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Mastitisli Sütlerde Uçucu Bileşiklerin Belirlenmesi

Year 2025, Volume: 4 Issue: 1, 7 - 16, 06.04.2025
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13861978

Abstract

Mastitis, süt sığırlarında yaygın olarak görülen ve ekonomik olarak önemli bir hastalıktır ve klinik ve subklinik formlarda ortaya çıkabilir. Subklinik mastitis (SCM), daha sık görülen ve genellikle asemptomatik olan formudur. SCM, sütün kimyasal ve sitolojik bileşiminde değişikliklere yol açarak işleme özelliklerini etkileyebilir ve patojen mikroorganizmalar ve antibiyotik kalıntıları nedeniyle halk sağlığı riskleri oluşturabilir. Bu çalışmada Katı Faz Mikroekstraksiyon (SPME) ve Gaz Kromatografisi-Kütle Spektrometrisi (GC-MS) kullanılarak çiğ inek sütünde bulunan uçucu bileşikler araştırılmıştır. Süt örnekleri, Türkiye'nin Çanakkale iline bağlı Biga ve Yenice ilçelerindeki çeşitli üreticilerden toplanmış ve California Mastitis Testi (CMT) pozitif çıkan 10 örnek analiz için seçilmiştir. Hidrokarbonlar (9), alkoller (4), aldehitler (3), ketonlar (7), asitler (4), esterler (11), terpenler (1), aromatik bileşikler (5), azotlu bileşikler (1) ve diğer bileşikler (4) dahil olmak üzere toplam 49 uçucu bileşeni belirlenmiştir. En baskın uçucu bileşenler, sütte acımsı ve peynirimsi tatlara katkıda bulunan bütanoik asit, hekzanoik asit, oktanoik asit ve n-dekanoik asit olarak belirlenmiştir. Tespit edilen diğer önemli bileşikler arasında asetoin, çeşitli ketonlar, d-limonen gibi terpenler ve 3-metil-1-bütanol gibi alkoller bulunmaktadır. Bu bileşiklerin varlığı büyük ölçüde laktik asit bakterilerinin metabolik aktivitelerine ve yağ asitlerinin parçalanmasına bağlanmıştır. Bulgular, SCM'nin sütün uçucu bileşik profilini önemli ölçüde değiştirdiğini, bu durumun da tat bozulmalarına yol açabileceğini ve süt ürünlerinin duyusal kalitesini potansiyel olarak etkileyebileceğini öne sürmektedir. Bu çalışmanın amacı, SCM ile ilişkili olarak çiğ sütte meydana gelebilecek kimyasal değişiklikler hakkında bilgi sağlamak ve tüketici güvenliğini sağlamak ve süt ürünleri kalitesinde yüksek standartları korumak için süt kalitesinin izlenmesinin önemini vurgulamayı amaçlamaktadır.

