Circular Labor Mobility from Georgia to Turkey: Remittances as a Cause and Result of Mobility
Year 2020,
, 146 - 161, 30.06.2020
Muhammet Öksüz
,
Ertuğrul Murat Özgür
Abstract
Remittances include money and goods that sent by people working in the
target region to the origin zone. In this study it is examined Georgian
remittances from Georgia to Turkey. This movement is basically an economic
movement. For this purpose, where remittances are spent, macro and micro
effects are revealed. In this study, interpretative social science and critical
social science approach were exhibited. For this purpose, 114 Georgian workers
were surveyed. In addition, qualitative interviews were conducted with 48
different categories of people. Descriptive analysis was conducted with
qualitative data.
References
- Acosta, P., Calderon, C., Fajnzylber, P., & Lopez, H. (2008). What is the impact of international remittances on poverty and inequality in Latin America?. World Development, 36(1), 89-114.
- Adams Jr, R. H. (1989). Worker remittances and inequality in rural Egypt. Economic Development and Cultural Change, 38(1), 45-71.
- Adams Jr, R. H. ve Page, J. (2005). Do international migration and remittances reduce poverty in developing countries?. World development, 33(10), 1645-1669.
- Aggarwal, R., Demirgüç-Kunt, A. ve Pería, M. S. M. (2011). Do remittances promote financial development?. Journal of Development Economics, 96(2), 255-264.
- Agunias, D. R. (2006). Remittances and development: Trends, Impacts, and Policy Options: A review of the literature. Migration Policy Institute
- Ahmed, J., Zaman, K. ve Shah, I. A. (2011). An empirical analysis of remittances-growth nexus in Pakistan using bounds testing approach. Journal of Economics and International Finance, 3(3), 176-186.
- Antón, J. I. (2010). The Impact of Remittances on Nutritional Status of Children in Ecuador 1. International migration review, 44(2), 269-299.
- Asis, M. M. ve Piper, N. (2008). Researching international labor migration in Asia. The sociological quarterly, 49(3), 423-444.
- Badurashvili, I. (2009). Out-migration from Georgia after 1990. Local Conditions and Effects, Freie Universität Berlin 80.
- Badurashvili, I., Cheishvili, R., Kapanadze, E., Tsiklauri, S. ve Sirbiladze, M. (2008). Gender relations in modern Georgian society. Georgian centre of population research.
- Bang, J. T., Mitra, A. ve Wunnava, P. V. (2016). Do remittances improve income inequality? An instrumental variable quantile analysis of the Kenyan case. Economic Modelling, 58, 394-402.
- Budnik, K. B. (2011). Temporary migration in theories of international mobility of labour. Bank i Kredyt 42 (6), 7–48
- Catrinescu, N., Leon-Ledesma, M., Piracha, M., & Quillin, B. (2009). Remittances, institutions, and economic growth. World Development, 37(1), 81-92.
- Clemens, M. Ogden, T. (2013). Migration as a strategy for household finance. Working Paper 10/2013, Financial Access Initiative, New York University.
- Cohen, J. H. (2005). Remittance outcomes and migration: Theoretical contests, real opportunities. Studies in comparative international development, 40(1), 88-112.
- Collinson, M., Tollman, S. M., Kahn, K., Clark, S. ve Garenne, M. (2006). Highly prevalent circular migration: households, mobility and economic status in rural South Africa. Africa on the move: African migration and urbanisation in comparative perspective, 194-216.
- CRRC. (2011a). Caucasus Research Resource Centers.
- De Haas, H. (2007). Remittances, migration and social development. A conceptual review of the literature.
- De Zwager, N., Gedeshi, I., Germenji, E. ve Nikas, C. (2005). Competing for remittances. Tirana: IOM.
- Deniz, A. Ç., Ekinci, Y., ve Hülür, A. B. (2016). " Bizim müstakbel hep harap oldu": Suriyeli sığınmacıların gündelik hayatı: Antep-Kilis çevresi. İstanbul Bilgi Üniversitesi Yayınları.
