Scabies Treatment in Turkey and Plants Traditionally Used in the Treatment

Year 2024, Volume: 4 Issue: 2, 423 - 438, 26.08.2024

Dicle Naz Toktaş , Gülay Melikoğlu , Aynur Sarı

https://doi.org/10.56061/fbujohs.1268325

Abstract

Scabies, which is an itchy skin disease that has increased especially recently in our country, is defined as a disease caused by Sarcoptes scabiei var. hominis acar in humans. Scabies can be transmitted from person to person and is characterized by itching and a rash that worsens at night. While topical preparations containing permethrin and sulfur are actively used in treatment, magisterial drugs prepared in pharmacies have begun to take their place. The fact that acars are becoming more and more resistant to the current active substances used in treatment reveals the need for the development of new acaricidal drug substances. The existence of significant differences in terms of efficacy and safety profile in studies comparing existing insecticide drugs and herbal drugs paves the way for investigating the use of natural origin substances in disease. In this article, the current active substances and natural ingredients used in the treatment of scabies were examined, the literature of the plants used in the treatment of scabies among the local people in our country was searched, and a table containing the substances they contain and their forms of use was created. The plants in the table mainly belong to the Cupressaceae, Liliaceae and Pinaceae families, and the roots, aerial parts and tar obtained from the plant are used in the treatment. Conducting activity studies with plants containing natural compounds, which are used in scabies among the local people and have proven to show acaricidal activity, may allow the evaluation of new options in treatment.

Keywords

acaricides, essential oil, medicinal plant, sarcoptes scabiei, scabies

Türkiye’de Uyuz Tedavisi ve Tedavide Geleneksel Olarak Kullanılan Bitkiler

Abstract

Ülkemizde özellikle son dönemde artan kaşıntılı bir deri hastalığı olan uyuz, Sarcoptes scabiei var. hominis akarının insanda yol açtığı bir hastalık olarak tanımlanmaktadır. Gece şiddetlenen kaşıntı ve döküntü ile karakterize olan uyuz hastalığı, insandan insana bulaşarak ilerlemektedir. Tedavide aktif olarak permetrin ve kükürt içeren topikal preparatlar kullanılırken eczanelerde hazırlanan majistral ilaçlarda tedavide yerini almaya başlamıştır. Akarların tedavide kullanılan mevcut etken maddelere karşı giderek daha dirençli hale gelmesi, yeni akarisid ilaç maddelerinin geliştirilmesi ihtiyacını ortaya koymaktadır. Mevcut insektisid ilaçlar ile bitkisel ilaçların karşılaştırıldığı çalışmalarda etkinlik ve güvenlik profili açısından anlamlı farkların olması doğal kaynaklı maddelerin hastalıkta kullanımının araştırılmasının önünü açmaktadır. Bu makalede uyuz tedavisinde kullanılan mevcut etken maddeler ve doğal içerikler incelenmiş, ülkemizde halk arasında uyuz tedavisinde kullanımı olan bitkilerin literatür taraması yapılarak içeriklerinde bulundurdukları maddeler ve kullanım şekillerini içeren tablo oluşturulmuştur. Tabloda yer alan bitkiler ağırlıklı olarak Cupressaceae, Liliaceae ve Pinaceae familyalarına ait olup tedavide kökler, toprak üstü kısımlar ve yine bitkiden elde edilen katranlar kullanılmaktadır. Halk arasında uyuzda kullanımı olup özellikle akarisidal aktivite gösterdiği kanıtlanan doğal bileşikleri içeren bitkilerle aktivite çalışması yapılması tedavide yeni seçeneklerin değerlendirilmesine olanak sağlayabilir.

