Tarihi binaların sağlamlaştırılması için killi kireçtaşından üretilen enjeksiyon malzemesinin karakterizasyonu
Abstract
Bu çalışma kapsamında, % 70 oranında kalsiyum
karbonat içeren killi kireçtaşının kalsinasyonu ile hidrolik özellik gösteren nano
boyutlu enjeksiyon malzemesi üretimi ve bu malzemenin karakterizasyonu gerçekleştirilmiştir.
Enjeksiyon malzemesi üretimi için öncelikle ham madde 950 °C ve 1100 °C sıcaklıklarda
kalsine edilerek doğal hidrolik kireç üretilmiştir. Üretilen kireç
numunelerinin mineral içerikleri ile kimyasal bileşimleri XRD ve XRF analiziyle
ortaya koyulmuş, bağlayıcılık ve hidrolik indeks değerleri belirlenmiştir. Böylelikle
1100 °C sıcaklıkta kalsine edilen numunenin enjeksiyon malzemesi üretimi için
uygun olduğu kanısına varılmış ve bu numune mekanik öğütme işlemine tabi
tutulmuştur. Öğütülen numune ile yaygın olarak kullanılan bir ticari enjeksiyon
malzemesinin bağlayıcılık ve hidrolik indeks değerleri XRF analizi, tane boyutu
ise DLS analizi vasıtası ile hesaplanmış ve karşılaştırılmıştır. Karşılaştırma
sonucunda öğütülen numunenin tane boyutunun ticari üründen daha küçük ve
nanometre mertebesinde olduğu, bağlayıcılık ve hidrolik indeks değerlerinin ise
ticari ürüne kıyasla daha yüksek olduğu belirlenmiştir. Ticari ürüne kıyasla daha
kuvvetli hidrolik özellik göstermesi beklenen numunenin enjeksiyon işleminde
kullanılabilirliğini araştırmak için farklı su/bağlayıcı ve kimyasal katkı
oranları ile şerbet (enjeksiyon malzemesi) üretimleri yapılmıştır. Üretilen
şerbetlerin akışkanlık, hacim sabitliği ve penetrasyon özellikleri Marsh Hunisi,
Akış Konisi, terleme ve kum kolonu testleri ile değerlendirilmiştir. Elde
edilen nano boyutlu doğal hidrolik kireç esaslı enjeksiyon malzemesinin,
belirlenen su/bağlayıcı oranı, süper akışkanlaştırıcı miktarı ve karıştırma
prosedürü kullanıldığında, söz konusu testlerdeki sınır şartları sağladığı ve
dolayısıyla tarihi binaların sağlamlaştırılması için enjeksiyon işleminde kullanılan
mevcut ticari ürünlere alternatif olabileceği anlaşılmıştır.
References
- Miltiadou-Fezans A., Design and Application of Hydraulic Grouts for Repair and Strengthening of Historic Masonry Structures, Proposal for Creation of a New RILEM Technical Committee (DHM), 2010.
- Kalagri A., Miltiadou-Fezans A., Vintzileou E., Design and evaluation of hydraulic lime grouts fort the strengthening of stone masonry historic structures, Materials and Structures, 43, 1135-1146, 2010.
- Binda L., Saisi A., Tedeschi C., Compatibility of Materials Used for Repair of Masonry Buildings: Research and Applications, Fracture and Failure of Natural Building Stones, Editör: Kourkoulis S. K., Springer, Dordrecht, 167-182, 2006.
- Válek J., van Halema E., Viania A., Pérez-Estébanez M., Ševčík R., Šašek P., Determination of optimal burning temperature ranges for production of natural hydraulic limes, Construction and Building Materials, 66, 771-780, 2014.
- Stanmore B., Gilot P., Review-calcination and carbonation of limestone during thermal cycling for CO2 sequestration, Fuel Processing Technology, 86(16), 1707-1743, 2005.
- Taylor H. F. W., Cement Chemistry, 2. Baskı, Thomas Telford Publishing, London, 1997.
