The Effect of Temperature and Culture Media on Mycelial Growth of Phytophthora citrophthora Causing Gummosis, Crown and Root Rot on Lemon Seedlings

Year 2022, Volume: 51 Issue: 1, 21 - 26, 29.04.2022

Ali Endes Mukaddes Kayım

Abstract

Infected plant materials with Phytophthora citrophthora were collected from the outer and inner bark of lemon seedlings showing gummosis, crown and root rot in citrus orchard in Hatay province. Phytophthora isolates were obtained from infected five different lemon seedlings and purified on modified PARPH and PDA with different concentrations of antibiotics in vitro conditions. On the basis of colony morphology, five isolates were identified as P. citrophthora. The effect of culture media and temperature on mycelial growth of P. citrophthora were investigated. Colony patterns of P. citrophthora were performed on PDA, CMA, OMA, CA and HSA media and identified their microscopic structures. The radial mycelial growth of isolates was not dependent on media. In general, five different colony patterns of P. citrophthora were observed on the culture media; light and dense rosette pattern, slightly stellate pattern, stellate striated pattern, slightly petaloid pattern and non-pattern colony. The rate of the mycelial growth increased as temperature increased up to 25 °C and then decreased rapidly as temperature increased. Isolate Pc3 was determined the slowest while Pc1 and Pc5 were the fastest-growing isolates on agar media. The best mycelial growth of P. citrophthora was obtained on HAS medium while the least mycelial growth was obtained on CMA medium. Optimum temperature and the rate of mycelial growth were determined as 24.6 °C and 9.7 mm d-1 respectively.

Keywords

Citrus limon, Culture medium, Colony pattern, Mycelial growth, Temperature

Supporting Institution

Çukurova Üniversitesi, Bilimsel Araştırma Projeleri Birimi

Project Number

ZF2012BAP8

Thanks

We are grateful for the financial support provided for this research by Çukurova University Scientific Research Projects Unit

Limon Fidanlarında Zamklanma, Kök ve Kök Boğazı Çürüklüğüne Neden Olan Phytophthora citrophthora’nın Miselyal Gelişimi Üzerine Sıcaklık ve Besi Ortamlarının Etkisi

Abstract

Hatay ili narenciye bahçesinde Phytophthora citrophthora ile infekteli limon fidanlarının gövde ve kök boğazında zamklanma ve kök çürüklüğü belirtisi gösteren iç, dış kabuk dokuları ile kökler kesilerek alınmıştır. P. citrophthora izolatları, infekteli beş farklı limon fidanından elde edilmiş ve modifiye PARPH ve PDA üzerinde farklı konsantrasyonlarda saflaştırılmıştır. In vitro koşullarda koloni morfolojisine göre beş izolatın hepsi P. citrophthora olarak tanımlanmıştır. Kültür ortamının ve sıcaklığın P. citrophthora’nın misel gelişimi üzerindeki etkisi araştırılmış, PDA, CMA, OMA, CA ve HSA ortamlarında koloni şekilleri incelenmiş ve mikroskobik yapıları tanımlanmıştır. İzolatların miselyal gelişiminin besi ortamı ile ilişkili olmadığı saptanmıştır. Genel olarak, kültür ortamında P. citrophthora’nın beş farklı koloni modeli; hafif ve yoğun rozet deseni, hafif yıldız deseni, yıldız çizgili desen, hafif petaloid desen ve desensiz koloni gözlenmiştir. Misel büyüme hızının, sıcaklığın 25 °C'ye kadar yükseldikçe arttığı, daha sonra sıcaklık arttıkça büyümenin hızla azaldığı gözlenmiştir. İzolat Pc3 agar besiyerinde en yavaş büyüyen izolat iken Pc1 ve Pc5 en hızlı büyüyen izolat olarak belirlenmiştir. P. citrophthora'nın en iyi misel gelişimi HSA besi ortamında elde edilirken iken, en az misel gelişimi CMA besi ortamında sağlanmıştır. Optimum sıcaklık ve misel gelişim oranı sırasıyla 24.6 °C ve 9.7 mm/gün olarak belirlenmiştir.