Keywords

akarisidler, sarcoptes scabiei, tıbbi bitki, uçucu yağ, uyuz

References

• Abedin, S., Narang, M., Gandhi, V., & Narang, S. (2007). Efficacy of permethrin cream and oral ivermectin in treatment of scabies. The Indian Journal of Pediatrics, 74, 915-916. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12098-007-0168-x
• Acar, M. İ. (1989). Liquidambar orientalis mill. Balsamı eterik yağının GC-MS-DS sistemi ile analiz edilerek bileşiminin belirlenmesi. Ormancılık Araştırma Enstitüsü Yayınları.
• Akgül, A., Kivanc, M., & Bayrak, A. (1989). Chemical composition and antimicrobial effect of Turkish laurel leaf oil. Journal of Essential Oil Research, 1(6), 277-280. https://doi.org/10.1080/10412905.1989.9697798
• Alali, F., Tawaha, K., & Al-Eleimat, T. (2004). Determination of hypericin content in Hypericum triquetrifolium Turra (Hypericaceae) growing wild in Jordan. Natural Product Research, 18(2), 147-151. https://doi.org/10.1080/14786410310001608046
• Asili, J., Emami, S. A., Rahimizadeh, M., Fazly-Bazzaz, B. S., & Hassanzadeh, M. K. (2010). Chemical and antimicrobial studies of Juniperus sabina L. and Juniperus foetidissima Willd. essential oils. Journal of Essential Oil Bearing Plants, 13(1), 25-36. https://doi.org/10.1080/0972060X.2010.10643787
• Assafiri, O., Abdallah, H., & El-Dakdouki, M. (2020). Antibacterial effect and phytochemical analysis of the shoot system of Rubus canescens DC. growing in Lebanon. BAU Journal-Science and Technology, 2(1), 9. https://digitalcommons.bau.edu.lb/stjournal/vol2/iss1/9/
• Bakır Sade, Y. (2014). Kahta (Adıyaman) merkezi ve Narince köyünün etnobotanik yönden araştırılması [Basılmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi]. Harran Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü.
• Balos, MM. (2007). Zeytinbahçe ile Akarçay arasında kalan (Birecik) bölgenin florası ve etnobotanik özellikleri [Basılmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi]. Harran Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü.
• Baytop, T. (1999). Türkiye'de bitkiler ile tedavi: geçmişte ve bugün. Nobel Tıp Kitabevleri.
• Bertoli, A., Menichini, F., Mazzetti, M., Spinelli, G., & Morelli, I. (2003). Volatile constituents of the leaves and flowers of Hypericum triquetrifolium Turra. Flavour and fragrance journal, 18(2), 91-94. https://doi.org/10.1002/ffj.1161
• Bulut, E.G. (2008). Bayramiç (Çanakkale) yöresinde etnobotanik araştırmalar [Basılmamış Doktora Tezi]. Marmara Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü.
• Bulut, Y. (2006). Manavgat (Antalya) yöresinin faydalı bitkileri [Basılmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi]. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü.
• Camilo, C. J., Alves Nonato, C. D. F., Galvão-Rodrigues, F. F., Costa, W. D., Clemente, G. G., Sobreira Macedo, M. A. C., ... & Da Costa, J. G. M. (2017). Acaricidal activity of essential oils: a review. Trends in Phytochemical Research, 1(4), 183-198. https://tpr.shahrood.iau.ir/article_535451_7e3e3b74b62b6840d4a8a28b86be2fe6.pdf
• Chosidow, O. (2006). Scabies. New England Journal of Medicine, 354(16), 1718-1727. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMcp052784
• Couladis, M., Baziou, P., Verykokidou, E., & Loukis, A. (2002). Antioxidant activity of polyphenols from Hypericum triquetrifolium Turra. Phytotherapy Research: An International Journal Devoted to Pharmacological and Toxicological Evaluation of Natural Product Derivatives, 16(8), 769-770. https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.1062
• Çubukçu, B., Sarıyar, G., Meriçli, A. H., Sütlüpınar, N., Mat, A., & Meriçli, F. (2002). Fitoterapi yardımcı ders kitabı. İÜ Basım ve Yayınevi Müdürlüğü.
• Currie, B. J., & McCarthy, J. S. (2010). Permethrin and ivermectin for scabies. New England Journal of Medicine, 362(8), 717-725. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMct0910329
• DʼAngiolo, M., De Leo, M., Camangi, F., Magliocca, G., De Tommasi, N., Braca, A., & Marzocco, S. (2022). Chemical constituents of ulmus minor subsp. minor fruits used in the italian phytoalimurgic tradition and their Anti-inflammatory activity evaluation. Planta Medica, 88(09/10), 762-773. https://doi.org/10.1055/a-1787-1342