References

  • Anonim. (2000). Türk Gıda Kodeksi Çiğ süt ve ısıl işlem görmüş içme sütleri tebliği. Resmi Gazete, 14 Şubat 2000-Sayı: 23964.
  • Anonim. (2006). Türk Gıda Kodeksi Çiğ süt ve ısıl işlem görmüş içme sütleri tebliğinde değişiklik yapılması hakkında tebliğ, Sayı 26267, Tebliğ No: 2006/38.
  • Anonim. (2009). Türk Gıda Kodeksi Çiğ süt ve ısıl işlem görmüş içme sütleri tebliğinde değişiklik yapılması hakkında tebliğ, Sayı 27133, Tebliğ No 2009/14.
  • Akgul, F.Y., Ceylan, H.G. & Atasoy, A.F. (2020). Determination of fatty acids profiles and volatile compounds of cows’ and goats’ butter. International Journal of Agriculture, Environment and Food Sciences, 4(1), 7-13.
  • Aral, Y., Ulutas, Z., Tekin, M.E. & Mamak, N. (2021). Economic losses from clinical mastitis in dairy cows. Veterinary Journal, 25(2), 145-152.
  • Avşar Y.K., Karagül-Yüceer Y. & Hayaloğlu, A.A. (2011). Peynir Biliminin Temelleri. A.A. Hayaloğlu & B. Özer (Eds). Peynirde aroma (272-283s). Sidas Medya Ltd. Şti.
  • Bray, D.R., & Shearer, J.K. (1994). Mastitis control programs: Bovine mastitis and milking management. Florida Cooperative Extension Service, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida. Cakmakci, S., & Hayaloglu, A.A. (2011). Volatile components and free fatty acid profiles of traditional and industrially produced Turkish White brined cheese. Food Chemistry, 124(2), 717-726.
  • Dalanezi, F.M., Joaquim, S.F., Guimarães, F.F., Guerra, S.T., Lopes, B.C., Schmidt, E.M. S., & Langoni, H. (2020). Influence of pathogens causing clinical mastitis on reproductive performance of dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science, 103(5), 3645-3654.
  • Demirkol, O., Hayaloglu, A.A., & Cakmakci, S. (2016). Volatile profiles and sensory characteristics of white-brined Urfa cheese made with raw and pasteurized cows’ milk during ripening. LWT - Food Science and Technology, 65, 260-266.
  • Eriksson, T., Folkesson, M., Jonsson, P., & Jansson, J.K. (2005). Comparative metaproteomics of bacterioplankton from three Baltic Sea sites. ISME Journal, 4, 17–28.
  • Fagiolo, A., & Lai, O. (2007). Mastitis in buffalo. Italian Journal of Animal Science, 6(Suppl 1), 200-206.
  • Gonçalves, J.L., Kamphuis, C., Martins, C.M., Barreiro, J.R., & Tomazi, T. (2018). Bovine subclinical mastitis reduces milk yield and economic returns. Journal of Dairy Science, 101(4), 3685-3697.
  • Guneser, B.A., & Aydın, A. (2022). Volatile and sensory characterization of fresh and ripened cheese varieties. Journal of Food Processing and Preservation, 46(4), e15953.
  • Guneser O., & Yuceer Y. (2011). Characterization of aroma-active compounds, chemical and sensory properties of acid-coagulated cheese: Circassian cheese. International Journal Of Dairy Technology, 64 (4), 517-525.
  • Ibrahim, H.M. (2017). Mastitis in dairy cows. Journal of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health, 9(4), 66-72.
  • International Dairy Federation (IDF). (1987). Bovine mastitis: Definition and guidelines for diagnosis. Intl. Dairy Fed. Bull. No: 211, Intl. Dairy Fed., Brussels, Belgium.
  • International Dairy Federation (IDF). (2000). Suggested interpretation of mastitis terminology. Intl. Dairy Fed. Bull. No: 345, Intl. Dairy Fed., Brussels, Belgium.
  • Kivaria, F.M. (2006). Epidemiological studies on bovine mastitis in smallholder dairy herds in the Dar es Salaam region, Tanzania. Journal of Veterinary Science, 7(4), 339-344.
  • Le Maréchal, C., Thiéry, R., Vautor, E., & Le Loir, Y. (2011). Mastitis impact on milk production and quality in dairy cows. Animal Health Research Reviews, 12(2), 216-234.
  • Leitner, G., Merin, U., & Silanikove, N. (2011). Changes in milk composition are affected by subclinical mastitis in goats. Journal of Dairy Science, 94(6), 2667-2672.
  • Metin, M. (2005). Süt Teknolojisi, Sütün Bileşimi ve İşlenmesi. Ege Üniversitesi Basımevi, Bornova-İzmir,439s.
  • Mounchili, A., Scholl, D. T., Cue, R. I., Stryhn, H., & Wichtel, J.J. (2005). Effect of subclinical mastitis on the production of dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science, 88(5), 2096-2101.
  • Nielsen, C. (2009). The economic impact of mastitis in dairy cattle herds. Food Economics, 6(2), 181-194.
  • NIST. (2008). NIST-/EPA-/NIH Mass Spectral Library (NIST 08). National Institute of Standards and Technology Standard Reference Data Program, Gaithersburg, MD 20899.
  • Oliver, S.P., & Murinda, S.E. (2012). Antimicrobial resistance of mastitis pathogens. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice, 28(2), 165-185.
  • Ozdikmenli Tepeli S., & Zorba N.N. (2017). Çanakkale (Yenice) ilinde üretilen çiğ sütlerin bazı özellikleri ve subklinik (gizli) mastitis görülme oranı. Trakya University Journal of Natural Sciences, 18(1), 41-47.
  • Özdemir H.H. (2024). Research on the economic importance of some selected animal diseases and the level of knowledge of producers in Kadınhanı and Sarayönü districts of Konya province. Selçuk University Institute of Health Sciences, Konya, Türkiye. 109p.
  • Reineccius, G. (2005). The Flavor Chemistry and Technology. 2nd Edn. CRC Press., Boca Raton, Florida, USA.
  • Rovai, M., Llach, I., & Penry, J. (2015a). The effect of intramammary infection on milk production and composition. Journal of Dairy Research, 82(4), 350-358.
  • Rovai, M., Urban-Chmiel, R., & Wernicki, A. (2015b). Effect of mastitis on milk composition and the presence of microorganisms in cow's milk. Medicina Veterinaria, 71(12), 650-656.
  • Ruegg, P. L., & Reinemann, D. J. (2002). Milk quality and mastitis tests. The Bovine Practitioner, 41-54.
  • Tahmas-Kahyaoglu, D., Kilic-Akyilmaz, M., & Simsek, S. (2022). Some dairy products' sensory, volatile, and texture profiles are produced using traditional methods. LWT - Food Science and Technology, 156, 113070.
  • Wiley. (2005). Wiley Registry of Mass Spectral Data 7. Edition (Fred. W. McLafferty) ISBN: 978-0471473251, (CD-ROM).
  • Yeu, K., Lee, J., & Kang, S. (2015). Detection of volatile compounds in raw and pasteurized milk using headspace solid-phase microextraction gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Food Science and Biotechnology, 24(6), 1987-1994.

