Investigation of Structural and Morphological Properties of Magnesium Oxide and Cadmium Oxide Nanoparticles Synthesized by Sol-Gel Method

Year 2023, Volume: 35 Issue: 2, 911 - 922, 01.09.2023

Cevher Kürşat Macit , Cihan Özel , Turan Gürgenç

https://doi.org/10.35234/fumbd.1288270

Abstract

In this study, magnesium oxide (MgO), cadmium oxide (CdO) and MgO-CdO nanoparticles were produced by sol-gel synthesis method. Magnesium acetate tetrahydrate Mg (CH3COO)2•4H2O as magnesium source, cadmium acetate dihydrate (C₄H₆CdO4·2H₂O) as cadmium source were used. Sol-gel nanoparticle synthesis was carried out by dissolving the solvents in a magnetic stirrer at 80°C for 4 hours. The filtration, drying, pestle and annealing processes of the dissolved nanoparticles were carried out. The structural and morphological properties of the synthesized nanoparticles were investigated by Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FE-SEM), X-Ray Diffractometer (XRD), Energy Dispersive Spectrum (EDX) and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR) analyses. As a result of the analysis, characteristic peaks of MgO and CdO nanoparticles were found in XRD analysis. In the XRD analysis results, increases and shifts occurred in the characteristic peaks of the nanoparticles. In the MgO-CdO sample, changes occurred in the lattice parameters of both MgO and CdO. As a result of FE-SEM analysis, it was observed that MgO and CdO nanoparticles were formed. In EDX analysis, Mg, O, Cd contributions were formed and nanoparticles were successfully produced. Considering the usage areas of MgO and CdO nanoparticles, it is thought that the produced MgO-CdO nanoparticles can be used in electronic devices containing semiconductor metal oxide.

Keywords

Sol-gel, Magnesium oxide, Cadmium oxide, Nanoparticle synthesis

Sol-Jel Yöntemiyle Sentezlenen Magnezyum Oksit ve Kadmiyum Oksit Nanoparçacıkların Yapısal ve Morfolojik Özelliklerinin İncelenmesi

Abstract

Bu çalışmada, magnezyum oksit (MgO), kadmiyum oksit (CdO) ve MgO-CdO nanoparçacıkları sol-jel sentezleme yöntemiyle üretildi. Magnezyum kaynağı olarak magnezyum asetat tetrahidrat Mg(CH3COO)2•4H2O, kadmiyum kaynağı olarak kadmiyum asetat dihidrat (C₄H₆CdO4·2H₂O) kullanıldı. Sol-jel nanoparçacık sentezleme işleminde çözücüler 80°C sıcaklıkta 4 saat manyetik karıştırıcıda çözündürülerek gerçekleştirildi. Çözünen nanoparçacıkların süzme, kurutma, havanda dövme ve tavlama işlemleri gerçekleştirildi. Sentezlenen nanoparçacıkların yapısal ve morfolojik özellikleri Alan Emisyonlu Taramalı Elektron Mikroskobu (FE-SEM), X-Işını Kırımı (XRD), Enerji Dispersiv Spektrum (EDX) ve Fourier Dönüşümlü Kızılötesi Spektroskopisi (FT-IR) analizleri ile incelendi. Yapılan analizler sonucunda XRD analizlerinde MgO ve CdO nanoparçacıklarının karakteristik piklerine rastlandı. XRD analiz sonuçlarında nanoparçacıkların karekteristik piklerinde artışlar ve kaymalar meydana geldi. MgO-CdO numunesinde hem MgO ‘nun hem de CdO ’nun kafes parametrelerinde değişiklikler meydana geldiği gözlemlendi. FE-SEM analizleri sonucunda, MgO ve CdO nanoparçacıklarının oluştukları görüldü. EDX analizlerinde Mg, O, Cd katkılarının oluştuğu ve nanoparçacıkların sentezlendiği görüldü. MgO ve CdO nanoparçacıklarının kullanım alanları göz önünde bulundurulduğunda üretilen MgO-CdO nanoparçacıklarının yarı iletken metal oksit içeren elektronik cihazlarda kullanılabileceği düşünülmektedir.

