche, J., Lavarenne, A. S., & Beauregard, M. (2011). Impact of mindfulness on the neural responses to emotional pictures in experienced and beginner meditators. NeuroImage, 57(4), 1524–1533. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2011.06.001
• Ural, Ö., Göktürk, Ş., & Bozoğlu, O. (2017). Assessment of the ethical orientations of Turkish teachers. Assessment, 6(2).
• Yazıcı, A. & Yazıcı, S. (2010). Etik Durum Ölçeği’nin geçerlilik ve güvenirlik çalışması, Türk Eğitim Bilimleri Dergisi, 8(4) , 1001-1017.