Determination of Volatile Compounds in Raw Milk with Mastitis

Year 2025, Volume: 4 Issue: 1, 7 - 16, 06.04.2025
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13861978

Abstract

Mastitis is a prevalent and economically significant disease in dairy cattle, affecting milk composition and quality. Subclinical mastitis (SCM) is more common and often asymptomatic. It can alter the chemical and cellular composition of milk, making it more difficult to process and potentially affecting the quality of dairy. This study aimed to investigate the volatile compounds present in raw cow's milk using Solid Phase Microextraction (SPME) and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). Milk samples were collected from various producers in Çanakkale, Biga and Yenice districts in Türkiye. From these, 10 samples that tested positive in the California Mastitis Test (CMT) were selected for analysis. A total of 49 volatile compounds were determined, including hydrocarbons (9), alcohols (4), aldehydes (3), ketones (7), acids (4), esters (11), terpenes (1), aromatic compounds (5), nitrogenous compounds (1), and other compounds (4). The most prevalent volatile components were butanoic acid, hexanoic acid, octanoic acid, and n-decanoic acid, which contribute to rancid and cheesy flavors in the milk. Other notable compounds detected included acetoin, various ketones, terpenes like d-limonene, and alcohols such as 3-methyl-1-butanol. The presence of these compounds is largely attributed to the metabolic activities of lactic acid bacteria and the degradation of fatty acids. The findings indicate that SCM significantly alters the volatile compound profile of milk, leading to the development of off-flavors that could impact the sensory quality of dairy products. The aim of this study is to provide information about the chemical changes that may occur in raw milk associated with SCM and to emphasize the importance of monitoring milk quality to ensure consumer safety and uphold high standards in dairy product quality.

