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BREXIT AND THE POSSIBILITY OF “DOMINO EFFECT”

Year 2021, Volume: 5 Issue: 2, 123 - 140, 21.12.2021

Abstract

The European Union (EU) was established by six member states in 1957. It had a policy of ever-forward enlargement and became a union with 28 member states in 2013. The United Kingdom (UK) was one of the first states to apply for membership and is also first to leave the EU. Brexit Referendum, which was held in 2016, was a milestone in the EU. Although it was the first time a member state left the EU the UK’s Euroscepticism was nothing new. However, the UK is not the only Eurosceptic member of the EU. For that reason, after the Referendum other “-exits” began to be discussed by the member states with doubts about the EU policies. Frexit, Nexit and Grexit were the examples of other “-exit” discussions. Domino effect possibility was on the papers just after the Referendum but after five years it just seems to be a rhetoric. This research scrutinises Brexit and its possible effects on EU integration through the concepts of Euroscepticism and domino effect. It also argues that Brexit is closely related with the UK’s own circumstances, background, interests, capabilities, and expectations. Therefore, it claims that it is difficult to talk about domino effect.

References

  • ADLER-NISSEN, Rebecca, (2011), “Opting Out of an Ever-Closer Union: The Integration Doxa and the Management of Sovereignty”, West European Politics, 34:5, pp. 1092-113, Available at: https://www.tandfonline.com/action/showCitFormats?doi=10.1080%2F01402382.2011.591102 (Accessed: 11.07.2021).
  • ADLER, Katya, (2016), “Scared by Brexit, Europe asks what next”, BBC, 24 June, Available at: https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-politics-eu-referendum-36625573 (Accessed: 23.07.2021).
  • ARNORSSON, Agust and ZOEGA, Gylfi, (2018), “On the causes of Brexit”, European Journal of Political Economy, 55, pp. 301-323, Available at: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpoleco.2018.02.001 (Accessed: 15.07.2021).
  • BBC, (2021), “Brexit divorce bill: How much does the UK owe to the EU?”, 9 July 2021, Available at: https://www.bbc.com/news/51110096 (Accessed: 23.07.2021).
  • CHRISAFIS, Angelique (2016), “European far right hails Brexit vote”, The Guardian, 24 June, Available at: https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/jun/24/european-far-right-hails-britains-brexit-vote-marine-le-pen (Accessed: 23.07.2021).
  • CONSILLIUM, (n.d.), “European Council Meeting at Fontainebleau Conclusions of the Presidency”, Available at: https://www.consilium.europa.eu/media/20673/1984_june_-_fontainebleau__eng_.pdf (Accessed: 10.07.2021).
  • DOUGLAS-SCOTT, Sionaidh, (2014) “Fundamental Rights not Euroscepticism: Why the UK should embrace the EU Charter”, Legal Research Paper Series, Available at: https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2528768 (Accessed: 15.07.2021).
  • DUNAI, Marton, (2016), “Dutch anti-immigrant party chief urges ‘Nexit’ referendum for Netherlands”, Reuters, 24 June, Available at: https://www.reuters.com/article/britain-eu-outers-netherlands-idINKCN0ZA2A2 (Accessed: 23.07.2021).
  • EISENHOWER, Dwight, D., (1954), “President Eisenhower’s Conference”, Available at: https://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/pentagon/ps11.htm (Accessed: 10.07.2021).
  • EUROPEAN COMMISSION, (n.d.)a, “Winston Churchill: calling for a United States of Europe”, Available at: https://europa.eu/european-union/sites/default/files/docs/body/winston_churchill_en.pdf (Accessed: 10.07.2021).
  • EUROPEAN COMMISSION, (n.d.)b, “Schengen Area”, Available at: https://ec.europa.eu/home-affairs/what-we-do/policies/borders-and-visas/schengen_en (Accessed: 11.07.2021).
  • EUROPEAN COMMISSION, (n.d.)c, “What is the euro area?”, Available at: https://ec.europa.eu/info/business-economy-euro/euro-area/what-euro-area_en (Accessed: 11.07.2021).
  • HENLEY, Jon, (2016), “Why Vote Leave’s £350m weekly EU cost claim is wrong”, The Guardian, 10 June, Available at: https://www.theguardian.com/politics/reality-check/2016/may/23/does-the-eu-really-cost-the-uk-350m-a-week (Accessed: 15.07.2021).
  • HIGAZY, Amira, (2020), “Euroscepticism, Thatcherism and Brexit”, E-International Relations, Available at: https://www.e-ir.info/2020/02/26/euroscepticism-thatcherism-and-brexit/ (Accessed: 11.07.2021).