• De Marino, S., Festa, C., Zollo, F., Rusolo, F., Capone, F., Guerriero, E., ... & Iorizzi, M. (2014). Phytochemical profile of Juniperus oxycedrus ssp. oxycedrus berries: A new monoterpene glucoside and evaluation of the effects on cancer cell lines. Phytochemistry Letters, 10, 152-159. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phytol.2014.08.015
• Demir, Ü. (2021). Güroymak (Bitlis)'in etnobotanik özellikleri üzerine araştırmalar [Basılmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi]. Bitlis Eren Üniversitesi Lisansüstü Eğitim Enstitüsü.
• Dharmaratne, H. R. W., Jain, S., Tekwani, B. L., Jacob, M. R., & Nanayakkara, N. D. (2015). Antifungal and antiparasitic activities of Laurus nobilis (bay leaves). Planta Medica, 81(11), PK17. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0035-1556295
• Downs, A. M. R., Harvey, I., & Kennedy, C. T. C. (1999). The epidemiology of head lice and scabies in the UK. Epidemiology & Infection, 122(3), 471-477. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0950268899002277
• Elgart, M. L. (2003). Cost-benefit analysis of ivermectin, permethrin and benzyl benzoate in the management of infantile and childhood scabies. Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy, 4(9), 1521-1524. https://doi.org/10.1517/14656566.4.9.1521
• El-Shamy, A. I., Abdel-Razek, A. F., & Nassar, M. I. (2015). Phytochemical review of Juncus L. genus (Fam. Juncaceae). Arabian Journal of Chemistry, 8(5), 614-623. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arabjc.2012.07.007
• Executive Committee of Guideline for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Scabies. (2017). Guideline for the diagnosis and treatment of scabies in Japan. The Journal of Dermatology 44(9), 991-1014. https://doi.org/10.1111/1346-8138.13896
• George, D. R., Olatunji, G., Guy, J. H., & Sparagano, O. A. E. (2010). Effect of plant essential oils as acaricides against the poultry red mite, Dermanyssus gallinae, with special focus on exposure time. Veterinary Parasitology, 169(1-2), 222-225. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2009.12.038
• Gopinath, H., Aishwarya, M., & Karthikeyan, K. (2018). Tackling scabies: novel agents for a neglected disease. International Journal of Dermatology, 57(11), 1293-1298. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijd.13999
• Güneş, M.E. (2021). Muş ili merkez ilçesi ve köylerinde etnobotanik araştırmalar [Basılmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi]. Bitlis Eren Üniversitesi Lisansüstü Eğitim Enstitüsü.
• Hafizoğlu, H. (1987). Studies on the Chemistry of Cedrus libani A. Rich.-I. Wood Extractives of Cedrus libani. Holzforschung, (41), 27-38. https://doi.org/10.1515/hfsg.1987.41.1.27
• Hafizoglu, H., Reunanen, M., & İstek, A. (1996). Chemical constituents of balsam from Liquidambar orientalis. Holzforschung, 50(2), 116-117. https://doi.org/10.1515/hfsg.1996.50.2.116
• Hausen, B. M., Simatupang, T., Bruhn, G., Evers, P., & Koenig, W. A. (1995). Identification of new allergenic constituents and proof of evidence for coniferyl benzoate in Balsam of Peru. American Journal of Contact Dermatitis, 6(4), 199-208. https://doi.org/10.1016/1046-199X(95)90043-8
• Hoskins, J. A. (1984). The occurrence, metabolism and toxicity of cinnamic acid and related compounds. Journal of Applied Toxicology, 4(6), 283-292. https://doi.org/10.1002/jat.2550040602
• Hosseinzadeh, Z., Ramazani, A., & Razzaghi-Asl, N. (2019). Plants of the Genus Heracleum as a Source of Coumarin and Furanocoumarin. Journal of Chemical Reviews, 1(2), 78-98. https://doi.org/10.1139/v63-421
• Ibrahim, A., Khalifa, S. I., Khafagi, I., Youssef, D. T., Khan, S., Mesbah, M., & Khan, I. (2008). Microbial metabolism of biologically active secondary metabolites from Nerium oleander L. Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin, 56(9), 1253-1258. https://doi.org/10.1248/cpb.56.1253
• Jaradat, N., Khasati, A. I., Al-Maharik, N., Eid, A. M., Jundi, W., Zatar, N. A. A., ... & Jamous, R. (2021). Isolation, identification, and antimycotic activity of plumbagin from Plumbago europaea L. roots, leaves and stems. Pakistan Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 34(4). https://doi.org/10.36721/PJPS.2021.34.4.REG.1421-1428.1