- Dilshad, W. B. (2013). Impact of Workers' Remittances on Economic Growth: An Empirical Study of Pakistan's Economy. International Journal of Business and Management, 8(24), 126.
- Dustmann, C. ve Mestres, J. (2010). Remittances and temporary migration. Journal of Development Economics, 92(1), 62-70.
- Elbadawi, I. A., de Rezende Rocha, R. ve Mundial, B. (1992). Determinants of expatriate workers' remittances in North Africa and Europe (No. 1038). Country Economics Department, World Bank.
- Escobar, A., Hailbronner, K., Martin, P. ve Meza, L. (2006). Migration and development: Mexico and Turkey. International Migration Review, 40(3), 707-718.
- Feliciano, C. (2005). “Educational Selectivity in U.S. Immigration: How Do Immigrants Compare to Those Left Behind?” Demography 43, no. 1: 131–52.
- Gençler, A. (2015). Emek Göçü ve Ekonomisi. İstanbul: Der Yayınları.
- Gerber, T. P. Ve Torosyan, K. (2013). Remittances in the Republic of Georgia: Correlates, economic impact, and social capital formation. Demography, 50(4), 1279-1301.
- Gugushvili, A. (2013). The development and the side effects of remittances in the CIS countries and Georgia: the case of Georgia. Consortium for Applied Research on International Migration
- Hildebrandt, N., & McKenzie, D. J. (2005). The effects of migration on child health in Mexico. The World Bank.
- Hofmann, E. T. (2014). Does gender ideology matter in migration? Evidence from the Republic of Georgia. International Journal of Sociology, 44(3), 23-41.
- Hugo, G. (2009). Circular migration and development: An Asia-Pacific perspective. Boundaries in motion: Rethinking contemporary migration events, 165-180.
- Hunte, C. K. (2004). Workers' remittances, remittance decay and financial deepening in developing countries. The American Economist, 48(2), 82-94. Imai, K. S., Gaiha, R., Ali, A. ve Kaicker, N. (2014). Remittances, growth and poverty: New evidence from Asian countries. Journal of Policy Modeling, 36(3), 524-538.
- Jahjah, M. S., Chami, M. R. ve Fullenkamp, C. (2003). Are immigrant remittance flows a source of capital for development(No. 3-189). International Monetary Fund.
- Jasso, Guillermina; Douglas S. Massey; Mark R. Rozenweig; and James P. Smith. (2004). “Immigrant Health: Selectivity and Acculturation.” In Critical Perspectives on Racial and Ethnic Differences in Health in Late Life, ed. N.B. Anderson, R.A.
- Jouini, J. (2015). Economic growth and remittances in Tunisia: Bi-directional causal links. Journal of Policy Modeling, 37(2), 355-373.
- Kalaycıoğlu, S., Çelik, K. ve Beşpınar, F. U. (2010). Gitmek mi zor kalmak mı?”: Avrupa’ya erkek göçü ve geride kalan kadının gözünden göç deneyimi. Hacettepe Üniversitesi Edebiyat Fakültesi Dergisi, 27(1), 123-145.
- Lee, E. S. (1966). A theory of migration. Demography, 3(1), 47-57.
- Lubambu, K. M. K. (2014). The impacts of remittances on developing countries. European Parliament. Retrieved from http://www. europarl. europa. eu/meetdocs/2014_2019/documents/acp/dv/study/studyen. pdf.
- Mansoor, A. ve Quillin, B. (2006). Migration and remittances: Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union. The World Bank
- Martin, P., Midgley, E. ve Teitelbaum, M. (2002). Best practice options: Turkey. International Migration, 40(3), 119-131.
- Massey, D. S. ve Espinosa, K. E. (1997). What's driving Mexico-US migration? A theoretical, empirical, and policy analysis. American journal of sociology, 102(4), 939-999.