- Böke H., Çizer Ö., İpekoğlu B., Uğurlu E., Şerifaki K., Toprak G., Characteristics of lime produced from limestone containing diatoms, Construction and Building Materials, 22(5), 866-874, 2008.
- Boynton R. S., Chemistry and Technology of Lime and Limestone, 2. Baskı, John Wiley & Sons Inc, New York, 1980.
- Ar I., Doğu G., Calcination kinetics of high purity limestones. Chemical Engineering Journal, 83(2), 131-137, 2001.
- Zhu Y., Wu S., Wang X., Nano CaO grain characteristics and growth model under calcination, Chemical Engineering Journal, 175, 512-518, 2011.
- TS EN 459-1, Yapı Kireci-Bölüm 1: Tarifler, Özellikler ve Uygunluk Kriterleri, Türk Standardları Enstitüsü, Ankara, 2012.
- Miltiadou-Fezans A., Tassios T. P., Penetrability of hydraulic grouts, Materials and Structures, 46(10), 1653-1671, 2013.
- TS EN 445, Şerbet-Öngerilmeli Tendonlar İçin Deney Yöntemleri, Türk Standardları Enstitüsü, Ankara, 2012.
- ASTM D6910, Standard Test Method for Marsh Funnel Viscosity of Clay Construction Slurries, ASTM, Pennsylvania, 2009.
- ASTM C940, Standard Test Method for Expansion and Bleeding of Freshly Mixed Grouts for Preplaced-Aggregate Concrete in the Laboratory, ASTM, Pennsylvania, 2010.
- BS EN 1771, Products and Systems for the Protection and Repair of Concrete Structures-Test Methods-Determination of Injectability and Splitting Tests, British Standards Institution, London, 2004.
- TS EN 447, Şerbet-Öngerilmeli Tendonlar İçin Temel Gerekler, Türk Standardları Enstitüsü, Ankara, 2012.
- Miltiadou-Fezans A., Fluidity of hydraulic grouts for masonry strengthening, Materials and Structures, 45, 1817-1828, 2012.
- Bras A., Henriques F. A. M., Natural hydraulic lime based grouts-The selection of grout injection parameters for masonry consolidation, Construction and Building Materials, 26(1), 135-144.
- Miltiadou-Fezans A., Tassios, T. P., Stability of hydraulic grouts for masonry strengthening, Materials and Structures, 46(10), 16331-1652, 2013.
Characterization of the grout produced from argillaceous limestone for the consolidation of historic buildings
Abstract
In this
study, a nano-sized hydraulic injection material produced by calcination of an
argillaceous limestone containing 70% calcium carbonate was characterized. For the
production of the injection material, firstly, natural hydraulic lime was
produced by calcining the raw material at 950 °C and 1100 °C. The mineral and
chemical composition of the lime samples were identified by XRD and XRF
analysis, and their cementation and hydraulic index values were determined.
Thus, it was concluded that the sample calcined at 1100 °C was suitable for
injection material production, so the sample was subjected to mechanical
grinding. For comparison, the cementation and hydraulic index values of the
sample and of a commercial injection material commonly used were calculated by means
of XRF analysis, and their grain sizes were determined by DLS analysis. The
comparison revealed that the grain size of the ground sample is smaller than
that of the commercial product and is in the nanometer range, and the ground
material is expected to show stronger hydraulic properties than the commercial
product as its cementation and hydraulic index values are higher. Various
grouts were produced using different water/binder and chemical admixture ratios
in order to investigate the availability of the sample in the injection
process. Fluidity, volume stability and penetration properties of the produced
grouts were evaluated by Marsh Funnel, Flow Cone, bleeding, and sand column
tests. The limit requirements of these tests were achieved when water/binder
ratio, super plasticizer amount and mixing procedure determined by preliminary
tests are used. In conclusion, the obtained nano-sized natural hydraulic lime
based injection material can be an alternative to existing commercial products used
for the consolidation of historic buildings.