• Kahya, E., & Tekeliye, S. (2015). Günlük Ağacı (Liquidambar orientalis, Sığla). Dört Öge, (7), 15-22. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/567607
• Karakaya, L., Akgül, Y., & Nalbantsoy, A. (2017). Chemical constituents and in vitro biological activities of Eremurus spectabilis leaves. Natural Product Research, 31(15), 1786-1791. https://doi.org/10.1080/14786419.2017.1292268
• Karakaya, S., Polat, A., Aksakal, Ö., Sümbüllü, Y. Z., & İncekara, Ü. (2019). An ethnobotanical investigation on medicinal plants in South of Erzurum (Turkey). Ethnobot. Res. Appl, 18(13), 1-18. https://doi.org/10.32859/era.18.13.1-18
• Khalil, S., Abbas, O., Kibbi, A. G., & Kurban, M. (2017). Scabies in the age of increasing drug resistance. PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases, 11(11). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0005920
• Kilic, A., Hafizoglu, H., Kollmannsberger, H., & Nitz, S. (2004). Volatile constituents and key odorants in leaves, buds, flowers, and fruits of Laurus nobilis L. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 52(6), 1601-1606. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf0306237
• Kılıç, T. (2006). Analysis of essential oil composition of Thymbra spicata var. spicata: antifungal, antibacterial and antimycobacterial activities. Zeitschrift Für Naturforschung C, 61(5-6), 324-328. https://doi.org/10.1515/znc-2006-5-604
• Kıran, Ö. (2006). Kozan yöresi florasındaki tıbbi bitkiler ve bunların halk tıbbında kullanılışı [Basılmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi]. Çukurova Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü.
• Kostova, I. N., Simeonov, M. F., Todorova, D. I., & Petkova, P. L. (1998). Two acylated monoterpene glucosides from Paeonia peregina. Phytochemistry, 48(3), 511-514. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(97)01088-1
• Lahcen, S. A., El Hattabi, L., Benkaddour, R., Chahboun, N., Ghanmi, M., Satrani, B., ... & Zarrouk, A. (2020). Chemical composition, antioxidant, antimicrobial and antifungal activity of Moroccan Cistus creticus leaves. Chemical Data Collections, 26, 100346. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cdc.2020.100346
• Lesjak, M. M., Beara, I. N., Orčić, D. Z., Ristić, J. D., Anačkov, G. T., Božin, B. N., & Mimica-Dukić, N. M. (2013). Chemical characterisation and biological effects of Juniperus foetidissima Willd. 1806. LWT-Food Science and Technology, 53(2), 530-539. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lwt.2013.03.010
• Loizzo, M. R., Tundis, R., Conforti, F., Saab, A. M., Statti, G. A., & Menichini, F. (2007). Comparative chemical composition, antioxidant and hypoglycaemic activities of Juniperus oxycedrus ssp. oxycedrus L. berry and wood oils from Lebanon. Food Chemistry, 105(2), 572-578. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2007.04.015
• Macchioni, F., Cioni, P. L., Flamini, G., Morelli, I., Perrucci, S., Franceschi, A., ... & Ceccarini, L. (2002). Acaricidal activity of pine essential oils and their main components against Tyrophagus putrescentiae, a stored food mite. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 50(16), 4586-4588. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf020270w
• Macchioni, F., Perrucci, S., Cioni, P., Morelli, I., Castilho, P., & Cecchi, F. (2006). Composition and acaricidal activity of Laurus novocanariensis and Laurus nobilis essential oils against Psoroptes cuniculi. Journal of Essential Oil Research, 18(1), 111-114. https://doi.org/10.1080/10412905.2006.9699403
• Mancarz, G. F. F., Laba, L. C., Silva, T. A. M., de Santi Pazzim, M., de Souza, D., Prado, M. R. M., ... & Mello, R. G. (2019). Chemical composition and biological activity of Liquidambar styraciflua L. leaf essential oil. Industrial Crops and Products, 138, 111446. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2019.06.009
• Miceli, N., Trovato, A., Marino, A., Bellinghieri, V., Melchini, A., Dugo, P., ... & Taviano, M. F. (2011). Phenolic composition and biological activities of Juniperus drupacea Labill. berries from Turkey. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 49(10), 2600-2608. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2011.07.004