  • INGLEHART, Ronald and NORRIS, Pippa, (2016), “Trump, Brexit, and the Rise of Populism Economic Have-Nots and Cultural Backlash”, Faculty Research Working Paper Series, Available at: https://research.hks.harvard.edu/publications/workingpapers/Index.aspx (Accessed: 15.07.2021).
  • LEE, Timothy B., (2016)a, “Brexit: the best argument for Britain to leave the European Union”, Vox, 23 June, Available at: https://www.vox.com/2016/6/21/11974600/brexit-eu-euro-disaster (Accessed: 15.07.2021).
  • LEE, Timothy B. (2016)b, “Brexit: the 7 most important arguments for Britain to leave the EU”, Vox 25 June, Available at: https://www.vox.com/2016/6/22/11992106/brexit-arguments (Accessed: 15.07.2021).
  • M’TIRI, Hajer, (2017), “Marine Le Pen wants a ‘Frexit’ for France”, AA, 02 March, Available at: https://www.aa.com.tr/en/europe/marine-le-pen-wants-a-frexit-for-france/762947 (Accessed: 23.07.2021).
  • MENON, Anand, (2017), “Unhappy anniversary: Maastricht 25 years on”, Ukandeu, 7 February, Available at: https://ukandeu.ac.uk/unhappy-anniversary-maastricht-25-years-on/ (Accessed: 11.07.2021).
  • MOURLON-DRUOL, Emmanuel, (2015), “The UK’s EU Vote: The 1975 Precedent and Today’s”, Bruegel Policy Contribution, No.2015/08, Available at: https://www.econstor.eu/bitstream/10419/126700/1/831937238.pdf (Accessed: 10.07.2021).
  • PENZANEWS, (24 March 2021), “Foreign experts consider likelihood of Frexit extremely low”, Available at: https://penzanews.ru/en/analysis/67055-2021 (Accessed: 23.07.2021).
  • READ, Jonothon, (2019), “Boris Johnson appears to finally admit his ‘£350m a week’ claim was wrong”, The New European, 11 September, Available at: https://www.theneweuropean.co.uk/brexit-news-boris-johnson-350-million-a-week-nhs-claim-55554/ (Accessed: 15.07.2021).
  • RIJNEN, Sonja, (2021), “Could ‘Nexit’ be the next Brexit?”, The Brussels Times, 31 March, Available at: https://www.brusselstimes.com/opinion/162966/could-nexit-be-the-next-brexit/ (Accessed: 23.07.2021).
  • SMITH, Katie, (2007), “How Important was the So-called ‘domino theory’ in Forming US Policy Towards Indochina during the Cold War? Were other factors more important?”, E-International Relations, Available at: https://www.e-ir.info/2007/12/22/how-important-was-the-so-called-‘domino-theory’-in-forming-us-policy-towards-indochina-during-the-cold-war-were-other-factors-more-important/ (Accessed: 10.07.2021).
  • STEPHENS, Philip, (2021), “Boris Johnson has made a Brexit offer the EU can only refuse”, Financial Times 22 July, Available at: https://www.ft.com/content/7ee27e99-1f13-4ca3-a7da-93248a32c078 (Accessed: 23.07.2021).
  • STEWART, Heather and MASON, Rowena, (2016), “Nigel Farage’s anti-migrant poster reported to police”, The Guardian, 16 June, Available at: https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2016/jun/16/nigel-farage-defends-ukip-breaking-point-poster-queue-of-migrants (Accessed: 15.07.2021).
  • STEWART, Heather, MASON, Rowena, and RAJEEV, Syal, (2016), “David Cameron resigns after UK votes to leave European Union”, The Guardian, 24 June, Available at: https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2016/jun/24/david-cameron-resigns-after-uk-votes-to-leave-european-union (Accessed: 15.07.2021).
  • TAGGART, Paul and SZCZERBIAK, Aleks, (2002), “The Party Politics of Euroscepticism in EU Member and Candidate States”, European Consortium for Political Research Joint Workshops, Available at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/237536121_The_Party_Politics_of_Euroscepticism_in_EU_Member_and_Candidate_States (Accessed: 10.07.2021).
  • VIRDEE, Satnam and McGEEVER, Brendan, (2017), “Racism, Crisis and Brexit”, Ethnic and Racial Studies, 41(10). Available at: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/01419870.2017.1361544 (Accessed: 15.07.2021).
  • WALTER, Stefanie, (2021), “Brexit Domino? The Political Contagion Effects of Voter-endorsed Withdrawals from International Institutions”, Comparative Political Studies, Available at: https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0010414021997169 (Accessed: 23.07.2021).
  • WATT, Nicholas, (2009), “Margaret Thatcher’s European rebate demand was defeat -Mitterrand aide”, The Guardian, 4 July, Available at: https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2009/jul/04/margaret-thatcher-france-claim (Accessed: 10.07.2021).

