Research Article
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Converging/Diverging Frames: A Case of Islamist Women’s CSOs in Turkey

Year 2020, , 129 - 140, 20.12.2020
https://doi.org/10.46655/federgi.842979

Abstract

This study examines the case of two Islamist women's CSOs, AKDER and the BKP, whose agency
transformed under the combined impact of the removal of the headscarf ban and the increasing
authoritarian gender climate in Turkey. Based on data garnered from interviews conducted in 2012
and 2018, it seeks to understand the frames of gender, gender equality, motherhood and work-life
balance that are conceptualised by these two CSOs through the employment of a critical frame
analysis. In so doing it endeavours to understand and compare the change and continuity in the
issue framing of these two CSOs as regards to the feminist movement in Turkey from 2012 to 2018. It
argues that in the new gender climate in Turkey, while the BKP has maintained its position with
regards to the frames of gender equality, motherhood and the work-life balance, AKDER’s current
issue framing is more in tune with the religio-conservative worldview promoted by the ruling regime
in Turkey, demonstrating a clear retreat from its position in 2012.

References

  • Acar, F. “Women in the Ideology of Islamic Revivalism in Turkey: Three Islamic Women's Journals,” Islam in Modern Turkey: Religion, Politics, and the Literature in a Secular State, ed. R. Tapper (London: I.B. Tauris, 1991), 280- 303.
  • AKDER. Headscarf Ban in Turkey: A Unique Case of Discrimination against Women. Pamphlet collected from AKDER office, Istanbul (No date).
  • AKDER. Başörtüsü Yasağı Açık bir Ayrımcılıktır [Headscarf Ban is an Obvious Discrimination]. Pamphlet collected from AKDER office, AKDER, Istanbul (No date1).
  • Ackerly, B. and J. True. Doing Feminist Research in Political and Social Science (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2010).
  • Arat, Y. Rethinking Islam and Liberal Democracy: Islamist Women in Turkish Politics (Albany: State University of New York, 2005).
  • Arat, Y. “Islamist Women and Feminist Concerns in Contemporary Turkey,” Frontiers: A Journal of Women Studies 37, no. 3 (2016): 125-150.
  • Aslan Akman, C. “Sivil Toplumun Yeni Aktörleri Olarak Islami Egilimli Kadın Dernekleri,” Toplum ve Demokrasi 2, no. 4 (2008): 71-90.
  • Aslan Akman, C. “Islamic Women’s Ordeal with the New Face(s) of Patriarchy in Power: Divergence or Convergence over Expanding Women’s Citizenship?,” Gendered Identities: Criticizing Patriarchy in Turkey, ed. R. Ösgür Dönmez and F. Ahu Özmen, (Lexington Books, Plymouth, 2013), 113-145.
  • Ayata, A. and F. Tütüncü. “Party Politics of the AKP (2002–2007) and the Predicaments of Women at the Intersection of the Westernist, Islamist and Feminist Discourses in Turkey,” British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies 35, no. 3 (2008): 363-384.
  • Aydındağ, D. “The Evolution and Intersection of Academic and Popular Islamic Feminism in Turkey,” Religacion 4, no. 19 (2019): 1026-1034.
  • Bacchi, C, “Comparing Framing, Problem Definition and WPR,” 2 April 2018,
  • https://carolbacchi.com/2018/04/02/comparing-framing-problem-definition-and-wpr/ (accessed March 29, 2020).
  • Bacchi, C. “The Issue of Intentionality in Frame Theory: The Need for Reflexive Framing,” The Discursive Politics of Gender Equality: Stretching, Bending and Policymaking, ed. Lombardo et. al (Oxon: Routledge, 2009), 19-36.