References
- Miltiadou-Fezans A., Design and Application of Hydraulic Grouts for Repair and Strengthening of Historic Masonry Structures, Proposal for Creation of a New RILEM Technical Committee (DHM), 2010.
- Kalagri A., Miltiadou-Fezans A., Vintzileou E., Design and evaluation of hydraulic lime grouts fort the strengthening of stone masonry historic structures, Materials and Structures, 43, 1135-1146, 2010.
- Binda L., Saisi A., Tedeschi C., Compatibility of Materials Used for Repair of Masonry Buildings: Research and Applications, Fracture and Failure of Natural Building Stones, Editör: Kourkoulis S. K., Springer, Dordrecht, 167-182, 2006.
- Válek J., van Halema E., Viania A., Pérez-Estébanez M., Ševčík R., Šašek P., Determination of optimal burning temperature ranges for production of natural hydraulic limes, Construction and Building Materials, 66, 771-780, 2014.
- Stanmore B., Gilot P., Review-calcination and carbonation of limestone during thermal cycling for CO2 sequestration, Fuel Processing Technology, 86(16), 1707-1743, 2005.
- Taylor H. F. W., Cement Chemistry, 2. Baskı, Thomas Telford Publishing, London, 1997.
- Böke H., Çizer Ö., İpekoğlu B., Uğurlu E., Şerifaki K., Toprak G., Characteristics of lime produced from limestone containing diatoms, Construction and Building Materials, 22(5), 866-874, 2008.
- Boynton R. S., Chemistry and Technology of Lime and Limestone, 2. Baskı, John Wiley & Sons Inc, New York, 1980.
- Ar I., Doğu G., Calcination kinetics of high purity limestones. Chemical Engineering Journal, 83(2), 131-137, 2001.
- Zhu Y., Wu S., Wang X., Nano CaO grain characteristics and growth model under calcination, Chemical Engineering Journal, 175, 512-518, 2011.
- TS EN 459-1, Yapı Kireci-Bölüm 1: Tarifler, Özellikler ve Uygunluk Kriterleri, Türk Standardları Enstitüsü, Ankara, 2012.
- Miltiadou-Fezans A., Tassios T. P., Penetrability of hydraulic grouts, Materials and Structures, 46(10), 1653-1671, 2013.
- TS EN 445, Şerbet-Öngerilmeli Tendonlar İçin Deney Yöntemleri, Türk Standardları Enstitüsü, Ankara, 2012.
- ASTM D6910, Standard Test Method for Marsh Funnel Viscosity of Clay Construction Slurries, ASTM, Pennsylvania, 2009.
- ASTM C940, Standard Test Method for Expansion and Bleeding of Freshly Mixed Grouts for Preplaced-Aggregate Concrete in the Laboratory, ASTM, Pennsylvania, 2010.
- BS EN 1771, Products and Systems for the Protection and Repair of Concrete Structures-Test Methods-Determination of Injectability and Splitting Tests, British Standards Institution, London, 2004.
- TS EN 447, Şerbet-Öngerilmeli Tendonlar İçin Temel Gerekler, Türk Standardları Enstitüsü, Ankara, 2012.
- Miltiadou-Fezans A., Fluidity of hydraulic grouts for masonry strengthening, Materials and Structures, 45, 1817-1828, 2012.
- Bras A., Henriques F. A. M., Natural hydraulic lime based grouts-The selection of grout injection parameters for masonry consolidation, Construction and Building Materials, 26(1), 135-144.
- Miltiadou-Fezans A., Tassios, T. P., Stability of hydraulic grouts for masonry strengthening, Materials and Structures, 46(10), 16331-1652, 2013.
Details
| Primary Language | Turkish |
|---|---|
| Subjects | Architecture |
| Journal Section | Makaleler |
| Authors | |
| Publication Date | April 7, 2020 |
| Submission Date | October 8, 2018 |
| Acceptance Date | February 1, 2020 |
| Published in Issue | Year 2020 Volume: 35 Issue: 3 |