Comparative Toxicity Responses of Thirdhand Smoke Derived from Conventional Cigarette and Heated Tobacco Products in Human Bronchial Epithelial Cells

Year 2023, Volume: 13 Issue: 2, 127 - 132, 18.09.2023

Rengin Reis , Kübra Kolci

https://doi.org/10.26650/experimed.1319722

Abstract

Objective: Thirdhand smoke (THS) is described as the accumulated chemicals left on indoor surfaces after tobacco smoking. Individuals can be exposed to THS by dermal or oral contact with THS-embedded surfaces or by breathing in the off-gasses. In the present study, the cytotoxic, oxidative, and inflammatory responses of THS extracts yielded from conventional (THS-C) and heated-tobacco products (THS-H) were examined in BEAS-2B human bronchial epithelial cell line.
Materials and Methods: The terrycloth samples were exposed to smoke in a closed polystyrene box and extracted in a complete cell culture medium for 24 hours at 37°C. Following this, the cytotoxicity of THS was assessed by MTT assay. Malondialdehyde (MDA) and intracellular glutathione (GSH) levels were determined in BEAS-2B cell lysate to assess oxidative response. The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) and interleukine-6 (IL-6) levels were determined via an ELISA kit.
Results: Both types of THS led to dose-dependent cytotoxicity in cells, which was remarkable with THS-C (50%, v/v). Moreover, GSH depletion and MDA increase were remarkable with both THS, particularly with THS-C. AhR activation was also slightly elevated with THS-C, whereas the increase in IL-6 was notable compared to THS-H.
Conclusion: THS exposure might lead to potential health risks particularly for respiratory health and the results support the need for comprehensive regulations and public health initiatives to minimize the harmful effects of THS.

Keywords

Thirdhand smoke, heated-tobacco product, oxidative stress, aryl hydrocarbon receptor, inflammation, interleukine-6