Keywords

Sol-jel, Magnezyum oksit, Kadmiyum oksit, Nanoparçacık sentezi

References

• Wani AH, Shah MA, A unique and profound effect of MgO and ZnO nanoparticles on some plant pathogenic fungi. J Appl Pharm Sci 2012; 2: 40-44.
• Sundrarajan M, Suresh J, Gandhi RR. A comparative study on antibacterial properties of MgO nanoparticles prepared under different calcination temperature. Dig J Nanomater Biostructures 2012; 7: 983-989.
• Wu MC, Corneille JS, Estrada CA, He JW, Goodman D. W. Synthesis and characterization of ultra-thin MgO films on Mo (100). Chem Phys Lett 1991; 182(5): 472-478.
• Mageshwari K, Mali S. S, Sathyamoorthy R, Patil P. S. Template-free synthesis of MgO nanoparticles for effective photocatalytic applications. Powder Technol 2013; 249: 456-462.
• Shah M A, Qurashi A. Novel surfactant-free synthesis of MgO nanoflakes J Alloys Compd 2009; 482:548-551
• Niu H, Yang Q, Tang K, Xie Y. Self-assembly of porous MgO nanoparticles into coral-like microcrystals Scr. Mater 2006; 54: 1791-1796.
• Duan G, Yang X, Chen J, Huang G, Lu L, Wang X. Wang The catalytic effect of nanosized MgO on the decomposition of ammonium perchlorate Powder Technol 2007;172: 27-29
• Khan MI, Akhtar MN, Ashraf N, Najeeb J, Munir H, Awan TI, Kabli MR. Green synthesis of magnesium oxide nanoparticles using Dalbergia sissoo extract for photocatalytic activity and antibacterial efficacy. Appl Nanosci 2020;10: 2351-2364.
• Duong THY, Nguyen TN, Oanh HT, Dang Thi TA, Giang LNT, Phuong HT, Nguyen TV. Synthesis of magnesium oxide nanoplates and their application in nitrogen dioxide and sulfur dioxide adsorption. J Chem 2019.
• Karunakaran C, Dhanalakshmi R. Selectivity in photocatalysis by particulate semiconductors. Cent Eur J Chem 2009; 7(1): 134.
• Khan SA, Zahera M, Khan IA, Khan MS, Azam A, Arshad M, Elgorban AM. Photocatalytic degradation of methyl orange by cadmium oxide nanoparticles synthesized by the sol-gel method. Optik 2022; 251: 168401.
• Hampel Clifford A, Gessner GH. The encyclopedia of chemistry. The encyclopedia of chemistry 1973. xvii-1197.
• Tadjarodi A, Imani M. Synthesis and characterization of CdO nanocrystalline structure by mechanochemical method. Mater Lett 2011; 65.6: 1025-1027.
• Karunakaran C, Dhanalakshmi R, Gomathisankar P, Manikandan G. Enhanced phenol-photodegradation by particulate semiconductor mixtures: interparticle electron-jump. J Hazard Mater 2010; 176.1-3: 799-806.
• Nezamzadeh-Ejhieh A, Zohreh B. A comparison between the efficiency of CdS nanoparticles/zeolite A and CdO/zeolite A as catalysts in photodecolorization of crystal violet. Desalination 2011; 279.1-3: 146-151.
• Rane YN, Shende DA, Raghuwanshi MG, Koli RR, Gosavi SR, Deshpande NG. Visible-light assisted CdO nanowires photocatalyst for toxic dye degradation studies. Optik 2019; 179: 535-544.
• Ashour AH, El-Batal AI, Maksoud MA, El-Sayyad GS, Labib S, Abdeltwab E, El-Okr MM. Antimicrobial activity of metal-substituted cobalt ferrite nanoparticles synthesized by sol–gel technique. Particuology 2018; 40: 141-151.
• Abdel Maksoud MIA, El-ghandour A, El-Sayyad GS, Awed AS, Ashour AH, El-Batal AI, El-Okr MM. Incorporation of Mn 2+ into cobalt ferrite via sol–gel method: insights on induced changes in the structural, thermal, dielectric, and magnetic properties. J Sol gel Sci Technol 2019; 90: 631-642.
• Karthik K, Shashank M, Revathi V, Tatarchuk T. Facile microwave-assisted green synthesis of NiO nanoparticles from Andrographis paniculata leaf extract and evaluation of their photocatalytic and anticancer activities. Mol Cryst Liq 2019.
• Suresh S. Investigations on synthesis, structural and electrical properties of MgO nanoparticles by sol–gel method. Ovonic Res 2014; 10(6): 205-210.
• Karthik K, Dhanuskodi S, Gobinath C, Prabukumar S, Sivaramakrishnan S. Ultrasonic-assisted CdO–MgO nanocomposite for multifunctional applications. Mater Technol 2019; 34(7): 403-414.