Brexit ve "Domino Etkisi" Olasılığı

Year 2021, Volume: 5 Issue: 2, 123 - 140, 21.12.2021

Abstract

Avrupa Birliği (AB) altı üye ülke tarafından 1957’de kurulmuştur. Sürekli ileriye giden bir genişleme politikası izlemiş ve 2013 yılında 28 üyeli bir birlik haline gelmiştir. Birleşik Krallık üyelik için ilk başvuran ülkelerden bir tanesi ve ayrılmak için de ilk başvuran üye ülkedir. 2016’da düzenlenen Brexit Referandumu, AB için bir dönüm noktası olmuştur. Bir üye ülkenin AB’den ayrılması ilk kez oluyor olsa da Birleşik Krallık’ın Avrupa şüpheciliği yeni bir şey değildi. Bununla birlikte, Birleşik Krallık, AB'nin tek Avrupa şüpheci üyesi değildir. Bu nedenle Referandum sonrası diğer “çıkışlar” AB politikalarından şüphe duyan üye ülkeler tarafından tartışılmaya başlanmıştır. Frexit, Nexit ve Grexit diğer “çıkış” tartışmalarının örnekleriydi. Domino etkisi olasılığı referandumdan hemen sonra gazetelerdeydi ama beş yılın sonunda bu sadece bir retorik olarak görünmektedir. Bu araştırma, Brexit'i ve bunun AB entegrasyonu üzerindeki olası etkilerini Avrupa şüpheciliği ve domino etkisi kavramları üzerinden incelemektedir. Ayrıca Brexit'in İngiltere'nin kendi koşulları, geçmişi, çıkarları, yetenekleri ve beklentileri ile yakından ilişkili olduğunu savunmaktadır. Bu nedenle de domino etkisinden bahsetmenin zor olduğunu iddia etmektedir.