• Nardoni, S., & Mancianti, F. (2022). Essential Oils against Sarcoptes scabiei. Molecules, 27(24), 9067. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27249067
• Nath Özdemir, E. (2016). Savaştepe ve Kepsut (Balıkesir) yörelerinde etnobotanik araştırmalar [Basılmamış Doktora Tezi]. İstanbul Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü.
• Orhan, N., Orhan, D. D., Gökbulut, A., Aslan, M., & Ergun, F. (2017). Comparative analysis of chemical profile, antioxidant, in-vitro and in-vivo antidiabetic activities of Juniperus foetidissima Willd. and Juniperus sabina L. Iranian Journal of Pharmaceutical Research: IJPR, 16(Suppl), 64. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5963647/
• Öz, C. (2022). Akçakale ve Harran (Şanlıurfa) ilçelerinin etnobotanik özellikleri [Basılmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi]. Harran Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü.
• Panth, N., Paudel, K. R., & Karki, R. (2016). Phytochemical profile and biological activity of Juglans regia. Journal of Integrative Medicine, 14(5), 359-373. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2095-4964(16)60274-1
• Park, I. K. (2014). Fumigant toxicity of Oriental sweetgum (Liquidambar orientalis) and valerian (Valeriana wallichii) essential oils and their components, including their acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activity, against Japanese termites (Reticulitermes speratus). Molecules, 19(8), 12547-12558. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules190812547
• Parviz, G., Kosar, M., & Demirci, F. (2022). Tea Tree (Melaleuca alternifolia (Maiden & Betche) Cheel) Oil an important medicinal essential oil. EMU Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 5(1), 57-74.
• Patrakar, R., Mansuriya, M., & Patil, P. (2012). Phytochemical and pharmacological review on Laurus nobilis. International Journal of Pharmaceutical and Chemical Sciences, 1(2), 595-602.
• Pekcan, A. N. (2019a). Uyuz Tedavisinde Benzil Benzoat. Pharmetic. http://www.pharmetic.org/uyuz-tedavisinde-benzil-benzoat
• Pekcan, A. N. (2019b). Uyuz’da Majistral Seçenekler. Majistral Eczacıları Derneği. https://www.majistraleczader.org/formul-detay.php?grup=11&id=286
• Porrini, M. P., Fernández, N. J., Garrido, P. M., Gende, L. B., Medici, S. K., & Eguaras, M. J. (2011). In vivo evaluation of antiparasitic activity of plant extracts on Nosema ceranae (Microsporidia). Apidologie, 42, 700-707. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13592-011-0076-y
• Rofouei, M. K., Kojoori, S. M. H., & Moazeni-Pourasil, R. S. (2021). Optimization of chlorogenic acid extraction from Elm tree, Ulmus minor Mill., fruits, using response surface methodology. Separation and Purification Technology, 256, 117773. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2020.117773
• Ru, Q. M., Wang, L. J., Li, W. M., Wang, J. L., & Ding, Y. T. (2012). In vitro antioxidant properties of flavonoids and polysaccharides extract from tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) leaves. Molecules, 17(9), 11281-11291. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules170911281
• Rudloff, E. V. (1963). Gas–Liquid Chromatography of Terpenes: Part ix. the Volatile Oil of the Leaves of Juniperus sabina L. Canadian Journal of Chemistry, 41(11), 2876-2881.
• Sakar, M. K., & Engelshowe, R. (1985). Dimeric procyanidins as forestages of tanning agents in immature fruits of Juniperus drupacea. Planta Med., 8, 263-264.
• Saygın, B. (2022). Uyuz ile doğal enfeste köpeklerde bazı kimyasal ve esansiyel yağların karşılaştırılması [Basılmamış Doktora Tezi]. Bursa Uludağ Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü.
• Sezik, E., Tabata, M., Yesilada, E., Honda, G., Goto, K., & Ikeshiro, Y. (1991). Traditional medicine in Turkey I. Folk medicine in northeast Anatolia. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 35(2), 191-196. https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-8741(91)90072-L
• Sezik, E., Yeşilada, E., Honda, G., Takaishi, Y., Takeda, Y., & Tanaka, T. (2001). Traditional medicine in Turkey X. Folk medicine in central Anatolia. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 75(2-3), 95-115. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-8741(00)00399-8
