Devlet ve diaspora çıkmazında feminizm: Türkiye'deki İranlı sığınmacı kadınların toplumsal dışlanma ve gündelik direniş deneyimleri
Abstract
Bu makalenin amacı, siyasi sığınmacı olarak Türkiye’ye göç eden İranlı kadınların devletle gündelik ilişkilerini, bununla bağlantılı olarak kimlik algılarındaki değişimi ve toplumsal dışlanmaya karşı gündelik direniş yöntemlerini feminist eleştirel bir perspektifle incelemektir. Makaleye konu olan araştırma, 2011-2013 yılları arasında Ankara, Eskişehir ve Çankırı şehirlerinde katılımcı gözlem ve vaka çalışmalarıyla gerçekleştirilmiştir. Vaka çalışması kapsamında görüşme yapılan bireylerin tamamı, İran’daki rejime muhalif olan ve bahsedilen yıllar arasında geçici olarak Türkiye’de kalan Fars, Lur ve Kürt etnik kökenli sol görüşlü kadınlardır. Türkiye’deki günlük yaşama doğrudan etki eden yasal sınırlamaların yanı sıra kültürel, siyasi, ekonomik ve cinsiyet temelli faktörler, Siyasi Sığınmacı kadınların kimlik ve topluma dair algılarında etkilidir. Sığınmacı kadınların Türkiye’de geçici olarak kalmaları, çalışma izinlerinin bulunmaması ve kalacakları şehri seçme hakkına sahip olmamaları, dil bilmeme sorunuyla birleştiğinde izolasyona ve toplumsal dışlanmaya sebep olmaktadır. Bu bağlamda İranlı sığınmacı kadınların devletle özellikle polis ve belediyelerle ilişkileri son derece sorunlu olup, onların yaşam alanını Diaspora'daki siyasi topluluklarının dar çerçevesine hapsetmektedir
References
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- Buz, Sema. “Göçte kadınlar: Feminist yaklaşım çerçevesinde bir çalışma” Toplum ve Sosyal Hizmet 18, no. 2 (2007), 37-50.
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- Gellner, Ernest. Nations and Nationalism (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1983).
- Ghorashi, Halleh. “Agents of change or passive victims: The impact of welfare states (the case of the Netherlands) on refugees.” Journal of Refugee Studies 18, no. 2 (2005), 181-198.
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- Moghissi, Haideh. “Away from home: Iranian women, displacement cultural resistance and change.” Journal of Comparative Family Studies 30, no.2 (1999), 207(1)-217(10).
- Scott, James C. Weapons of the Weak: Everyday Forms of Resistance (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1985)
- Shahidian, Hammed. “Iranian exiles and sexual politics: Issues of gender relations and identity.” Journal of Refugee Studies 9, no. 1 (1996), 43-72.
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- Yuval-Davis, Nira; Anthias, Floya ve Campling, Jo. Woman-nation-state (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1989).
Feminism at the state and diaspora deadlock: Iranian women's experiences of exclusion and everyday resistance
Abstract
This paper aims to analyse everyday relations of Iranian women who migrated to Turkey with the state, the transformation of their perceptions of identity in relation to that and ways of resistance against social exclusion with a feminist perspective. The research was conducted between 2011 and 2013 in Ankara, Eskişehir and Çankırı through participatory observation and case study methods. All individuals who were interviewed within the scope of case study are women with Persian, Lur and Kurdish ethnic backgrounds who are opponents of the Iranian regime and who were living in Turkey temporarily during the period in question. In addition to legal restrictions that shape their everyday life in Turkey, cultural, political, economic and gender based factors effect women asylum seeker's perceptions of identity and society. The temporary status of women asylum seekers in Turkey, that they are not granted working permit or the right to choose the city they want to live combined with not being able to speak Turkish cause isolation and social exclusion. Within this context Iranian women asylum seekers' relation with the state especially with the police and the municipalities is troubled and restrict their living environment to the diaspora political communities.
References
- Abu-Lughod, Lila. “The Romance of Resistance: Tracing Transformations of Power through Bedouin Women.” American Ethnologist 17 (1990), 41-55.
- Akcapar Koser, Şebnem. “Re-thinking migrants’ networks and social capital: A case study of Iranians in Turkey.” International Migration 48, no.2 (2009), 1-36.
- Al-e Ahmad, Jalal. Plagued by the West (Gharbzadegi) çev. Paul Sprachman. (Delmor, New York: Center for Iranian Studies Columbia University, 1982)
- Altinay, Ayşe Gül. The Myth of the Military-Nation: Militarism, Gender, and Education in Turkey (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2004)
- Akgül, Çiğdem. Militarizmin Cinsiyetçi Suretleri: Devlet, Ordu ve Toplumsal Cinsiyet (İstanbul: Dipnot Yayınları, 2011)
- Anderson, Benedict R. Imagined communities: Reflections on the origin and spread of nationalism (London: Verso, 1991)
- Bauer, Janet L. “Desiring place: Iranian “refugee” women and the cultural politics of self and community in the diaspora.” Comparative Studies of South Asia, Africa and the Middle East 20, no.1&2 (2000), 180-199.
- Buz, Sema. “Göçte kadınlar: Feminist yaklaşım çerçevesinde bir çalışma” Toplum ve Sosyal Hizmet 18, no. 2 (2007), 37-50.
- Foucault, Michel. Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison. Çev. Alan Sheridan (Londra: Penguin, 1977)
- Gellner, Ernest. Nations and Nationalism (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1983).
- Ghorashi, Halleh. “Agents of change or passive victims: The impact of welfare states (the case of the Netherlands) on refugees.” Journal of Refugee Studies 18, no. 2 (2005), 181-198.
- Gluckman, Max. Order and Rebellion in Tribal Africa (London: Cohen & West, 1963)
- Human Rights Watch. Why they left? Stories of Iranian activists in exile. (A.B.D: Aralık, 2012)
- İkamet İşlemleri, Yabancılar Şube Müdürlüğü, İ.E.M.: http://yabancilar.iem.gov.tr/ikamet.html, son erişim tarihi Ocak 2014.
- Moghissi, Haideh. “Away from home: Iranian women, displacement cultural resistance and change.” Journal of Comparative Family Studies 30, no.2 (1999), 207(1)-217(10).
- Scott, James C. Weapons of the Weak: Everyday Forms of Resistance (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1985)
- Shahidian, Hammed. “Iranian exiles and sexual politics: Issues of gender relations and identity.” Journal of Refugee Studies 9, no. 1 (1996), 43-72.
- Tüfekçi, Nurcan. “İranlı sığınmacı kadınların türkiye’de çalışma yaşamları ve toplumsal cinsiyet.” Umuda Doğru, 24 Ekim 2011.
- Yuval-Davis, Nira; Anthias, Floya ve Campling, Jo. Woman-nation-state (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1989).
Details
| Primary Language | Turkish |
|---|---|
| Subjects | Women's Studies |
| Journal Section | Research Article |
| Authors | |
| Publication Date | December 1, 2014 |
| Published in Issue | Year 2014 |