- Massey, D. S., Arango, J., Hugo, G., Kouaouci, A., Pellegrino, A. ve Taylor, J. E. (1993). Theories of international migration: A review and appraisal. Population and development review, 431-466.
- Meyer, D., & Shera, A. (2017). The impact of remittances on economic growth: An econometric model. EconomiA, 18(2), 147-155.
- Mim, S. B. ve Ali, M. (2012). Through which channels can remittances spur economic growth in MENA countries?. Economics Discussion Paper, (2012-8).
- National Bank of Georgia (2016) Brief Migration Profile: Remittances. The European Union for Georgia.
- Nikoleişvili, A. ve Kır, M. (2016) XX. Gürcü Edebiyatı İncelemeleri (Dönemler-Akımlar-Üslüplar) Gece Kitaplığı Yayınları.
- Nyberg Sğrensen, N. (2005). The development dimension of migrant remittances. Inter-American Development Bank.
- Nyberg Sğrensen, P. (2004). The development dimension of Migrants Transfers (No. 2004: 16). DIIS working paper.
- Nyeadi, J. D., Yidana, N. ve Imoro, M. (2014). Remittances and Economic Growth Nexus: Empirical Evidence from Nigeria, Senegal and Togo. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 4(10), 158.
- Puri, S. ve Ritzema, T. (1999). Migrant worker remittances, micro-finance and the informal economy: prospects and issues. Geneva: International Labour Office.
- Quinn, M. A. (2005). Remittances, savings, and relative rates of return. The Journal of Developing Areas, 1-23
- Rao, B. B. ve Hassan, G. M. (2011). A panel data analysis of the growth effects of remittances. Economic modelling, 28(1-2), 701-709.
- SCMI (2017). State Commission on Migration Issues Report.
- Sirkeci, I., Cohen, J. H. ve Ratha, D. (Eds.). (2012). Migration and remittances during the global financial crisis and beyond. The World Bank.
- Stark, O. ve Lucas, R. E. (1988). Migration, remittances, and the family. Economic development and cultural change, 36(3), 465-481.
- Straubhaar, T. (1986). The determinants of workers’ remittances: The case of Turkey. Weltwirtschaftliches Archiv, 122(4), 728-740
- Taylor, E. J. (1999). The new economics of labour migration and the role of remittances in the migration process. International migration, 37(1), 63-88.
- Tchantchane, A., Rodrigues, G. ve Fortes, P. C. (2013). An empirical study of the impact of remittance, educational expenditure and investment on growth in the Philippines. Applied Econometrics and International Development, 13(1), 173-186.
- Thagunna, K. S. ve Acharya, S. (2013). Empirical analysis of remittance inflow: The case of Nepal. International Journal of Economics and Financial Issues, 3(2), 337-344.
- Vinogradova, A. (2014). Legal and illegal immigrants: an analysis of optimal saving behavior. Journal of population economics, 27(1), 201-224.
- Wacquant, L. J. (2011). Kent Paryaları: İleri marjinalliğin karşılaştırmalı sosyolojisi. Boğaziçi Üniversitesi Yayınevi
- Zanforlini, L. W. (2018). The Impact of Remittances on the Economic Growth of Developing Countries: A Literature Review.
- Zelinka, A. (2017) Circular Short-Term Labor Migration from Armenia to Russia: The Issue of Time and Socio-Economic Effects on Family Life in Armenia. Austrian Studies in Social Anthropology.
- Zhunio, M. C., Vishwasrao, S. ve Chiang, E. P. (2012). The influence of remittances on education and health outcomes: a cross country study. Applied Economics, 44(35), 4605-4616.