  • Baker, M. Translation and Conflict: A Narrative Account (London and New York: Routledge, 2006).
  • BKP. Başkent Kadın Platformu [The Capital City Women’s Platform], Pamphlet collected at The Capital City Women’s Platform Office, The Capital City Women’s Platform, Ankara (No date). BKP. “Hak Savunuculuğu Suç Değil Erdem [Advocay is not a crime, but virtue], 26 August 2017, http://www.baskentkadin.org/tr/?p=1012 (accessed: November 13, 2018).
  • BKP “Göçmenlere Karşı Yapılan Nefret Söyleminin ve Kadınlara Karşı İşlenen Suçların Cezasız Kalmasının Bir Sonucu Olan Emani Er-rahman Cinayetini Esefle Kınıyor ve Emani için Adalet İstiyoruz [We regret the murder of Emani er-rahman, a consequence of the hate speech against immigrants and the impunity of crimes committed against women, and we seek justice for Emani],” 15 July 2017, http://www.baskentkadin.org/tr/?p=981 (accessed: 13 November 2018).
  • Bora, A. and A. Günal (ed.). 90'larda Türkiye'de Feminizm (İstanbul: İletişim Yayınları, 2002).
  • Bryman, A. Social Research Methods (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008).
  • Coşar, S. and G. Yücesan-Özdemir. “Hearing the Silence of Violence: Neoliberalism and Islamist Politics under the AKP Governments,” Silent Violence: Neoliberalism, Islamist Politics and the AKP Years in Turkey, ed. S. Coşar and G. Yücesan-Özdemir (Ottowa: Red Quill Books, 2012), 295-327.
  • Coşar, S. and F.G. Onbaşı. “Womenʼs Movement in Turkey at a Crossroads: From Women’s Rights Advocacy to Feminism,” South European Society and Politics 13, no. 3 (2008): 325-344.
  • Çayır, K. “İslamcı Bir Sivil Toplum Örgütü: Gökkuşağı İstanbul Kadın Platformu (An Islamist Non-governmental Organization: Rainbow Women Platform),” İslamin Yeni Kamusal Yüzleri (Islam in Public: New Visibilities and New Imageries), ed. N. Göle (İstanbul: Metis Yayinlari, 2000).
  • Çelik, A.B. “A Holistic Approach to Violence: Women Parlimentarians’ Understanding of Violence against Women and Violence in the Kurdish Issue in Turkey,” European Journal of Women’s Studies 23, no. 1 (2014): 1-17.
  • Diner, Ç. “Gender Politics and GONGOs in Turkey,” Turkish Policy Quarterly 16, no. 4 (2018): 101-108.
  • Diner, Ç . and Ş. Toktaş. “Waves of Feminism in Turkey: Kemalist, Islamist and Kurdish Womenʼs Movements in an Era of Globalization,” Journal of Balkan and Near Eastern Studies 12, no. 1 (2010): 41-57.
  • Dombos, T., Krizsan, A., Verloo, M. and V. Zentai, V. “Critical Frame Analysis: A Comparative Methodology for the ‘Quality in Gender+ Equality Policies’ (QUING) Project,” Working Paper Series, Center for Policy Studies (Budapest: Central European University Press, 2012).
  • Doyle, J. D. “Government Co-option of Civil Society: Exploring the AKP’s Role within Turkish Women’s CSOs,” Democratization 25, no. 3 (2017): 1-19.
  • Flyvbjerg, B. “Five Misunderstandings about Case-Study Research,” Qualitative Inquiry 12, no. 2 (2006): 219-245.
  • Gouws, A. “Unpacking the Difference between Feminist and Women’s Movements in Africa,” The Conversation. 9 August 2015, http://theconversation.com/unpacking-the-difference-between-feminist-and-womens-movements-inafrica- 45258 (accessed: December 22, 2019).
  • Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı İslam Ansiklopedisi. https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/fitrat (accessed: May 6, 2019).