References

  • ADLER-NISSEN, Rebecca, (2011), “Opting Out of an Ever-Closer Union: The Integration Doxa and the Management of Sovereignty”, West European Politics, 34:5, pp. 1092-113, Available at: https://www.tandfonline.com/action/showCitFormats?doi=10.1080%2F01402382.2011.591102 (Accessed: 11.07.2021).
  • ADLER, Katya, (2016), “Scared by Brexit, Europe asks what next”, BBC, 24 June, Available at: https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-politics-eu-referendum-36625573 (Accessed: 23.07.2021).
  • ARNORSSON, Agust and ZOEGA, Gylfi, (2018), “On the causes of Brexit”, European Journal of Political Economy, 55, pp. 301-323, Available at: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpoleco.2018.02.001 (Accessed: 15.07.2021).
  • BBC, (2021), “Brexit divorce bill: How much does the UK owe to the EU?”, 9 July 2021, Available at: https://www.bbc.com/news/51110096 (Accessed: 23.07.2021).
  • CHRISAFIS, Angelique (2016), “European far right hails Brexit vote”, The Guardian, 24 June, Available at: https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/jun/24/european-far-right-hails-britains-brexit-vote-marine-le-pen (Accessed: 23.07.2021).
  • CONSILLIUM, (n.d.), “European Council Meeting at Fontainebleau Conclusions of the Presidency”, Available at: https://www.consilium.europa.eu/media/20673/1984_june_-_fontainebleau__eng_.pdf (Accessed: 10.07.2021).
  • DOUGLAS-SCOTT, Sionaidh, (2014) “Fundamental Rights not Euroscepticism: Why the UK should embrace the EU Charter”, Legal Research Paper Series, Available at: https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2528768 (Accessed: 15.07.2021).
  • DUNAI, Marton, (2016), “Dutch anti-immigrant party chief urges ‘Nexit’ referendum for Netherlands”, Reuters, 24 June, Available at: https://www.reuters.com/article/britain-eu-outers-netherlands-idINKCN0ZA2A2 (Accessed: 23.07.2021).
  • EISENHOWER, Dwight, D., (1954), “President Eisenhower’s Conference”, Available at: https://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/pentagon/ps11.htm (Accessed: 10.07.2021).
  • EUROPEAN COMMISSION, (n.d.)a, “Winston Churchill: calling for a United States of Europe”, Available at: https://europa.eu/european-union/sites/default/files/docs/body/winston_churchill_en.pdf (Accessed: 10.07.2021).
  • EUROPEAN COMMISSION, (n.d.)b, “Schengen Area”, Available at: https://ec.europa.eu/home-affairs/what-we-do/policies/borders-and-visas/schengen_en (Accessed: 11.07.2021).
  • EUROPEAN COMMISSION, (n.d.)c, “What is the euro area?”, Available at: https://ec.europa.eu/info/business-economy-euro/euro-area/what-euro-area_en (Accessed: 11.07.2021).
  • HENLEY, Jon, (2016), “Why Vote Leave’s £350m weekly EU cost claim is wrong”, The Guardian, 10 June, Available at: https://www.theguardian.com/politics/reality-check/2016/may/23/does-the-eu-really-cost-the-uk-350m-a-week (Accessed: 15.07.2021).
  • HIGAZY, Amira, (2020), “Euroscepticism, Thatcherism and Brexit”, E-International Relations, Available at: https://www.e-ir.info/2020/02/26/euroscepticism-thatcherism-and-brexit/ (Accessed: 11.07.2021).
  • INGLEHART, Ronald and NORRIS, Pippa, (2016), “Trump, Brexit, and the Rise of Populism Economic Have-Nots and Cultural Backlash”, Faculty Research Working Paper Series, Available at: https://research.hks.harvard.edu/publications/workingpapers/Index.aspx (Accessed: 15.07.2021).
  • LEE, Timothy B., (2016)a, “Brexit: the best argument for Britain to leave the European Union”, Vox, 23 June, Available at: https://www.vox.com/2016/6/21/11974600/brexit-eu-euro-disaster (Accessed: 15.07.2021).
  • LEE, Timothy B. (2016)b, “Brexit: the 7 most important arguments for Britain to leave the EU”, Vox 25 June, Available at: https://www.vox.com/2016/6/22/11992106/brexit-arguments (Accessed: 15.07.2021).
  • M’TIRI, Hajer, (2017), “Marine Le Pen wants a ‘Frexit’ for France”, AA, 02 March, Available at: https://www.aa.com.tr/en/europe/marine-le-pen-wants-a-frexit-for-france/762947 (Accessed: 23.07.2021).