GÜRCİSTAN’DAN TÜRKİYE’YE DÖNGÜSEL EMEK HAREKETLİLİĞİ: HAREKETLİLİĞİN BİR NEDENİ VE SONUCU OLARAK PARA HAVALELERİ
Year 2020,
, 146 - 161, 30.06.2020
Muhammet Öksüz
,
Ertuğrul Murat Özgür
Abstract
Havaleler hedef bölgede çalışan insanların köken bölgeye gönderdikleri
para ve malları kapsamaktadır. Bu çalışmada Gürcistan’dan Türkiye’de çay hasadı
için döngüsel emek hareketliliğinde bulunan Gürcülerin tasarrufları
incelenmektedir. Bu hareket temelde ekonomik bir harekettir. Bunun için de
havalelerin nerelerde harcandığı, makro ve mikro etkileri Gürcüler üzerinden
ortaya konmaktadır. Çalışmada yorumlayıcı sosyal bilim ve eleştirel sosyal
bilim yaklaşımı sergilenmiştir. Bu amaçla 114 Gürcü işçiye anket çalışması
düzenlenmiştir. Bunun yanında 48 farklı kategorideki kişi ile nitel görüşme ile
betimsel analiz yapılmıştır.
References
- Acosta, P., Calderon, C., Fajnzylber, P., & Lopez, H. (2008). What is the impact of international remittances on poverty and inequality in Latin America?. World Development, 36(1), 89-114.
- Adams Jr, R. H. (1989). Worker remittances and inequality in rural Egypt. Economic Development and Cultural Change, 38(1), 45-71.
- Adams Jr, R. H. ve Page, J. (2005). Do international migration and remittances reduce poverty in developing countries?. World development, 33(10), 1645-1669.
- Aggarwal, R., Demirgüç-Kunt, A. ve Pería, M. S. M. (2011). Do remittances promote financial development?. Journal of Development Economics, 96(2), 255-264.
- Agunias, D. R. (2006). Remittances and development: Trends, Impacts, and Policy Options: A review of the literature. Migration Policy Institute
- Ahmed, J., Zaman, K. ve Shah, I. A. (2011). An empirical analysis of remittances-growth nexus in Pakistan using bounds testing approach. Journal of Economics and International Finance, 3(3), 176-186.
- Antón, J. I. (2010). The Impact of Remittances on Nutritional Status of Children in Ecuador 1. International migration review, 44(2), 269-299.
- Asis, M. M. ve Piper, N. (2008). Researching international labor migration in Asia. The sociological quarterly, 49(3), 423-444.
- Badurashvili, I. (2009). Out-migration from Georgia after 1990. Local Conditions and Effects, Freie Universität Berlin 80.
- Badurashvili, I., Cheishvili, R., Kapanadze, E., Tsiklauri, S. ve Sirbiladze, M. (2008). Gender relations in modern Georgian society. Georgian centre of population research.
- Bang, J. T., Mitra, A. ve Wunnava, P. V. (2016). Do remittances improve income inequality? An instrumental variable quantile analysis of the Kenyan case. Economic Modelling, 58, 394-402.
- Budnik, K. B. (2011). Temporary migration in theories of international mobility of labour. Bank i Kredyt 42 (6), 7–48
- Catrinescu, N., Leon-Ledesma, M., Piracha, M., & Quillin, B. (2009). Remittances, institutions, and economic growth. World Development, 37(1), 81-92.
- Clemens, M. Ogden, T. (2013). Migration as a strategy for household finance. Working Paper 10/2013, Financial Access Initiative, New York University.
- Cohen, J. H. (2005). Remittance outcomes and migration: Theoretical contests, real opportunities. Studies in comparative international development, 40(1), 88-112.
- Collinson, M., Tollman, S. M., Kahn, K., Clark, S. ve Garenne, M. (2006). Highly prevalent circular migration: households, mobility and economic status in rural South Africa. Africa on the move: African migration and urbanisation in comparative perspective, 194-216.
- CRRC. (2011a). Caucasus Research Resource Centers.
- De Haas, H. (2007). Remittances, migration and social development. A conceptual review of the literature.
