KONUMLANMIŞ BİLGİNİN NESNELLİĞİNİ METAFORİK KAVRAMLAR ARACILIĞIYLA DÜŞÜNMEK

Year 2023, Issue: 36, 369 - 394, 27.11.2023

Ayşe Uslu

https://doi.org/10.53844/flsf.1349059

Abstract

Bu çalışmada, tarafsızlık ve nötr olmak anlamına gelen, bütünselleştirici geleneksel nesnellik, bedensel perspektifi ve bilginin konumluluğunu reddetmesi bakımından eleştirilmiş ve bunun yerine Donna Haraway tarafından önerilen konumlu bilginin nesnelliği, kavram sistemlerinin metaforik doğasına dayandırılarak açıklanmıştır. Bu amaçla, birinci bölümde, bütünselleştirici nesnellik miti ele alınmış, Thomas Nagel’in nesnelliğe ulaşma sürecini anlatan üç aşamalı formülü örnek çerçeve olarak kullanılmıştır. İkinci bölümde, George Lakoff ve Mark Johnson’ın kavramsal metaforlar görüşü, bedenlenmiş, konumlu bir nesnellik olanağını sunması bakımından önerilmiştir. Bu amaçla, imge-şemaları aracılığıyla kavramsal sistemlerin nasıl oluştuğu, bu oluşum sürecinin beyinde nasıl gerçekleştiği, dile nasıl yansıdığı örneklerle desteklenerek gösterilmiştir. Son bölümde, Haraway’in konumlu nesnellik görüşü tanıtılarak, kavramsal metafor fikriyle ilişkisi kurulmuştur. Buna göre, kavramsal metaforlar, anlamı doğuran kavramsal sistemlerin bedenin perspektifinden yoksun bir nesnellikle değil, bedenin konumlanmışlığı bağlamında kurulduğunu ve bilme pratiklerinin de bu bağlamın ürünü olan bir nesnellik içerdiğini gösterirler.

Keywords

Bütünselleştirici nesnellik, konumlu bilgi, kavramsal metaforlar, imge şemaları, bedenlenmiş anlam, bedenlenmiş anlam

CONCERNING THE QUESTION OF OBJECTIVITY OF SITUATED KNOWLEDGE THROUGH METAPHORICAL CONCEPTS

Abstract

In this paper, the traditional totalizing view of objectivity in the sense of being neutral and impartial is criticized with respect to its rejection of situatedness of knowledge coined by Donna Haraway. Objectivity of situated knowledge is explained by appealing to metaphorical nature of conceptual systems. For this aim, in the first part of the paper, the myth of totalizing objectivity is examined by using Thomas Nagel’s three-stage formula of the process of getting into objectivity. In the second part of the paper, George Lakoff and Mark Johnson’s view of conceptual metaphors is suggested as a possible embodied and situated objectivity. For this aim, how conceptual systems are constituted by image-schemes, how this process is realized in the brain, and its effects on language use are shown by examples. In the last part, Donna Haraway’s view of situated knowledge is introduced and linked to conceptual metaphors. Conceptual metaphors show that conceptual systems that give rise to meaning are constituted by situatedness of the body rather than objectivity without bodily perspective, and knowing relies on objectivity stems from this bodily context.

Keywords

totalizing objectivity, situated knowledge, conceptual metaphors, image-schemes, embodied meaning