References

  • Anonim. (2000). Türk Gıda Kodeksi Çiğ süt ve ısıl işlem görmüş içme sütleri tebliği. Resmi Gazete, 14 Şubat 2000-Sayı: 23964.
  • Anonim. (2006). Türk Gıda Kodeksi Çiğ süt ve ısıl işlem görmüş içme sütleri tebliğinde değişiklik yapılması hakkında tebliğ, Sayı 26267, Tebliğ No: 2006/38.
  • Anonim. (2009). Türk Gıda Kodeksi Çiğ süt ve ısıl işlem görmüş içme sütleri tebliğinde değişiklik yapılması hakkında tebliğ, Sayı 27133, Tebliğ No 2009/14.
  • Akgul, F.Y., Ceylan, H.G. & Atasoy, A.F. (2020). Determination of fatty acids profiles and volatile compounds of cows’ and goats’ butter. International Journal of Agriculture, Environment and Food Sciences, 4(1), 7-13.
  • Aral, Y., Ulutas, Z., Tekin, M.E. & Mamak, N. (2021). Economic losses from clinical mastitis in dairy cows. Veterinary Journal, 25(2), 145-152.
  • Avşar Y.K., Karagül-Yüceer Y. & Hayaloğlu, A.A. (2011). Peynir Biliminin Temelleri. A.A. Hayaloğlu & B. Özer (Eds). Peynirde aroma (272-283s). Sidas Medya Ltd. Şti.
  • Bray, D.R., & Shearer, J.K. (1994). Mastitis control programs: Bovine mastitis and milking management. Florida Cooperative Extension Service, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida. Cakmakci, S., & Hayaloglu, A.A. (2011). Volatile components and free fatty acid profiles of traditional and industrially produced Turkish White brined cheese. Food Chemistry, 124(2), 717-726.
  • Dalanezi, F.M., Joaquim, S.F., Guimarães, F.F., Guerra, S.T., Lopes, B.C., Schmidt, E.M. S., & Langoni, H. (2020). Influence of pathogens causing clinical mastitis on reproductive performance of dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science, 103(5), 3645-3654.
  • Demirkol, O., Hayaloglu, A.A., & Cakmakci, S. (2016). Volatile profiles and sensory characteristics of white-brined Urfa cheese made with raw and pasteurized cows’ milk during ripening. LWT - Food Science and Technology, 65, 260-266.
  • Eriksson, T., Folkesson, M., Jonsson, P., & Jansson, J.K. (2005). Comparative metaproteomics of bacterioplankton from three Baltic Sea sites. ISME Journal, 4, 17–28.
  • Fagiolo, A., & Lai, O. (2007). Mastitis in buffalo. Italian Journal of Animal Science, 6(Suppl 1), 200-206.
  • Gonçalves, J.L., Kamphuis, C., Martins, C.M., Barreiro, J.R., & Tomazi, T. (2018). Bovine subclinical mastitis reduces milk yield and economic returns. Journal of Dairy Science, 101(4), 3685-3697.
  • Guneser, B.A., & Aydın, A. (2022). Volatile and sensory characterization of fresh and ripened cheese varieties. Journal of Food Processing and Preservation, 46(4), e15953.
  • Guneser O., & Yuceer Y. (2011). Characterization of aroma-active compounds, chemical and sensory properties of acid-coagulated cheese: Circassian cheese. International Journal Of Dairy Technology, 64 (4), 517-525.
  • Ibrahim, H.M. (2017). Mastitis in dairy cows. Journal of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health, 9(4), 66-72.
  • International Dairy Federation (IDF). (1987). Bovine mastitis: Definition and guidelines for diagnosis. Intl. Dairy Fed. Bull. No: 211, Intl. Dairy Fed., Brussels, Belgium.
  • International Dairy Federation (IDF). (2000). Suggested interpretation of mastitis terminology. Intl. Dairy Fed. Bull. No: 345, Intl. Dairy Fed., Brussels, Belgium.
  • Kivaria, F.M. (2006). Epidemiological studies on bovine mastitis in smallholder dairy herds in the Dar es Salaam region, Tanzania. Journal of Veterinary Science, 7(4), 339-344.