- De Zwager, N., Gedeshi, I., Germenji, E. ve Nikas, C. (2005). Competing for remittances. Tirana: IOM.
- Deniz, A. Ç., Ekinci, Y., ve Hülür, A. B. (2016). " Bizim müstakbel hep harap oldu": Suriyeli sığınmacıların gündelik hayatı: Antep-Kilis çevresi. İstanbul Bilgi Üniversitesi Yayınları.
- Dilshad, W. B. (2013). Impact of Workers' Remittances on Economic Growth: An Empirical Study of Pakistan's Economy. International Journal of Business and Management, 8(24), 126.
- Dustmann, C. ve Mestres, J. (2010). Remittances and temporary migration. Journal of Development Economics, 92(1), 62-70.
- Elbadawi, I. A., de Rezende Rocha, R. ve Mundial, B. (1992). Determinants of expatriate workers' remittances in North Africa and Europe (No. 1038). Country Economics Department, World Bank.
- Escobar, A., Hailbronner, K., Martin, P. ve Meza, L. (2006). Migration and development: Mexico and Turkey. International Migration Review, 40(3), 707-718.
- Feliciano, C. (2005). “Educational Selectivity in U.S. Immigration: How Do Immigrants Compare to Those Left Behind?” Demography 43, no. 1: 131–52.
- Gençler, A. (2015). Emek Göçü ve Ekonomisi. İstanbul: Der Yayınları.
- Gerber, T. P. Ve Torosyan, K. (2013). Remittances in the Republic of Georgia: Correlates, economic impact, and social capital formation. Demography, 50(4), 1279-1301.
- Gugushvili, A. (2013). The development and the side effects of remittances in the CIS countries and Georgia: the case of Georgia. Consortium for Applied Research on International Migration
- Hildebrandt, N., & McKenzie, D. J. (2005). The effects of migration on child health in Mexico. The World Bank.
- Hofmann, E. T. (2014). Does gender ideology matter in migration? Evidence from the Republic of Georgia. International Journal of Sociology, 44(3), 23-41.
- Hugo, G. (2009). Circular migration and development: An Asia-Pacific perspective. Boundaries in motion: Rethinking contemporary migration events, 165-180.
- Hunte, C. K. (2004). Workers' remittances, remittance decay and financial deepening in developing countries. The American Economist, 48(2), 82-94. Imai, K. S., Gaiha, R., Ali, A. ve Kaicker, N. (2014). Remittances, growth and poverty: New evidence from Asian countries. Journal of Policy Modeling, 36(3), 524-538.
- Jahjah, M. S., Chami, M. R. ve Fullenkamp, C. (2003). Are immigrant remittance flows a source of capital for development(No. 3-189). International Monetary Fund.
- Jasso, Guillermina; Douglas S. Massey; Mark R. Rozenweig; and James P. Smith. (2004). “Immigrant Health: Selectivity and Acculturation.” In Critical Perspectives on Racial and Ethnic Differences in Health in Late Life, ed. N.B. Anderson, R.A.
- Jouini, J. (2015). Economic growth and remittances in Tunisia: Bi-directional causal links. Journal of Policy Modeling, 37(2), 355-373.
- Kalaycıoğlu, S., Çelik, K. ve Beşpınar, F. U. (2010). Gitmek mi zor kalmak mı?”: Avrupa’ya erkek göçü ve geride kalan kadının gözünden göç deneyimi. Hacettepe Üniversitesi Edebiyat Fakültesi Dergisi, 27(1), 123-145.
- Lee, E. S. (1966). A theory of migration. Demography, 3(1), 47-57.
- Lubambu, K. M. K. (2014). The impacts of remittances on developing countries. European Parliament. Retrieved from http://www. europarl. europa. eu/meetdocs/2014_2019/documents/acp/dv/study/studyen. pdf.
- Mansoor, A. ve Quillin, B. (2006). Migration and remittances: Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union. The World Bank
- Martin, P., Midgley, E. ve Teitelbaum, M. (2002). Best practice options: Turkey. International Migration, 40(3), 119-131.