• Yoshimura M, Sōmiya S. Hydrothermal synthesis of crystallized nano-particles of rare earth-doped zirconia and hafnia. Mater Chem Phys 1999; 61(1): 1–8.
• Maksoud MA, El-Sayyad GS, Ashour AH, El-Batal AI, Abd-Elmonem MS, Hendawy HA, El-Okr MM. Synthesis and characterization of metals-substituted cobalt ferrite nanoparticles as antimicrobial agents and sensors for Anagrelide determination in biological samples. Mater Sci Eng 2018; C 92: 644-656.
• Athar T, Hakeem A, Ahmed W. Synthesis of MgO nanopowder via non aqueous sol–gel method. Adv. Sci. Lett. 2012; 7: 27–29.
• Maksoud MA, El-ghandour A, El-Sayyad GS, Awed AS, Fahim RA, Atta MM, El-Okr MM. Tunable structures of copper substituted cobalt nanoferrites with prospective electrical and magnetic applications. J. Mater Sci Mater Electron 2019; 30: 4908-4919.
• Suresh J, Yuvakkumar R, Sundrarajan M, Hong SI. Green synthesis of magnesium oxide nanoparticles. Adv Mater Res 2014; 952: 141-144.
• Mageshwari K, Mali SS, Sathyamoorthy R, Patil PS. Template-free synthesis of MgO nanoparticles for effective photocatalytic applications. Powder Technol 2013; 249: 456-462.
• Dabhane H, Ghotekar S, Tambade P, Pansambal S, Oza R. Medhane V. MgO nanoparticles: Synthesis, characterization, and applications as a catalyst for organic transformations. Eur J Chem 2021; 12(1): 86-108.
• Tang ZX, Lv BF. MgO nanoparticles as antibacterial agent: preparation and activity. Braz J Chem Eng 2014; 31: 591-601.
• Sutapa IW, Wahab AW, Taba P, La NN. Synthesis and structural profile analysis of the MgO nanoparticles produced through the sol-gel method followed by annealing process. Orient J Chem 2018; 34(2): 1016.
• Wong CW, Chan YS, Jeevanandam J, Pal K, Bechelany M, Abd EM, El-Sayyad GS. Response surface methodology optimization of mono-dispersed MgO nanoparticles fabricated by ultrasonic-assisted sol–gel method for outstanding antimicrobial and antibiofilm activities. J Clust Sci 2020; 31: 367-389.
• Hanifah MFR, Jaafar J, Aziz M, Ismail AF, Rahman MA, Othman MHD. Synthesis of graphene oxide nanosheets via modified hummers’ method and its physicochemical properties. J Teknol 2015; 74(1): 189-192.
• Macit CK, Gürgenc T, Özel C. Synthesis of Se doped CdO nanoparticles by sol-gel method, determination of structural and morphological properties. JMED,2022; 2(1): 26-33.
• Gürgenç E, Dikici A, Biryan F, Aslan F, Koran K. Sol-Jel Yöntemi ile Sentezlenen La katkılı CdO Nanoparçacıkların, Yapısal Karakterizasyonu ve Dielektriksel Özelliklerinin Belirlenmesi. FÜMBD 2022; 34(1): 229-237.
• Mohanraj K, Balasubramanian D, Chandrasekaran J, Bose AC. Synthesis and characterizations of Ag-doped CdO nanoparticles for PN junction diode application. Mater Sci Semicond 2018; 79: 74-91.
• Bhoi H, Joshi P, Punia K, Lal G, Kumar S. Synthesis and rietveld refinement of MgO nanoparticles. In AIP Conference Proceedings (Vol. 2220, No. 1). AIP Publishing.
• Yousefi S, Ghasemi B, Nikolova MP. Morpho/Opto-structural characterizations and XRD-assisted estimation of crystallite size and strain in MgO nanoparticles by applying Williamson–Hall and size–strain techniques. J Clust Sci 2022; 33(5): 2197-2207.
• El-Sayyad GS, Mosallam FM, El-Batal AI. One-pot green synthesis of magnesium oxide nanoparticles using Penicillium chrysogenum melanin pigment and gamma rays with antimicrobial activity against multidrug-resistant microbes. Adv Powder Technol 2018; 29(11): 2616-2625.
• Demirci S, Öztürk B, Yildirim S, Bakal F, Erol M, Sancakoğlu O., Batar T. Synthesis and comparison of the photocatalytic activities of flame spray pyrolysis and sol–gel derived magnesium oxide nano-scale particles. Mater Sci Semicond 2015; 34: 154-161.
• Bindhu MR, Umadevi M, Micheal MK, Arasu MV, Al-Dhabi NA. Structural, morphological and optical properties of MgO nanoparticles for antibacterial applications. Mater Lett 2016; 166: 19-22.