  • Le Maréchal, C., Thiéry, R., Vautor, E., & Le Loir, Y. (2011). Mastitis impact on milk production and quality in dairy cows. Animal Health Research Reviews, 12(2), 216-234.
  • Leitner, G., Merin, U., & Silanikove, N. (2011). Changes in milk composition are affected by subclinical mastitis in goats. Journal of Dairy Science, 94(6), 2667-2672.
  • Metin, M. (2005). Süt Teknolojisi, Sütün Bileşimi ve İşlenmesi. Ege Üniversitesi Basımevi, Bornova-İzmir,439s.
  • Mounchili, A., Scholl, D. T., Cue, R. I., Stryhn, H., & Wichtel, J.J. (2005). Effect of subclinical mastitis on the production of dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science, 88(5), 2096-2101.
  • Nielsen, C. (2009). The economic impact of mastitis in dairy cattle herds. Food Economics, 6(2), 181-194.
  • NIST. (2008). NIST-/EPA-/NIH Mass Spectral Library (NIST 08). National Institute of Standards and Technology Standard Reference Data Program, Gaithersburg, MD 20899.
  • Oliver, S.P., & Murinda, S.E. (2012). Antimicrobial resistance of mastitis pathogens. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice, 28(2), 165-185.
  • Ozdikmenli Tepeli S., & Zorba N.N. (2017). Çanakkale (Yenice) ilinde üretilen çiğ sütlerin bazı özellikleri ve subklinik (gizli) mastitis görülme oranı. Trakya University Journal of Natural Sciences, 18(1), 41-47.
  • Özdemir H.H. (2024). Research on the economic importance of some selected animal diseases and the level of knowledge of producers in Kadınhanı and Sarayönü districts of Konya province. Selçuk University Institute of Health Sciences, Konya, Türkiye. 109p.
  • Reineccius, G. (2005). The Flavor Chemistry and Technology. 2nd Edn. CRC Press., Boca Raton, Florida, USA.
  • Rovai, M., Llach, I., & Penry, J. (2015a). The effect of intramammary infection on milk production and composition. Journal of Dairy Research, 82(4), 350-358.
  • Rovai, M., Urban-Chmiel, R., & Wernicki, A. (2015b). Effect of mastitis on milk composition and the presence of microorganisms in cow's milk. Medicina Veterinaria, 71(12), 650-656.
  • Ruegg, P. L., & Reinemann, D. J. (2002). Milk quality and mastitis tests. The Bovine Practitioner, 41-54.
  • Tahmas-Kahyaoglu, D., Kilic-Akyilmaz, M., & Simsek, S. (2022). Some dairy products' sensory, volatile, and texture profiles are produced using traditional methods. LWT - Food Science and Technology, 156, 113070.
  • Wiley. (2005). Wiley Registry of Mass Spectral Data 7. Edition (Fred. W. McLafferty) ISBN: 978-0471473251, (CD-ROM).
  • Yeu, K., Lee, J., & Kang, S. (2015). Detection of volatile compounds in raw and pasteurized milk using headspace solid-phase microextraction gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Food Science and Biotechnology, 24(6), 1987-1994.
There are 34 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Fermentation Technology, Food Safety, Traceability, Certification and Authenticity, Food Microbiology, Dairy Technology
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Musa Yalman

Seda Özdikmenli Tepeli

Nükhet Nilüfer Demirel Zorba

Publication Date April 6, 2025
Submission Date February 26, 2025
Acceptance Date March 27, 2025
Published in Issue Year 2025 Volume: 4 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Yalman, M., Özdikmenli Tepeli, S., & Demirel Zorba, N. N. (2025). Determination of Volatile Compounds in Raw Milk with Mastitis. Gıda Bilimi Ve Mühendisliği Araştırmaları, 4(1), 7-16. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13861978

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