  • Kandiyoti, D. “Disentangling Religion and Politics: Whither Gender Equality,” IDS Bulletin 42, no. 1 (2011): 10-14.
  • Korteweg, A. C. and G. Yurdakul. The Headscarf Debates: Conflicts of National Belonging (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2014).
  • Koyuncu, B. and A. Özman. “The Confrontation of "Gender Equality" and "Gender Justice" in Turkey in the post 2011 Period: Women and Democracy Association (KADEM),” 20 (2019): 728-753.
  • Lombardo, E., Meier, P. and M. Verloo (ed.). The Discursive Politics of Gender Equality: Stretching, Bending and Policymaking (Oxon: Routledge, 2009).
  • Marshall, G. A. “Ideology, Progress, and Dialogue: A Comparison of Feminist and Islamist Women's Approaches to the Issues of Head Covering and Work in Turkey,” Gender & Society 19, no. 1 (2005): 104-120.
  • Marshall, G. A. “A Question of Compatibility: Feminism and Islam in Turkey,” Critique: Critical Middle Eastern Studies 17, no. 3 (2008): 223-238.
  • Mayer, S., Ajanovic, E. and B. Sauer, B. “Intersections and Inconsistencies. Framing Gender in Right-Wing Populist Discourses in Austria,” NORA - Nordic Journal of Feminist and Gender Research 22, no. 4 (2014): 250-266.
  • Negron-Gonzales, M. “The Feminist Movement during the AKP Era in Turkey: Challenges and Opportunities,” Middle Eastern Studies 52, no. 2 (2016): 198-214.
  • Özcan E. “Conservative Women in Power: A New Predicament for Transnational Feminist Media Research,” Feminist Approaches to Media Theory and Research ed. Harp D., Loke J. and I. Bachmann I. (Cham, Switzerland: Palgrave Macmillan, 2018), 167-181.
  • Özcan E. Mainstreaming the Headscarf: Islamist Politics and Women in the Turkish Media (London: I.B. Tauris Publishers, 2019).
  • Özçetin, H. “Breaking the Silence’: The Religious Muslim Women’s Movement in Turkey,” Journal of International Women’s Studies 11, no. 1 (2009): 106-119.
  • Özgür Keysan, A. and Z. Özdemir. “Two Islamist Women’s CSOs Between Opposition and Partisanship,” Asian Journal of Women’s Studies 26, No. 3 (2020): 301-325.
  • Reinharz, S. Feminist Methods in Social Research (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1992).
  • Saktanber, A. Living Islam: Women, Religion and the Politicization of Culture in Turkey (London: I.B. Tauris Publishers, 2002).
  • Scott, J. “Deconstructing Equality-versus-Difference: Or, the Uses of Poststructuralist Theory for Feminism,” Feminist Studies 14, no. 1 (1988): 32-50.
  • Simga, H. and G. Z. Göker. “Whither feminist alliance? Secular Feminists and Islamist Women in Turkey,” Asian Journal of Women's Studies 23, no. 3 (2017): 273-293.
  • Sorrells, K. & S. Sekimoto. Globalizing Intercultural Communication: A Reader (California: Sage Publications, 2016).
  • Sönmez, B., “Sosyo-klinik Arıza Olarak Eşitlik ve Adalet Karşıtlığı,” Gazete Duvar, 27 November 2018, https://www.gazeteduvar.com.tr/yazarlar/2018/11/27/sosyo-klinik-ariza-olarak-esitlik-ve-adalet-karsitligi/ (accessed November 20, 2019).
  • Triandafyllidou, A. and A. Fotiou. “Sustainability and Modernity in the European Union: A Frame Theory Approach to Policy-making,” Sociological Research Online 3, no. 1 (1998): 1–20.
  • Turam, B. “Turkish Women Divided by Politics,” International Feminist Journal of Politics 10, no. 4 (2008): 475-494.
  • Yılmaz, E. S. A. “A New Momentum: Gender Justice in the Women’s Movement,” Turkish Policy Quarterly 13, no. 4 (2015): 107-115.
Year 2020, , 129 - 140, 20.12.2020
https://doi.org/10.46655/federgi.842979