• Moorthy SK, Ashok CH, Rao KV, Viswanathan C. Synthesis and characterization of MgO nanoparticles by Neem leaves through green method. Mater Today Proc 2015; 2(9): 4360-4368.
• Karthik K, Dhanuskodi S, Gobinath C, Prabukumar S, Sivaramakrishnan S. Nanostructured CdO-NiO composite for multifunctional applications. J Phys Chem 2018; 112: 106-118.
• Revathi V, Karthik K. Microwave assisted CdO–ZnO–MgO nanocomposite and its photocatalytic and antibacterial studies. J Mater Sci Mater Electron 2018; 29: 18519-18530.
• Tian Q, Ye J, Yuan W, Zhang S, Shi L, Zhong J, Ning G. Highly effective antibacterial activity of lithium-doped magnesium oxide particles synthesized by the microwave-assisted hydrothermal route. Powder Technol 2020; 371: 130-141.
• Rao Y, Wang W, Tan F, Cai Y, Lu J, Qiao X. Sol–gel preparation and antibacterial properties of Li-doped MgO nanoplates. Ceram Int 2014; 40(9): 14397-14403.
• Ling Z, Zheng M, Du Q, Wang Y, Song J, Dai W, Cao J. Synthesis of mesoporous MgO nanoplate by an easy solvothermal–annealing method. Solid State Sci 2011; 13(12): 2073-2079.
• Ravichandran AT, Robert XA, Pushpanathan K, Nagabhushana BM, Chandramohan R. Structural and optical properties of Zn doped CdO nanoparticles synthesized by chemical precipitation method. J Mater Sci Mater Electron 2016; 27: 2693-2700.
• Fakhri A, Kahi DS. Synthesis and characterization of MnS2/reduced graphene oxide nanohybrids for with photocatalytic and antibacterial activity. J Photochem Photobiol B Biol 2017; 166: 259-263.
• Prakash T, Kumar ER, Gnanamoorthi K, Munshi AM, Almehmadi SJ, Mersal GA, El Metwaly NM. Evaluation of phase, morphological, optical and electrical properties of microwave synthesized Sn doped CdO nanostructures. Solid State Commun 2021; 336: 114388.
• Rajaboopathi S, Thambidurai S. Green synthesis of seaweed surfactant based CdO-ZnO nanoparticles for better thermal and photocatalytic activity. Curr Appl Phys. 2017; 17:1622–1638.
• Karthik K, Dhanuskodi S, Gobinath C, Prabukumar S, Sivaramakrishnan S. Multifunctional properties of microwave assisted CdO–NiO–ZnO mixed metal oxide nanocomposite: enhanced photocatalytic and antibacterial activities. J Mater Sci: Mater Electron. 2018; 29:5459–5471.
• Dhanuskodi S. Structural and optical properties of microwave assisted CdO-NiO nanocomposite. Aip Conf Proc. 2016; 1731:050021–050023.
• Revathi V, Karthik K. Microwave assisted CdO–ZnO– MgO nanocomposite and its photocatalytic and antibacterial studies. J Mater Sci: Mater Electron. 2018; 29:18519–18530.
• Karthik K, Dhanuskodi S, Gobinath C, Prabukumar S, Sivaramakrishnan S. Andrographis paniculata extract mediated green synthesis of CdO nanoparticles and its electrochemical and antibacterial studies. J Mater Sci Mater Electron 2017; 28: 7991-8001.
• Wada S, Yano M, Suzuki T, Noma T. Crystal structure of barium titanate fine particles including Mg and analysis of their lattice vibration. J Mater Sci 2000; 35: 3889-3902.
• Selvam NCS, Kumar RT, Kennedy LJ, Vijaya JJ. Comparative study of microwave and conventional methods for the preparation and optical properties of novel MgO-micro and nano-structures. J Alloys Compd 2011; 509(41): 9809-9815.
• Zhou J, Yang S, Yu J. Facile fabrication of mesoporous MgO microspheres and their enhanced adsorption performance for phosphate from aqueous solutions Colloids Surf A 2011; 379: 102-108.
• Niu H, Yang Q, Tang K, Xie Y. Large-scale synthesis of single-crystalline MgO with bone-like nanostructures J. Nanopart Res 2006; 8: 881-888.
• Stella RJ, Rao GT, Manjari VP, Babu B, Krishna CR, Ravikumar RVSSN. Structural and optical properties of CdO/ZnS core/shell nanocomposites. J Alloys Compd 2015; 628: 39-45.
• Panchal P, Paul DR, Sharma A, Hooda D, Yadav R, Meena P, Nehra SP. Phytoextract mediated ZnO/MgO nanocomposites for photocatalytic and antibacterial activities. J Photochem Photobiol A 2019; 385: 112049.