  • MENON, Anand, (2017), “Unhappy anniversary: Maastricht 25 years on”, Ukandeu, 7 February, Available at: https://ukandeu.ac.uk/unhappy-anniversary-maastricht-25-years-on/ (Accessed: 11.07.2021).
  • MOURLON-DRUOL, Emmanuel, (2015), “The UK’s EU Vote: The 1975 Precedent and Today’s”, Bruegel Policy Contribution, No.2015/08, Available at: https://www.econstor.eu/bitstream/10419/126700/1/831937238.pdf (Accessed: 10.07.2021).
  • PENZANEWS, (24 March 2021), “Foreign experts consider likelihood of Frexit extremely low”, Available at: https://penzanews.ru/en/analysis/67055-2021 (Accessed: 23.07.2021).
  • READ, Jonothon, (2019), “Boris Johnson appears to finally admit his ‘£350m a week’ claim was wrong”, The New European, 11 September, Available at: https://www.theneweuropean.co.uk/brexit-news-boris-johnson-350-million-a-week-nhs-claim-55554/ (Accessed: 15.07.2021).
  • RIJNEN, Sonja, (2021), “Could ‘Nexit’ be the next Brexit?”, The Brussels Times, 31 March, Available at: https://www.brusselstimes.com/opinion/162966/could-nexit-be-the-next-brexit/ (Accessed: 23.07.2021).
  • SMITH, Katie, (2007), “How Important was the So-called ‘domino theory’ in Forming US Policy Towards Indochina during the Cold War? Were other factors more important?”, E-International Relations, Available at: https://www.e-ir.info/2007/12/22/how-important-was-the-so-called-‘domino-theory’-in-forming-us-policy-towards-indochina-during-the-cold-war-were-other-factors-more-important/ (Accessed: 10.07.2021).
  • STEPHENS, Philip, (2021), “Boris Johnson has made a Brexit offer the EU can only refuse”, Financial Times 22 July, Available at: https://www.ft.com/content/7ee27e99-1f13-4ca3-a7da-93248a32c078 (Accessed: 23.07.2021).
  • STEWART, Heather and MASON, Rowena, (2016), “Nigel Farage’s anti-migrant poster reported to police”, The Guardian, 16 June, Available at: https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2016/jun/16/nigel-farage-defends-ukip-breaking-point-poster-queue-of-migrants (Accessed: 15.07.2021).
  • STEWART, Heather, MASON, Rowena, and RAJEEV, Syal, (2016), “David Cameron resigns after UK votes to leave European Union”, The Guardian, 24 June, Available at: https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2016/jun/24/david-cameron-resigns-after-uk-votes-to-leave-european-union (Accessed: 15.07.2021).
  • TAGGART, Paul and SZCZERBIAK, Aleks, (2002), “The Party Politics of Euroscepticism in EU Member and Candidate States”, European Consortium for Political Research Joint Workshops, Available at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/237536121_The_Party_Politics_of_Euroscepticism_in_EU_Member_and_Candidate_States (Accessed: 10.07.2021).
  • VIRDEE, Satnam and McGEEVER, Brendan, (2017), “Racism, Crisis and Brexit”, Ethnic and Racial Studies, 41(10). Available at: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/01419870.2017.1361544 (Accessed: 15.07.2021).
  • WALTER, Stefanie, (2021), “Brexit Domino? The Political Contagion Effects of Voter-endorsed Withdrawals from International Institutions”, Comparative Political Studies, Available at: https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0010414021997169 (Accessed: 23.07.2021).
  • WATT, Nicholas, (2009), “Margaret Thatcher’s European rebate demand was defeat -Mitterrand aide”, The Guardian, 4 July, Available at: https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2009/jul/04/margaret-thatcher-france-claim (Accessed: 10.07.2021).
There are 31 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Neriman Hocaoğlu Bahadır 0000-0002-3723-5554

Publication Date December 21, 2021
Submission Date October 31, 2021
Published in Issue Year 2021 Volume: 5 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Hocaoğlu Bahadır, N. (2021). BREXIT AND THE POSSIBILITY OF “DOMINO EFFECT”. Fırat Üniversitesi Uluslararası İktisadi Ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 5(2), 123-140.