References

• 1. OECD. OECD-Daily smoking rates (cited in June, 2023). Available from URL: https://data.oecd.org/healthrisk/daily-smokers.htm google scholar
• 2. Pagani LS. Environmental tobacco smoke exposure and brain development: The case of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2014; 44: 195-205. google scholar
• 3. Matt GE, Quintana PJE, Hoh E, Dodder NG, Mahabee-Gittens EM, Padilla S, et al. Tobacco smoke is a likely source of lead and cadmium in settled house dust. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2021; 63: 126-36. google scholar
• 4. Tobacco Control Law. WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control-2022 (cited in June, 2023). Available from URL: https:// www.tobaccocontrollaws.org/legislation/turkey#:~:text=Smoking is prohibited in most,%2C prisons%2C and hotel rooms. google scholar
• 5. Moon SY, Kim T, Kim YJ, Kim Y, Kim SY, Kang D. Public facility utility and third-hand smoking exposure without first and second-hand smoking according to urinary cotinine level. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2019; 16(5): 855. google scholar
• 6. Kuo HW, Rees VW. Third-hand smoke (THS): What is it and what should we do about it? J Formos Med Assoc 2019; 118: 1478-79. google scholar
• 7. Arguder E. Third-hand smoke exposure and results. Eurasian J Pulmonol 2019; 21: 81-6 google scholar
• 8. Vanker A, Gie RP, Zar HJ. The association between environmental tobacco smoke exposure and childhood respiratory disease: a review. Expert Rev Respir Med 2017; 11: 661-73. google scholar
• 9. Zafeiridou M, Hopkinson NS, Voulvoulis N. Cigarette smoking: an assessment of tobacco’s global environmental footprint across its entire supply chain. Environ Sci Technol 2018; 52(15): 8087-94. google scholar
• 10. Bahl V, Shim HJ, Jacob P, Dias K, Schick SF, Talbot P. Thirdhand smoke: chemical dynamics, cytotoxicity, and genotoxicity in outdoor and indoor environments. Toxicol in Vitro 2016; 32: 220-31. google scholar
• 11. Hang B, Wang P, Zhao Y, Chang H, Mao JH, Snijders AM. Thirdhand smoke: Genotoxicity and carcinogenic potential. Chronic Dis TransI Med 2020; 6(1): 27-34. google scholar
• 12. Hang B, Sarker AH, Havel C, Saha S, Hazra TK, Schick S, et aI. Thirdhand smoke causes DNA damage in human ceIIs. Mutagenesis 2013; 28(4): 381-91. google scholar
• 13. Martins-Green M, Adhami N, Frankos M, VaIdez M, Goodwin B, Lyubovitsky J, et aI. Cigarette smoke toxins deposited on surfaces: ImpIications for human heaIth. PLoS One 2014; 9(1): 1-12. google scholar
• 14. GIantz S. Heated tobacco products: The exampIe of IQOS. Tob ControI 2018; 27: 3-6. google scholar
• 15. Lee CM. The impact of heated tobacco products on smoking cessation, tobacco use, and tobacco saIes in South Korea. Korean J Fam Med 2020; 41(5): 273-81. google scholar
• 16. Reis R, Kolci K, Bahcivan İ, Coskun GP, Sipahi H. Alpha-lipoic acid moduIates the oxidative and infIammatory responses induced by traditional and novel tobacco products in human liver epithelial cells. Chem Biodivers 2023; 20(3): e202200928. google scholar
• 17. Reis R, Orak D, Yilmaz D, Cimen H, Sipahi H. Modulation of cigarette smoke extract-induced human bronchial epithelial damage by eucalyptol and curcumin. Hum Exp Toxicol 2021; 40(9): 1445-62. google scholar
• 18. Bahl V, Weng NJH, Schick SF, Sleiman M, Whitehead J, Ibarra A, et al. Cytotoxicity of thirdhand smoke and identification of acrolein as a volatile thirdhand smoke chemical that inhibits cell proliferation. Toxicol Sci 2016; 150(1): 234-46. google scholar
• 19. Hosseini MJ, Naserzadeh P, Salimi A, Pourahmad J. Toxicity of cigarette smoke on isolated lung, heart, and brain mitochondria: induction of oxidative stress and cytochrome c release. Toxicol Environ Chem 2013; 95(9): 1624-37. google scholar
• 20. Schweitzer KS, Hatoum H, Brown MB, Gupta M, Justice MJ, Beteck B, et al. Mechanisms of lung endothelial barrier disruption induced by cigarette smoke: role of oxidative stress and ceramides. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2011; 301(6): 836-46. google scholar
• 21. Kluchova Z, Petrasova D, Joppa P, Dorkova Z, Tkacova R. The association between oxidative stress and obstructive lung impairment in patients with COPD. Physiol Res 2007; 56(1): 51-6. google scholar
• 22. Lugade AA, Bogner PN, Thatcher TH, Sime PJ, Phipps RP, Thanavala Y. Cigarette smoke exposure exacerbates lung inflammation and compromises immunity to bacterial Infection. J Immunol 2014; 192(11): 5226-35. google scholar
• 23. Moghaddam SJ, Barta P, Mirabolfathinejad SG, Ammar-Aouchiche Z, Garza NT, Vo TT, et al. Curcumin inhibits COPD-like airway inflammation and lung cancer progression in mice. Carcinogenesis 2009; 11: 1949-56. google scholar
• 24. Boskabady MH, Gholami Mahtaj L. Lung inflammation changes and oxidative stress induced by cigarette smoke exposure in guinea pigs affected by Zataria multiflora and its constituent, carvacrol. BMC Complement Altern Med 2015; 15: 39. google scholar
• 25. Radan M, Dianat M, Badavi M, Mard SA, Bayati V, Ahmadizadeh M. The association of cigarette smoke exposure with lung cellular toxicity and oxidative stress: the protective role of crocin. Inflammation 2020; 43(1): 135-45. google scholar