Abstract

References

  • Acar, F. “Women in the Ideology of Islamic Revivalism in Turkey: Three Islamic Women's Journals,” Islam in Modern Turkey: Religion, Politics, and the Literature in a Secular State, ed. R. Tapper (London: I.B. Tauris, 1991), 280- 303.
  • AKDER. Headscarf Ban in Turkey: A Unique Case of Discrimination against Women. Pamphlet collected from AKDER office, Istanbul (No date).
  • AKDER. Başörtüsü Yasağı Açık bir Ayrımcılıktır [Headscarf Ban is an Obvious Discrimination]. Pamphlet collected from AKDER office, AKDER, Istanbul (No date1).
  • Ackerly, B. and J. True. Doing Feminist Research in Political and Social Science (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2010).
  • Arat, Y. Rethinking Islam and Liberal Democracy: Islamist Women in Turkish Politics (Albany: State University of New York, 2005).
  • Arat, Y. “Islamist Women and Feminist Concerns in Contemporary Turkey,” Frontiers: A Journal of Women Studies 37, no. 3 (2016): 125-150.
  • Aslan Akman, C. “Sivil Toplumun Yeni Aktörleri Olarak Islami Egilimli Kadın Dernekleri,” Toplum ve Demokrasi 2, no. 4 (2008): 71-90.
  • Aslan Akman, C. “Islamic Women’s Ordeal with the New Face(s) of Patriarchy in Power: Divergence or Convergence over Expanding Women’s Citizenship?,” Gendered Identities: Criticizing Patriarchy in Turkey, ed. R. Ösgür Dönmez and F. Ahu Özmen, (Lexington Books, Plymouth, 2013), 113-145.
  • Ayata, A. and F. Tütüncü. “Party Politics of the AKP (2002–2007) and the Predicaments of Women at the Intersection of the Westernist, Islamist and Feminist Discourses in Turkey,” British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies 35, no. 3 (2008): 363-384.
  • Aydındağ, D. “The Evolution and Intersection of Academic and Popular Islamic Feminism in Turkey,” Religacion 4, no. 19 (2019): 1026-1034.
  • Bacchi, C, “Comparing Framing, Problem Definition and WPR,” 2 April 2018,
  • https://carolbacchi.com/2018/04/02/comparing-framing-problem-definition-and-wpr/ (accessed March 29, 2020).
  • Bacchi, C. “The Issue of Intentionality in Frame Theory: The Need for Reflexive Framing,” The Discursive Politics of Gender Equality: Stretching, Bending and Policymaking, ed. Lombardo et. al (Oxon: Routledge, 2009), 19-36.
  • Baker, M. Translation and Conflict: A Narrative Account (London and New York: Routledge, 2006).
  • BKP. Başkent Kadın Platformu [The Capital City Women’s Platform], Pamphlet collected at The Capital City Women’s Platform Office, The Capital City Women’s Platform, Ankara (No date). BKP. “Hak Savunuculuğu Suç Değil Erdem [Advocay is not a crime, but virtue], 26 August 2017, http://www.baskentkadin.org/tr/?p=1012 (accessed: November 13, 2018).
  • BKP “Göçmenlere Karşı Yapılan Nefret Söyleminin ve Kadınlara Karşı İşlenen Suçların Cezasız Kalmasının Bir Sonucu Olan Emani Er-rahman Cinayetini Esefle Kınıyor ve Emani için Adalet İstiyoruz [We regret the murder of Emani er-rahman, a consequence of the hate speech against immigrants and the impunity of crimes committed against women, and we seek justice for Emani],” 15 July 2017, http://www.baskentkadin.org/tr/?p=981 (accessed: 13 November 2018).
  • Bora, A. and A. Günal (ed.). 90'larda Türkiye'de Feminizm (İstanbul: İletişim Yayınları, 2002).
  • Bryman, A. Social Research Methods (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008).
  • Coşar, S. and G. Yücesan-Özdemir. “Hearing the Silence of Violence: Neoliberalism and Islamist Politics under the AKP Governments,” Silent Violence: Neoliberalism, Islamist Politics and the AKP Years in Turkey, ed. S. Coşar and G. Yücesan-Özdemir (Ottowa: Red Quill Books, 2012), 295-327.
  • Coşar, S. and F.G. Onbaşı. “Womenʼs Movement in Turkey at a Crossroads: From Women’s Rights Advocacy to Feminism,” South European Society and Politics 13, no. 3 (2008): 325-344.
  • Çayır, K. “İslamcı Bir Sivil Toplum Örgütü: Gökkuşağı İstanbul Kadın Platformu (An Islamist Non-governmental Organization: Rainbow Women Platform),” İslamin Yeni Kamusal Yüzleri (Islam in Public: New Visibilities and New Imageries), ed. N. Göle (İstanbul: Metis Yayinlari, 2000).
  • Çelik, A.B. “A Holistic Approach to Violence: Women Parlimentarians’ Understanding of Violence against Women and Violence in the Kurdish Issue in Turkey,” European Journal of Women’s Studies 23, no. 1 (2014): 1-17.
  • Diner, Ç. “Gender Politics and GONGOs in Turkey,” Turkish Policy Quarterly 16, no. 4 (2018): 101-108.
  • Diner, Ç . and Ş. Toktaş. “Waves of Feminism in Turkey: Kemalist, Islamist and Kurdish Womenʼs Movements in an Era of Globalization,” Journal of Balkan and Near Eastern Studies 12, no. 1 (2010): 41-57.