- Massey, D. S. ve Espinosa, K. E. (1997). What's driving Mexico-US migration? A theoretical, empirical, and policy analysis. American journal of sociology, 102(4), 939-999.
- Massey, D. S., Arango, J., Hugo, G., Kouaouci, A., Pellegrino, A. ve Taylor, J. E. (1993). Theories of international migration: A review and appraisal. Population and development review, 431-466.
- Meyer, D., & Shera, A. (2017). The impact of remittances on economic growth: An econometric model. EconomiA, 18(2), 147-155.
- Mim, S. B. ve Ali, M. (2012). Through which channels can remittances spur economic growth in MENA countries?. Economics Discussion Paper, (2012-8).
- National Bank of Georgia (2016) Brief Migration Profile: Remittances. The European Union for Georgia.
- Nikoleişvili, A. ve Kır, M. (2016) XX. Gürcü Edebiyatı İncelemeleri (Dönemler-Akımlar-Üslüplar) Gece Kitaplığı Yayınları.
- Nyberg Sğrensen, N. (2005). The development dimension of migrant remittances. Inter-American Development Bank.
- Nyberg Sğrensen, P. (2004). The development dimension of Migrants Transfers (No. 2004: 16). DIIS working paper.
- Nyeadi, J. D., Yidana, N. ve Imoro, M. (2014). Remittances and Economic Growth Nexus: Empirical Evidence from Nigeria, Senegal and Togo. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 4(10), 158.
- Puri, S. ve Ritzema, T. (1999). Migrant worker remittances, micro-finance and the informal economy: prospects and issues. Geneva: International Labour Office.
- Quinn, M. A. (2005). Remittances, savings, and relative rates of return. The Journal of Developing Areas, 1-23
- Rao, B. B. ve Hassan, G. M. (2011). A panel data analysis of the growth effects of remittances. Economic modelling, 28(1-2), 701-709.
- SCMI (2017). State Commission on Migration Issues Report.
- Sirkeci, I., Cohen, J. H. ve Ratha, D. (Eds.). (2012). Migration and remittances during the global financial crisis and beyond. The World Bank.
- Stark, O. ve Lucas, R. E. (1988). Migration, remittances, and the family. Economic development and cultural change, 36(3), 465-481.
- Straubhaar, T. (1986). The determinants of workers’ remittances: The case of Turkey. Weltwirtschaftliches Archiv, 122(4), 728-740
- Taylor, E. J. (1999). The new economics of labour migration and the role of remittances in the migration process. International migration, 37(1), 63-88.
- Tchantchane, A., Rodrigues, G. ve Fortes, P. C. (2013). An empirical study of the impact of remittance, educational expenditure and investment on growth in the Philippines. Applied Econometrics and International Development, 13(1), 173-186.
- Thagunna, K. S. ve Acharya, S. (2013). Empirical analysis of remittance inflow: The case of Nepal. International Journal of Economics and Financial Issues, 3(2), 337-344.
- Vinogradova, A. (2014). Legal and illegal immigrants: an analysis of optimal saving behavior. Journal of population economics, 27(1), 201-224.
- Wacquant, L. J. (2011). Kent Paryaları: İleri marjinalliğin karşılaştırmalı sosyolojisi. Boğaziçi Üniversitesi Yayınevi
- Zanforlini, L. W. (2018). The Impact of Remittances on the Economic Growth of Developing Countries: A Literature Review.
- Zelinka, A. (2017) Circular Short-Term Labor Migration from Armenia to Russia: The Issue of Time and Socio-Economic Effects on Family Life in Armenia. Austrian Studies in Social Anthropology.
- Zhunio, M. C., Vishwasrao, S. ve Chiang, E. P. (2012). The influence of remittances on education and health outcomes: a cross country study. Applied Economics, 44(35), 4605-4616.