• Sezik, E., Zor, M., & Yesilada, E. (1992). Traditional medicine in Turkey II. Folk medicine in Kastamonu. International Journal of Pharmacognosy, 30(3), 233-239. https://doi.org/10.3109/13880209209054005
• Shaygannia, E., Bahmani, M., Zamanzad, B., & Rafieian-Kopaei, M. (2016). A review study on Punica granatum L. Journal of Evidence-Based Complementary & Alternative Medicine, 21(3), 221-227. https://doi.org/10.1177/2156587215598039
• Sinha, S. N., & Biswas, K. (2016). A concise review on Nerium oleander L.—an important medicinal plant. Trop. Plant Res, 3, 408-412. https://www.tropicalplantresearch.com/archives/2016/vol3issue2/23.pdf
• Şimşek, E., Keskin, A., & Dağcıoğlu, B. F. (2019). Sık rastlanan ve sık atlanan hastalık uyuz: olgu sunumu. Ankara Medical Journal, 19(1), 205-209. https://doi.org/10.17098/amj.542208
• T.C. Sağlık Bakanlığı Halk Sağlığı Müdürlüğü. (2020). Uyuz [Broşür]. https://hsgm.saglik.gov.tr/depo/birimler/zoonotik-vektorel-hastaliklar-db/zoonotik-hastaliklar/7-Ektoparazitler/Uyuz_Hastaligi_Brosur_Ek.pdf
• Tanker, M., & Tanker, N. (2003). Farmakognozi Cilt 1-2. Ankara Üniversitesi Basımevi.
• Tanker, M., & Sayron, E. (1974). Styrax liquidus Üzerinde Farmakognozik Araştırmalar. Ankara Üniversitesi Basımevi.
• Thomas, J., Peterson, G. M., Walton, S. F., Carson, C. F., Naunton, M., & Baby, K. E. (2015). Scabies: an ancient global disease with a need for new therapies. BMC Infectious Diseases, 15(1), 1-6. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-015-0983-z
• Türkiye İlaç ve Tıbbi Cihaz Kurumu. Dermiton © %10 Losyon Kısa Ürün Bilgisi, Berko İlaç Sanayi. https://titck.gov.tr/storage/kubKtAttachments/U8kkFZTH5FCmm.pdf
• Türkiye İlaç ve Tıbbi Cihaz Kurumu. Wilkinson © %12.5 Pomat Kısa Ürün Bilgisi, Mega-Farma İlaç Sanayi.https://titck.gov.tr/storage/Archive/2021/kubKtAttachments/WLKNSON12.5POMATKBTEMZ_26ab77f1-8c3f-4b58-a7e7-8957e858c49d.pdf
• Türkiye İlaç ve Tıbbi Cihaz Kurumu. Kwellada© 120 mL Solüsyon Kısa Ürün Bilgisi, Ali Raif İlaç Sanayi https://titck.gov.tr/storage/kubKtAttachments/pvjz0FRCNffO4T.pdf
• Türsen, U.D.B., & Türsen, Ü. (2015). Dermatolojide İvermektin Tedavisi. Dermatoz, 6(3). http://www.dermatoz.org/2015/3/dermatoz15063d2.pdf
• Ünver, A. Y., & Turgay, N. (2006). Uyuzlu hastaya yaklaşım. Türkiye Parazitol Dergisi, 30(1), 78-83. https://tparazitolderg.org/pdf/pdf_TPD_61.pdf
• Varlıbaş Odunkıran, Z. (2020). Hatay ilinde etnobotanik bir çalışma [Basılmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi]. Yeditepe Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü.,
• Vilar, L., Caudullo, G., & de Rigo, D. (2016). Juniperus oxycedrus in Europe: distribution, habitat, usage and threats. European Atlas of Forest Tree Species. Publication Office of the European Union, European Commission, Luxembourg, 105. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Giovanni- Caudullo/publication/299454534_Juniperus_oxycedrus_in_Europe_distribution_habitat_usage_and_threats/links/61ee89ba8d338833e390d67d/Juniperus-oxycedrus-in-Europe-distribution-habitat-usage-and-threats.pdf
• Walton, S. F., McKinnon, M., Pizzutto, S., Dougall, A., Williams, E., & Currie, B. J. (2004). Acaricidal activity of Melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree) oil: in vitro sensitivity of Sarcoptes scabiei var hominis to terpinen-4-ol. Archives of Dermatology, 140(5), 563-566. https://doi.org/10.1001/archderm.140.5.563 World Health Organization (2020,August). Scabies. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/scabies
• Yeşilada, E., Honda, G., Sezik, E., Tabata, M., Fujita, T., Tanaka, T., ... & Takaishi, Y. (1995). Traditional medicine in Turkey. V. Folk medicine in the inner Taurus Mountains. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 46(3), 133-152. https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-8741(95)01241-5
• Yeşilada, E., Sezik, E., Honda, G., Takaishi, Y., Takeda, Y., & Tanaka, T. (1999). Traditional medicine in Turkey IX: Folk medicine in north-west Anatolia. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 64(3), 195-210. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-8741(98)00133-0