  • Dombos, T., Krizsan, A., Verloo, M. and V. Zentai, V. “Critical Frame Analysis: A Comparative Methodology for the ‘Quality in Gender+ Equality Policies’ (QUING) Project,” Working Paper Series, Center for Policy Studies (Budapest: Central European University Press, 2012).
  • Doyle, J. D. “Government Co-option of Civil Society: Exploring the AKP’s Role within Turkish Women’s CSOs,” Democratization 25, no. 3 (2017): 1-19.
  • Flyvbjerg, B. “Five Misunderstandings about Case-Study Research,” Qualitative Inquiry 12, no. 2 (2006): 219-245.
  • Gouws, A. “Unpacking the Difference between Feminist and Women’s Movements in Africa,” The Conversation. 9 August 2015, http://theconversation.com/unpacking-the-difference-between-feminist-and-womens-movements-inafrica- 45258 (accessed: December 22, 2019).
  • Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı İslam Ansiklopedisi. https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/fitrat (accessed: May 6, 2019).
  • Kandiyoti, D. “Disentangling Religion and Politics: Whither Gender Equality,” IDS Bulletin 42, no. 1 (2011): 10-14.
  • Korteweg, A. C. and G. Yurdakul. The Headscarf Debates: Conflicts of National Belonging (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2014).
  • Koyuncu, B. and A. Özman. “The Confrontation of "Gender Equality" and "Gender Justice" in Turkey in the post 2011 Period: Women and Democracy Association (KADEM),” 20 (2019): 728-753.
  • Lombardo, E., Meier, P. and M. Verloo (ed.). The Discursive Politics of Gender Equality: Stretching, Bending and Policymaking (Oxon: Routledge, 2009).
  • Marshall, G. A. “Ideology, Progress, and Dialogue: A Comparison of Feminist and Islamist Women's Approaches to the Issues of Head Covering and Work in Turkey,” Gender & Society 19, no. 1 (2005): 104-120.
  • Marshall, G. A. “A Question of Compatibility: Feminism and Islam in Turkey,” Critique: Critical Middle Eastern Studies 17, no. 3 (2008): 223-238.
  • Mayer, S., Ajanovic, E. and B. Sauer, B. “Intersections and Inconsistencies. Framing Gender in Right-Wing Populist Discourses in Austria,” NORA - Nordic Journal of Feminist and Gender Research 22, no. 4 (2014): 250-266.
  • Negron-Gonzales, M. “The Feminist Movement during the AKP Era in Turkey: Challenges and Opportunities,” Middle Eastern Studies 52, no. 2 (2016): 198-214.
  • Özcan E. “Conservative Women in Power: A New Predicament for Transnational Feminist Media Research,” Feminist Approaches to Media Theory and Research ed. Harp D., Loke J. and I. Bachmann I. (Cham, Switzerland: Palgrave Macmillan, 2018), 167-181.
  • Özcan E. Mainstreaming the Headscarf: Islamist Politics and Women in the Turkish Media (London: I.B. Tauris Publishers, 2019).
  • Özçetin, H. “Breaking the Silence’: The Religious Muslim Women’s Movement in Turkey,” Journal of International Women’s Studies 11, no. 1 (2009): 106-119.
  • Özgür Keysan, A. and Z. Özdemir. “Two Islamist Women’s CSOs Between Opposition and Partisanship,” Asian Journal of Women’s Studies 26, No. 3 (2020): 301-325.
  • Reinharz, S. Feminist Methods in Social Research (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1992).
  • Saktanber, A. Living Islam: Women, Religion and the Politicization of Culture in Turkey (London: I.B. Tauris Publishers, 2002).
  • Scott, J. “Deconstructing Equality-versus-Difference: Or, the Uses of Poststructuralist Theory for Feminism,” Feminist Studies 14, no. 1 (1988): 32-50.
  • Simga, H. and G. Z. Göker. “Whither feminist alliance? Secular Feminists and Islamist Women in Turkey,” Asian Journal of Women's Studies 23, no. 3 (2017): 273-293.
  • Sorrells, K. & S. Sekimoto. Globalizing Intercultural Communication: A Reader (California: Sage Publications, 2016).
  • Sönmez, B., “Sosyo-klinik Arıza Olarak Eşitlik ve Adalet Karşıtlığı,” Gazete Duvar, 27 November 2018, https://www.gazeteduvar.com.tr/yazarlar/2018/11/27/sosyo-klinik-ariza-olarak-esitlik-ve-adalet-karsitligi/ (accessed November 20, 2019).
  • Triandafyllidou, A. and A. Fotiou. “Sustainability and Modernity in the European Union: A Frame Theory Approach to Policy-making,” Sociological Research Online 3, no. 1 (1998): 1–20.
  • Turam, B. “Turkish Women Divided by Politics,” International Feminist Journal of Politics 10, no. 4 (2008): 475-494.
  • Yılmaz, E. S. A. “A New Momentum: Gender Justice in the Women’s Movement,” Turkish Policy Quarterly 13, no. 4 (2015): 107-115.
There are 50 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Women's Studies
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Zelal Özdemir This is me 0000-0002-6839-8903

Asuman Keysan 0000-0002-5377-2114

Publication Date December 20, 2020
Published in Issue Year 2020

Cite

Chicago Özdemir, Zelal, and Asuman Keysan. “Converging/Diverging Frames: A Case of Islamist Women’s CSOs in Turkey”. Fe Dergi 12, no. 2 (December 2020): 129-40. https://doi.org/10.46655/federgi.842979.