References

• Bordo, Susan, The Flight to Objectivity: Essays on Cartesianism and Culture, Albany: State University of New York Press. 1987.
• Buccino, G., F. Binkofski, G. R. Fink, L. Fadiga, L. Fogassi, V. Gallese, R. J. Seitz, K. Zilles, G. Rizzolatti, ve H. J. Freund. “Action Observation Activates Premotor and Parietal Areas in a Somatotopic Manner: An fMRI Study.” European Journal of Neuroscience (2). 2001. 400–404.
• Descartes, Rene. Meditations. The Philosophical Writings of Descartes, eds. J. Cottingham, R. Stoothoff ve D. Murdoch. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, [1641] 1975.
• Fraser, Scott E. “Cell Interaction Involved in Neural Patterning: An Experimental and Theoretical Approach,” Molecular Bases of Neural Development, ed. G. Edelman, W. E. Gall, ve W. M. Cowan, New York: Wiley, 1985, 581–607.
• Gibbs, Raymond ve Berg, Eric, “Mental Imagery and Embodied Activity.” Journal of Mental Imagery 26. 2002:1–30.
• Gibson, J. James. The ecological approach to visual perception. Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin. 1979.
• Gottleb Frege, “Sense and Reference”, The Philosophical Review, Vol. 57, No. 3. 1948. 209-230.
• Hacking, Ian. The social construction of what? (7th ed.). Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. 1999.
• Haraway, Donna, "Situated Knowledges: The Science Question in Feminism and the Privilege of Partial Perspective." Feminist Studies 14, 3 .1988. 575-599.
• Haraway, Donna, “Konumlu Bilgiler,” Başka Yer. Metis Yayınları. 2010.
• Harding, Sandra, “Rethinking Standpoint Epistemology: ‘What is Strong Objectivity?,’” Linda Alcoff ve Elizabeth Potter (Ed.) Feminist Epistemologies içinde, New York: Routledge. 1993.
• Harding, Sandra. TheScience Question in Feminism. Ithaca:Cornell University Press. 1987.
• Haslanger, Sally, , “On Being Objective and Being Objectified,” Antony, Louise ve Charlotte Witt (ed.). A Mind of One’s Own, Boulder: Westview Press. 2002 [1993].
• Johnson, Mark, Embodied Mind, Meaning and Reason. University of Chicago Press. 2017.
• Johnson, Mark, The Body in the Mind: The Bodily Basis of Meaning, Imagination, and Reason, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1987.
• Kant, Immanuel. Prolegomena to any Future Metaphysics. Çev. James W. Ellington. Indianapolis: Hackett, 1977 [1783].
• Lakoff, George ve Johnson, Mark, Metaphors We Live By. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1980.
• Lakoff, George ve Johnson, Mark, Philosophy in the Flesh: The Embodied Mind and Its Challenge to Western Thought, New York: Basic Books, 1999.
• Lakoff, George ve Núñez, Rafael, Where Mathematics Comes From: How the Embodied Mind Brings Mathematics into Being, New York: Basic Books, 2000.
• Lakoff, George, Women, Fire, and Dangerous Things: What Categories Reveal about the Mind. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1987.
• Locke, John, Essay Concerning Human Understanding. Ed. Peter Nidditch. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1975[1689].
• Nagel, Thomas. The View From Nowhere. New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 1986.
• Hinton, Peta. 'Situated Knowledges' and New Materialism(s): Rethinking a Politics of Location. (Women: A Cultural Review 25, 1: 99-113, 2015.
• Regier, Terry, The Human Semantic Potential: Spatial Language and Constrained Connectionism, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1996.
• Shaun, Gallagher, How the Body Shapes the Mind, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2005.
• Stern, Daniel, The Interpersonal World of the Infant, New York: Basic Books, 1985.
• Thompson, Evan. Mind in life: Biology, phenomenology, and the sciences of mind. Harvard University Press. 2010. Tucker, Don, Mind from Body: Experience from Neural Structure, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007.
• van der Tuin, Iris. Jumping generations': On second- and third-wave feminist epistemology. Australian Feminist Studies, 24, 59, 2009. 17-31
• van der Tuin, Iris. Generational Feminism. New Materialist Introduction to a Generative Approach. Lanham, Boulder, New York, London: Lexington Books. 2015.
• Varela, Francisco J., Thompson, Evan ve Eleanor Rosch, The Embodied Mind, Revised Edition: Cognitive Science and Human Experience, Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press, 2017.
• Vittorio Gallese ve George Lakoff, “The Brain’s Concepts: The Role of the Sensory-Motor System in Conceptual Knowledge.” Cognitive Neuropsychology 22, 2005. 455–79.
• İnternet Kaynakları
• Shapiro, Lawrence and Shannon Spaulding, "Embodied Cognition", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Winter 2021 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.), 1 Kasım 2022 tarihinde erişildi, <https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/win2021/entries/embodied cognition/>.