Keywords

Citrus limon, Kültür ortamı, Koloni deseni, Miselyal gelişim, Sıcaklık

Project Number

ZF2012BAP8

References

• Akıllı, S., Ulubaş-Serçe, Ç., Katırcıoğlu, Y. and Maden, S. 2012. Phytophthora citrophthora, a new pathogen causing decline on horse chestnut in Turkey. Forest Pathology 42:299-304.
• Alvarez, L.A., Vicent, A., De la Roca, E., Bascon, J., Abad-Campos, P., Armengol, J. and García-Jiménez, J. 2008. Branch cankers on citrus trees in Spain caused by Phytophthora citrophthora. Plant Pathology, 57:84-91.
• Alvarez, L.A., Leon, M., Abad-Campos, P., Garcia-Jimenez, J. and Vicent, A. 2011. Genetic variation and host specificity of Phytophthora citrophthora isolates causing branch cankers in Clementine trees in Spain. European Journal of Plant Pathology, 129:103-117.
• Ann, P.J., Wong, I.T. and Tsai, J.N. 2010. New records of Phytophthora diseases of aromatic crops in Taiwan. Plant Pathology Bulletin, 19: 53-68.
• Brentu, F.C. and Vicent, A. 2015. Gummosis of citrus in Ghana caused by Phytophthora citrophthora. Australasian Plant Disease Notes, 10:1-3.
• Cohen, S., Allasia, V., Venard, P., Notter, S., Vernière, C. and Panabières, F. 2003. Intraspecific variation in Phytophthora citrophthora from citrus trees in eastern Corsica. European Journal of Plant Pathology, 109:791-805.
• Das, A.K., Nerkar, S., Kumar, A. and Bawage, S. 2016. Detection, identification, and characterization of Phytophthora spp. infected citrus in India. Journal of Plant Pathology, 98:55-69.
• Erkılıç, A. and Canıhoş, Y. 1999. Determination of the effect of fosetyl-al against citrus gummosis disease caused by Phytophthora citrophthora (Smith and Smith) Leonian. Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry, 23:419-424.
• Erwin, D.C. and Ribeiro, O.K. 1996. Phytophthora diseases worldwide. 562 pp, APS Press, Minnesota.
• Kao, C.W. and Leu, L.S. 1979. Strawberry fruit rot caused by Phytophthora cactorum and P. citrophthora. Plant Protection Bulletin, 21: 239-243.
• Karel, G. 1958. A preliminary list of plant disease in Turkey, p 14. Ayyıldız Press, Ankara.
• Mounde, L.G., Ateka, E.M., Kihuran,i A.W. and Wasilwa, L. 2012. Morphological characterization and identification of Phytophthora species causing citrus Gummosis in Kenya. African Journal of Food, Agriculture, Nutrition and Development, 12:7072-7087.
• Newhook, F.J., Waterhouse, G.M. and Stamps, D.J. 1978. Tabular key to species of Phytophthora Bary. Mycological Papers, 143: 1-20. Commonwealth Mycological Institute, Kew, England.
• Prasad, Y.P, Basavarajappa, M.P., Mahesh, Y.S, Mesta, R.K, Rudresh, D.L. and Patil, S. 2017. Cultural and physiological characterization of Phytophthora parasitica causing foot rot of betelvine (Piper betle L.). International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences, 6:5023-5034.
• Yaseen, T., Schena, L., Nigro, F. and Ippolito, A. 2010. Phytophthora citrophthora is the predominant Phytophthora species in Syrian citrus groves. Phytopathologia Mediterranea, 49:205-211.
• Vial, A., Latorre, B.A. and Ortuzar, J. 20056. Characterization of Phytophthora citrophthora and P. inundata associated to foot and root rot of citrus trees in Chile. Ciencia e Investigación Agraria, 33:205-216.
• Waterhouse, G.M. 1963. Key to the species of Phytophthora de Bary. Mycological Papers, 92:1-22. Commonwealth Mycological Institute, Kew, England.
• Waterhouse, D.M., Newhook, F.J. and Stamps, D.J. 1983. Present criteria for classification of Phytophthora. Phytophthora Its Biology, Taxonomy, Ecology and Pathology, pp139-147. Erwin D C, Bartnicki-Garcia S, Tsao P H (Eds). APS Press, Minnesota.
• Zouaoui, M., Dhieb, C., Ben Abdelali, N., Hajlaoui, M.R. and Sadfi Zouaoui, N. 2016. First report of clementine trunk and branch canker caused by Phytophthora citrophthora in Tunisia. New Disease Reports, 34:29.